This document proposes a new scheme called Modified AODV to improve security in the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The scheme aims to detect and defend against wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. Wormhole attacks involve tunneling network packets between two colluding attackers, which can disrupt routing. The proposed Modified AODV algorithm detects wormhole nodes by having the source node send additional path messages and checking if alternate paths found by neighbors have unusually high hop counts. Simulation results show that Modified AODV improves metrics like packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay compared to the original AODV protocol, though it increases routing overhead. The study aims to make AODV
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET UNDER MALICIOUS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
MANETs routing protocols are vulnerable to various types of security attacks such as selfish nodes, grey-hole and black-hole attacks. These routing protocols are unprotected and subsequently result in various kinds of malicious mobile nodes being injected into the networks. In this paper, three types of attacks such as selfish, grey-hole and black-hole attacks have been applied to two important MANET routing protocols; Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (OADV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in order to analyse and compare the impact of these attacks on the network performance based on throughput, average delay, packet loss and consumption of energy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols (ADSDV, OLSR and TORA) in Wireless ...ijsrd.com
In routing process a node i.e. source transmit the data packets to another node i.e. destination. Routing in wireless networks have great challenges due to mobility, limited transmission range, There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc. which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols ADSDV, OLSR and TORA based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
DSSS with ISAKMP Key Management Protocol to Secure Physical Layer for Mobile ...IJNSA Journal
The wireless and dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) leaves them more vulnerable to security attacks than their wired counterparts. The nodes act both as routers and as communication end points. This makes the physical layer more prone to security attacks. The MANET physical layer is challenging to DoS attack and also some passive attacks. The physical layer protocol in MANETs is responsible for bit-level transmission between network nodes. The proposed model combines spread spectrum technology Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) with key management technique ISAKMP to defend against signal jamming denial-of-service attacks in physical layer of MANET.DSSS with ISAKMP is found to be a good security solution even with its known security problems. The simulation is done using network simulator qualnet 5.0 for different number of mobile nodes. The proposed model has shown improved results in terms of Average throughput, Average end to end delay, Average packet delivery ratio, and Average jitter.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET UNDER MALICIOUS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
MANETs routing protocols are vulnerable to various types of security attacks such as selfish nodes, grey-hole and black-hole attacks. These routing protocols are unprotected and subsequently result in various kinds of malicious mobile nodes being injected into the networks. In this paper, three types of attacks such as selfish, grey-hole and black-hole attacks have been applied to two important MANET routing protocols; Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (OADV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in order to analyse and compare the impact of these attacks on the network performance based on throughput, average delay, packet loss and consumption of energy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols (ADSDV, OLSR and TORA) in Wireless ...ijsrd.com
In routing process a node i.e. source transmit the data packets to another node i.e. destination. Routing in wireless networks have great challenges due to mobility, limited transmission range, There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc. which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols ADSDV, OLSR and TORA based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
DSSS with ISAKMP Key Management Protocol to Secure Physical Layer for Mobile ...IJNSA Journal
The wireless and dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) leaves them more vulnerable to security attacks than their wired counterparts. The nodes act both as routers and as communication end points. This makes the physical layer more prone to security attacks. The MANET physical layer is challenging to DoS attack and also some passive attacks. The physical layer protocol in MANETs is responsible for bit-level transmission between network nodes. The proposed model combines spread spectrum technology Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) with key management technique ISAKMP to defend against signal jamming denial-of-service attacks in physical layer of MANET.DSSS with ISAKMP is found to be a good security solution even with its known security problems. The simulation is done using network simulator qualnet 5.0 for different number of mobile nodes. The proposed model has shown improved results in terms of Average throughput, Average end to end delay, Average packet delivery ratio, and Average jitter.
Survey on Efficient and Secure Anonymous Communication in ManetsEditor IJCATR
Mobile ad-hoc networks require anonymous communications in order to thwart new wireless passive attacks; and to protect new
assets of information such as nodes locations, motion patterns, network topology and traffic patterns in addition to conventional identity and
message privacy. The transmitted routing messages and cached active routing entries leave plenty of opportunities for eavesdroppers.
Anonymity and location privacy guarantees for the deployed ad hoc networks are critical in military and real time communication systems,
otherwise the entire mission may be compromised. This poses challenging constraints on MANET routing and data forwarding. To address
the new challenges, several anonymous routing schemes have been proposed recently.
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and Implementation of TARF: A Trust-Aware Routing Framework for WSNsijsrd.com
The multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offers little protection against identity deception through replaying routing information. An adversary can exploit this defect to launch various harmful or even devastating attacks against the routing protocols, including sinkhole attacks, wormhole attacks and Sybil attacks. The situation is further aggravated by mobile and harsh network conditions. Traditional cryptographic techniques or efforts at developing trust-aware routing protocols do not effectively address this severe problem. To secure the WSNs against adversaries misdirecting the multi-hop routing, we have designed and implemented TARF, a robust trust-aware routing framework for dynamic WSNs. Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information, TARF provides trustworthy and energy-efficient route. Most importantly, TARF proves effective against those harmful attacks developed out of identity deception; the resilience of TARF is verified through extensive evaluation with both simulation and empirical experiments on large-scale WSNs under various scenarios including mobile and RF-shielding network conditions. Further, we have implemented a low-overhead TARF module in Tiny OS; as demonstrated, this implementation can be incorporated into existing routing protocols with the least effort. Based on TARF, we also demonstrated a proof-of-concept mobile target detection application that functions well against an anti-detection mechanism.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Black-Hole and Wormhole Attack in Routing Protocol AODV in MANETIJCSEA Journal
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically via wireless links by a collection of mobile nodes without the help of a fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes allow communication among the nodes outside the wireless transmission range by hop to hop and the forward packets to each other. Due to dynamic infrastructure-less nature and lack of centralized monitoring points, the ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks. The network performance and reliability is break by attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols. AODV is a important on-demand reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. There is no any security provision against a “BlackvHole” and “Wormhole” attacks in existing AODV protocol. Black hole nodes are those malicious nodes that conform to forward packet to destination. But they do not forward packet intentionally to the destination node. The black hole nodes degrade the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. The propose watchdog mechanism detect the black hole nodes in a MANET. This method first detects a black hole attack in the network and then provide a new route to this node. In this, the performance of original AODV and modified AODV in the presence of multiple black hole nodes is find
out on the basis of throughput and packet delivery ratio. In a wormhole attack, intruders tunnel the data from one end of the network to the other, leading distant network nodes to trust they are neighbors’ and making them communicate through the wormhole link.
A SYMMETRIC TOKEN ROUTING FOR SECURED COMMUNICATION OF MANET cscpconf
The communication should be much secured in Mobile Adhoc Networks in the
protective environment such as Military atmosphere and in a disaster relief. Due to the attackers,
Mobile Adhoc Networks resulting in denial of Service attacks modify packets, Error packets,
Missing Packets, Theft of Nodes, etc. To overcome this problem, We propose a new Symmetric
Token Routing Protocol (STRP) for mobile ad hoc networks provides much security against
MANET. The proposed protocol distributed a secured shared symmetric token for each node to
provide security against hackers and attackers. Simulation results shows the better delivery against
the existing protocol in MANET.
A comparitive study of efficient anonymous routing protocols in maneteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
RTOS BASED SECURE SHORTEST PATH ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD- HOC NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Increase of number of the nodes in the wireless computing environment leads to different issues like power, data rate, QoS, simulators and security. Among these the security is the peak issue faced by most of the wireless networks. Especially networks without having a centralized system (MANETS) is facing severe security issues. One of the major security issues is the wormhole attack while finding the shortest path. The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm to find a secure shortest path against wormhole attack. Existing algorithms are mainly concentrated on detecting the malicious node but they are hardware specific like directional antennas and synchronized clocks. But the proposed algorithm is both software and hardware specific. RTOS is included to make the ad hoc network a real time application.
A mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is an impulsive network that can be recognized with no predetermined infrastructure. To achieve safe path selection cryptographic key exchange was implemented mostly in turn of huge computational cost. Confidence based coordination in MANET focuses on routing challenges created by selfish nodes, as energy utilization & time factor are key issues in this aspect. The present protocol is focused on fuzzy optimization-based node confidence estimation and path selection with minimum energy utilization. The node with maximum confidence value will give high priority to include in the path for transmission. In the implemented protocol to build a novel confidence-based model multidimensional factors like confidence value, link cost, degree of node and node energy are included as decision-making factors. The proposed protocol CLBNSRM estimates confidence level in four steps to decide a trustworthiness of neighboring node. To estimate the efficiency of the present confidence model various protocols are compared by using attributes like the number of nodes, node speed, malicious node variation, etc. Moreover, different parameters like Packet delivery ratio, Throughput, Residual energy, and Packet dropped are considered with these attribute variations. Experimental results indicate that PDR and Throughput increase although in presence of malicious nodes, along with the utilization of minimal energy. Statistical analysis is carried out for mathematical modeling. This analysis shows that a linear model of an implemented protocol is better than compared protocol with all the aspects.
1- Mobile ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by an
autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected
via wireless links.
2- Multihop communication- node communicate with the
help of two or more node from source to destination.
3- No existing fixed infrastructure or centralized administration –No base station.
4- Mobile nodes are free to move randomly-Network topology changes frequently
5- May Operate as standalone fashion or also can be connected to the larger internet.
6- Each node work as router
Primary Goals of Security in MANET
To assure a reliable data transfer over the communication networks and to protect the system resources a number of security services are classified in five categories:-
1-Authentication:- The process of identifying an individual , usually based on a username and password.
2- Confidentially:- Confidentiality aims at protecting the data from disclosure to unauthorized person.
Network attacks against confidentiality
* Packet capturing
Password attack
Port scanning
Dumpster Diving
Wiretapping
Phishing and Pharming
2-Non repudiation:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
3- Integrity:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
network attack against integrity
Salami attack
trust relationship attacks
Man in the middle attack
Session hijacking attacks
4- Availability:- Its ensure that data ,network resources or network services are available to legitimate user when required.
network attack against availability
Denial of services attacks
Distributed denial of services attack
SYN flood attacks and ICMP flood attacks
Electrical power attacks
Server Room environment attacks
Key management
The security in networking is in many cases dependent on proper key management.
Key management consists of various services, of which each is vital for the security
of the networking systems
* Trust model:-Its must determine how much different element in the network can trust each other.
* Cryptosystem:- Public and symmetric key mechanism can be applied .
* Key creation:- It must determine which parties are allowed to generate key to themselves.
* Key storage :- In adhoc network any network element may have to store its own key and possibly key of other element as well.
* Key distribution:- The key management service must ensure that the generated keys are securely distributed to their owners.
Anew approach to broadcast in wormhole routed three-dimensional networks is proposed. One of the most
important process in communication and parallel computer is broadcast approach.. The approach of this
case of Broadcasting is to send the message from one source to all destinations in the network which
corresponds to one-to-all communication. Wormhole routing is a fundamental routing mechanism in
modern parallel computers which is characterized with low communication latency. We show how to apply
this approach to 3-D meshes. Wormhole routing is divided the packets into set of FLITS (flow control
digits). The first Flit of the packet (Header Flit) is containing the destination address and all subsets flits
will follow the routing way of the header Flit. In this paper, we consider an efficient algorithm for
broadcasting on an all-port wormhole-routed 3D mesh with arbitrary size. We introduce an efficient
algorithm, Y-Hamiltonian Layers Broadcast(Y-HLB). In this paper the behaviors of this algorithm were
compared to the previous results, our paradigm reduces broadcast latency and is simpler. In this paper our
simulation results show the average of our proposed algorithm over the other algorithms that presented.
AN APPROACH TO PROVIDE SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS USING COUNTER MODE ...IJNSA Journal
Security in any of the networks became an important issue in this paper we have implemented a security mechanism on Medium Access Control layer by Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol to provide authentication and confidentiality of packets along with High speed transmission for Ad hoc networks. Here we have divided the protocol into two different parts. The first part deals with Routing layer information; in this part we have tried to implement a possible strategy for detecting and isolating the malicious nodes. A trust counter for each node is determined which can be actively increased and decreased depending upon the trust value for the purpose of forwarding the packets from source node to destination node with the help of intermediate nodes. A threshold level is also predetermined to detect the malicious nodes. If the value of the node in trust counter is less than the threshold value then the node is denoted ‘malicious’. The second part of our protocol deals with the security in the link layer. For this security reason we have used CTR (Counter) approach for authentication and encryption. We have simulated all our strategies and schemes in NS-2, the result of which gives a conclusion that our proposed protocol i.e. Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol can perform high packet delivery against various intruders and also packet delivery ratio against mobility with low delays and low overheads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey on Efficient and Secure Anonymous Communication in ManetsEditor IJCATR
Mobile ad-hoc networks require anonymous communications in order to thwart new wireless passive attacks; and to protect new
assets of information such as nodes locations, motion patterns, network topology and traffic patterns in addition to conventional identity and
message privacy. The transmitted routing messages and cached active routing entries leave plenty of opportunities for eavesdroppers.
Anonymity and location privacy guarantees for the deployed ad hoc networks are critical in military and real time communication systems,
otherwise the entire mission may be compromised. This poses challenging constraints on MANET routing and data forwarding. To address
the new challenges, several anonymous routing schemes have been proposed recently.
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and Implementation of TARF: A Trust-Aware Routing Framework for WSNsijsrd.com
The multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offers little protection against identity deception through replaying routing information. An adversary can exploit this defect to launch various harmful or even devastating attacks against the routing protocols, including sinkhole attacks, wormhole attacks and Sybil attacks. The situation is further aggravated by mobile and harsh network conditions. Traditional cryptographic techniques or efforts at developing trust-aware routing protocols do not effectively address this severe problem. To secure the WSNs against adversaries misdirecting the multi-hop routing, we have designed and implemented TARF, a robust trust-aware routing framework for dynamic WSNs. Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information, TARF provides trustworthy and energy-efficient route. Most importantly, TARF proves effective against those harmful attacks developed out of identity deception; the resilience of TARF is verified through extensive evaluation with both simulation and empirical experiments on large-scale WSNs under various scenarios including mobile and RF-shielding network conditions. Further, we have implemented a low-overhead TARF module in Tiny OS; as demonstrated, this implementation can be incorporated into existing routing protocols with the least effort. Based on TARF, we also demonstrated a proof-of-concept mobile target detection application that functions well against an anti-detection mechanism.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Black-Hole and Wormhole Attack in Routing Protocol AODV in MANETIJCSEA Journal
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically via wireless links by a collection of mobile nodes without the help of a fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes allow communication among the nodes outside the wireless transmission range by hop to hop and the forward packets to each other. Due to dynamic infrastructure-less nature and lack of centralized monitoring points, the ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks. The network performance and reliability is break by attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols. AODV is a important on-demand reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. There is no any security provision against a “BlackvHole” and “Wormhole” attacks in existing AODV protocol. Black hole nodes are those malicious nodes that conform to forward packet to destination. But they do not forward packet intentionally to the destination node. The black hole nodes degrade the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. The propose watchdog mechanism detect the black hole nodes in a MANET. This method first detects a black hole attack in the network and then provide a new route to this node. In this, the performance of original AODV and modified AODV in the presence of multiple black hole nodes is find
out on the basis of throughput and packet delivery ratio. In a wormhole attack, intruders tunnel the data from one end of the network to the other, leading distant network nodes to trust they are neighbors’ and making them communicate through the wormhole link.
A SYMMETRIC TOKEN ROUTING FOR SECURED COMMUNICATION OF MANET cscpconf
The communication should be much secured in Mobile Adhoc Networks in the
protective environment such as Military atmosphere and in a disaster relief. Due to the attackers,
Mobile Adhoc Networks resulting in denial of Service attacks modify packets, Error packets,
Missing Packets, Theft of Nodes, etc. To overcome this problem, We propose a new Symmetric
Token Routing Protocol (STRP) for mobile ad hoc networks provides much security against
MANET. The proposed protocol distributed a secured shared symmetric token for each node to
provide security against hackers and attackers. Simulation results shows the better delivery against
the existing protocol in MANET.
A comparitive study of efficient anonymous routing protocols in maneteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
RTOS BASED SECURE SHORTEST PATH ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD- HOC NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Increase of number of the nodes in the wireless computing environment leads to different issues like power, data rate, QoS, simulators and security. Among these the security is the peak issue faced by most of the wireless networks. Especially networks without having a centralized system (MANETS) is facing severe security issues. One of the major security issues is the wormhole attack while finding the shortest path. The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm to find a secure shortest path against wormhole attack. Existing algorithms are mainly concentrated on detecting the malicious node but they are hardware specific like directional antennas and synchronized clocks. But the proposed algorithm is both software and hardware specific. RTOS is included to make the ad hoc network a real time application.
A mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is an impulsive network that can be recognized with no predetermined infrastructure. To achieve safe path selection cryptographic key exchange was implemented mostly in turn of huge computational cost. Confidence based coordination in MANET focuses on routing challenges created by selfish nodes, as energy utilization & time factor are key issues in this aspect. The present protocol is focused on fuzzy optimization-based node confidence estimation and path selection with minimum energy utilization. The node with maximum confidence value will give high priority to include in the path for transmission. In the implemented protocol to build a novel confidence-based model multidimensional factors like confidence value, link cost, degree of node and node energy are included as decision-making factors. The proposed protocol CLBNSRM estimates confidence level in four steps to decide a trustworthiness of neighboring node. To estimate the efficiency of the present confidence model various protocols are compared by using attributes like the number of nodes, node speed, malicious node variation, etc. Moreover, different parameters like Packet delivery ratio, Throughput, Residual energy, and Packet dropped are considered with these attribute variations. Experimental results indicate that PDR and Throughput increase although in presence of malicious nodes, along with the utilization of minimal energy. Statistical analysis is carried out for mathematical modeling. This analysis shows that a linear model of an implemented protocol is better than compared protocol with all the aspects.
1- Mobile ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by an
autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected
via wireless links.
2- Multihop communication- node communicate with the
help of two or more node from source to destination.
3- No existing fixed infrastructure or centralized administration –No base station.
4- Mobile nodes are free to move randomly-Network topology changes frequently
5- May Operate as standalone fashion or also can be connected to the larger internet.
6- Each node work as router
Primary Goals of Security in MANET
To assure a reliable data transfer over the communication networks and to protect the system resources a number of security services are classified in five categories:-
1-Authentication:- The process of identifying an individual , usually based on a username and password.
2- Confidentially:- Confidentiality aims at protecting the data from disclosure to unauthorized person.
Network attacks against confidentiality
* Packet capturing
Password attack
Port scanning
Dumpster Diving
Wiretapping
Phishing and Pharming
2-Non repudiation:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
3- Integrity:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
network attack against integrity
Salami attack
trust relationship attacks
Man in the middle attack
Session hijacking attacks
4- Availability:- Its ensure that data ,network resources or network services are available to legitimate user when required.
network attack against availability
Denial of services attacks
Distributed denial of services attack
SYN flood attacks and ICMP flood attacks
Electrical power attacks
Server Room environment attacks
Key management
The security in networking is in many cases dependent on proper key management.
Key management consists of various services, of which each is vital for the security
of the networking systems
* Trust model:-Its must determine how much different element in the network can trust each other.
* Cryptosystem:- Public and symmetric key mechanism can be applied .
* Key creation:- It must determine which parties are allowed to generate key to themselves.
* Key storage :- In adhoc network any network element may have to store its own key and possibly key of other element as well.
* Key distribution:- The key management service must ensure that the generated keys are securely distributed to their owners.
Anew approach to broadcast in wormhole routed three-dimensional networks is proposed. One of the most
important process in communication and parallel computer is broadcast approach.. The approach of this
case of Broadcasting is to send the message from one source to all destinations in the network which
corresponds to one-to-all communication. Wormhole routing is a fundamental routing mechanism in
modern parallel computers which is characterized with low communication latency. We show how to apply
this approach to 3-D meshes. Wormhole routing is divided the packets into set of FLITS (flow control
digits). The first Flit of the packet (Header Flit) is containing the destination address and all subsets flits
will follow the routing way of the header Flit. In this paper, we consider an efficient algorithm for
broadcasting on an all-port wormhole-routed 3D mesh with arbitrary size. We introduce an efficient
algorithm, Y-Hamiltonian Layers Broadcast(Y-HLB). In this paper the behaviors of this algorithm were
compared to the previous results, our paradigm reduces broadcast latency and is simpler. In this paper our
simulation results show the average of our proposed algorithm over the other algorithms that presented.
AN APPROACH TO PROVIDE SECURITY IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS USING COUNTER MODE ...IJNSA Journal
Security in any of the networks became an important issue in this paper we have implemented a security mechanism on Medium Access Control layer by Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol to provide authentication and confidentiality of packets along with High speed transmission for Ad hoc networks. Here we have divided the protocol into two different parts. The first part deals with Routing layer information; in this part we have tried to implement a possible strategy for detecting and isolating the malicious nodes. A trust counter for each node is determined which can be actively increased and decreased depending upon the trust value for the purpose of forwarding the packets from source node to destination node with the help of intermediate nodes. A threshold level is also predetermined to detect the malicious nodes. If the value of the node in trust counter is less than the threshold value then the node is denoted ‘malicious’. The second part of our protocol deals with the security in the link layer. For this security reason we have used CTR (Counter) approach for authentication and encryption. We have simulated all our strategies and schemes in NS-2, the result of which gives a conclusion that our proposed protocol i.e. Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol can perform high packet delivery against various intruders and also packet delivery ratio against mobility with low delays and low overheads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparitive analysis of wireless security protocols (wep and wpa2)pijans
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are become popular as they are fast, cost effective, flexible and easy
to use. There are some challenges of security and for IT administrators the choice of security protocol is a
critical issue. The main motive of this paper is to make the non-specialist reader knowledgeable about
threats in the wireless security and make them aware about the disadvantages of wireless security
protocols. WEP (Wired Equivalent privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and RSN (Robust Security
Network) security protocols are defined and examined here. This security protocols are compared with the
common.
This paper is a comparative analysis of WEP, WPA and WPA2. We have tried to perform and check
authentication of all 3 protocols by implying the legendary attack vector scripts i.e. Air crack set of tools.
The test was conducted on Back Track operating system which is considered as dedicated pentesting
operating system. In the test result, we found out that WEP is the weakest, to which WPA was a temporary
solution and WPA2 is a very solid and long term solution.
This paper is a mixture of wireless security weaknesses and counter measures to the problems faced until
recently. After reading this paper the non specialist reader will have complete review and awareness about
the wireless security and vulnerabilities involved with it.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimized rationalize security and efficient data gathering in wireless senso...ijmnct
Wireless reprogramming during a wireless detector net- work (WSN) is that the method of propagating a
replacement code image or relevant commands to detector nodes. As a WSN is sometimes deployed in
hostile environments, secure reprogramming is and can continue to be a significant concern. Whereas all
existing insecure/secure reprogramming protocols square measure supported the centralized approach,
it\'s necessary to support distributed reprogramming during which multiple licensed network users will at
the same time and directly reprogram detector nodes while not involving the bottom station. Terribly
recently, a novel secure rationalize and distributed reprogramming protocol named SRDRP has been
planned, that is that the initial work of its kind. However, during this paper, we have a tendency to establish
associate inherent style weakness within the increased signature verification of SRDRP associated demonstrate
that it\'s at risk of associate impersonation attack by that an resister will simply impersonate any
licensed user to hold out reprogramming. Later on, we have a tendency to propose a straightforward
modification to mend the known security drawback while not losing any options of SRDRP. Our
experimental results demonstrate that it\'s able to eliminate the planning weakness by adding one-B
redundant information which the execution time of the prompt answer during a 1.6-GHz laptop personal
computer is not any quite one ms. Therefore, our answer is possible and secure for real-world applications.
Moreover, we have a tendency to show that, so as to additional improve the safety and potency of SRDRP;
any higher established identity-based position formula will be directly utilized in SRDRP. Supported
implementation results, we have a tendency to demonstrate potency improvement over the initial SRDRP
Security & privacy issues of cloud & grid computing networksijcsa
Cloud computing is a new field in Internet computing that provides novel perspectives in internetworking
technologies. Cloud computing has become a significant technology in field of information technology.
Security of confidential data is a very important area of concern as it can make way for very big problems
if unauthorized users get access to it. Cloud computing should have proper techniques where data is
segregated properly for data security and confidentiality. This paper strives to compare and contrast cloud
computing with grid computing, along with the Tools and simulation environment & Tips to store data and
files safely in Cloud.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Applicability of Network Logs for Securing Computer SystemsIDES Editor
Logging the events occurring on the network has
become very essential and thus playing a major role in
monitoring the events in order to keep check over them so
that they doesn’t harm any resources of the system or the
system itself. The analysis of network logs are becoming the
beneficial security research oriented field which will be desired
in the computer era. Organizations are reluctant to expose
their logs due to risk of attackers stealing the sensitive
information from their respective logs. In this paper we are
defining architecture and the security measures that can be
applied for a particular network log.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a huge range of applications such as battlefield,
surveillance, emergency rescue operation and smart home technology etc. Apart from its
inherent constraints such as limited memory and energy resources, when deployed in hostile
environmental conditions, the sensor nodes are vulnerable to physical capture and other
security constraints. These constraints put security as a major challenge for the researchers in
the field of computer networking. This paper reflects various issues and challenges related to
security of WSN, its security architecture. The paper also provides a discussion on various
security mechanisms deployed in WSN environment to overcome its security threats.
Active networking on a programmable networking platformTal Lavian Ph.D.
Current Active Networks research projects are mainly realized in software-based host systems since commercial network devices lack required networking programmability. This paper studies the active networking approach using the Openet programmable networking
platform. Openet comprises ORE (Oplet Runtime Environment) and hierarchical services from low-level systems to high-level applications, and provides a neutral service-based
programmability to network devices. Moreover, Openet can have customer network services including Active Networks based services deployed on current commercial network platforms. We demonstrate the active networking with commercial network devices by deploying the active network service ANTS onto the Accelar routing switches. The performance of active network communication is examined by the experiment in an
Accelar-routed active net and compared with regular non-active network communication. The experimental result reveals that Java network I/O is a bottleneck of enhancing capsule
processing capability and ends up a look at what active network services are applicable to current commercial network platforms. Finally we present observations and future works
about active networking through the Openet platform.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING ROTOCOLS IN MANET UNDER MALICIOUS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
MANETs routing protocols are vulnerable to various
hole and black-hole attacks. These routing protocols are unprotected and subsequently result in various
kinds of malicious mobile nodes being injected into the networks. In this paper, three types of a
as selfish, grey-hole and black-hole attacks have been applied to two important MANET routing protocols;
Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (OADV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in order to analyse and
compare the impact of these attacks on the
packet loss and consumption of energy.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
Secure dynamic source routing protocol for defending black hole attacks in mo...nooriasukmaningtyas
Wireless Ad Hoc Network is a dynamically organized network on emergency
situations, in which a group of wireless devices send data among themselves
without requiring any base stations for forwarding data. Here the nodes itself
perform the functions of routing. This important characteristic of mobile ad
hoc networks allows the hassle free set up of the network for
communications in different crisis such as battlefield and natural disaster
zones. Multi hop communication in MANET is achieved by the cooperation
of nodes in forwarding data packets. This feature of MANET is largely
exploited to launch a security attack called black hole attack. A light weight
solution called SEC-DSR is proposed to defend the network from black hole
attack and enables communication among nodes even in the presence of
attackers. In this scheme, by analyzing only the control packets used for
routing in the network, the compromised nodes launching the attack are
identified. From the collective judgment by the participating nodes in the
routing path, a secure route free of black hole nodes is selected for
communication by the host. Simulation results validate and ensure the
effectiveness of the proposed solution tested on an ad hoc network with
compromised black hole nodes.
Analyzing the Impact of Blackhole Attacks on AODV and DSR Routing Protocols’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections. However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput, acket delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput. Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF BLACKHOLE ATTACKS ON AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed
infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish
virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections.
However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a
malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and
assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput,
packet delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy
efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput.
Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF BLACKHOLE ATTACKS ON AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS’ ...IJCSEA Journal
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks characterized by their lack of a fixed
infrastructure, allowing nodes to move freely and serve as both routers and hosts. These nodes establish
virtual links and utilize routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV to establish connections.
However, security is a significant concern, with the Blackhole attack posing a notable threat, wherein a
malicious node drops packets instead of forwarding them. To investigate the impact of Blackhole nodes and
assess the performance of AODV and DSR protocols, the researchers employed the NS-2.35 ns-allinone2.35 version for simulation purposes. The study focused on several metrics, including average throughput,
packet delivery ratio, and residual energy. The findings revealed that AODV demonstrated better energy
efficiency and packet delivery compared to DSR, but DSR outperformed AODV in terms of throughput.
Additionally, environmental factors and data sizes were taken into account during the analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mitigation of Colluding Selective Forwarding Attack in WMNs using FADEIJTET Journal
ABSTRACT - Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising technology because of their wide range of
applications. Wireless mesh networks wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are dynamically self – organizing, self –
configuring, self – healing with nodes in the network automatically establishing an adHoc network and maintaining mesh
connectivity. Because of their fast connectivity wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is widely used in military applications.
Security is the major constrain in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). This paper considers a special type of DoS attack
called selective forwarding attack or greyhole attack. With such an attack, a misbehaving mesh router just forwards few
packets it receives but drops sensitive data packets. To mitigate the effect of such attack an approach called FADE :
Forward Assessment based Detection is adopted. FADE scheme detects the presence of attack inside the network by
means of two-hop acknowledgment based monitoring and forward assessment based detection. FADE operates in three
phases and analyzed by determining optimal threshold values. This approach is found to provide effective defense against
the collaborative internal attackers in WMNs.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK UNDER HELLO FLOOD ATTACKIJCNCJournal
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is highly used in many fields. The network consists of tiny lightweight
sensor nodes and is largely used to scan or detect or monitor environments. Since these sensor nodes are
tiny and lightweight, they put some limitations on resources such as usage of power, processing given task,
radio frequency range. These limitations allow network vulnerable to many different types of attacks such
as hello flood attack, black hole, Sybil attack, sinkhole, and many more. Among these attacks, hello flood is
one of the most important attacks. In this paper,we have analyzed the performance of hello flood attack and
compared the network performance as number of attackers increases. Network performance is evaluated
by modifying the ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol by using NS2 simulator. It
has been tested under different scenarios like no attacker, single attacker, and multiple attackers to know
how the network performance changes. The simulation results show that as the number of attackers
increases the performance in terms of throughput and delay changes.
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EAVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents
sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face
between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless
devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET
is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as
router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The
nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The
main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret
information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in
identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper,
we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol
in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found
that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper, we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
Similar to 11.a new scheme for secured on demand routing (20)
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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11.a new scheme for secured on demand routing
1. Network and Complex Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
A New Scheme for Secured on Demand Routing
Vijay Kumar1* Ashwani Kush 2
1. Department of Computer Science,Guru Nanak Khalsa College Karnal – India vk.gnkc@gmail.com
2. Department of Computer Science University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
Abstract
A Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is characterized by mobile nodes, multihop wireless connectivity,
Non infrastructural environment and dynamic topology. A recent trend in Ad Hoc network routing is the
reactive on-demand philosophy where routes are established only when required. Stable Routing, Security
and Power efficiency are the major concerns in this field. This paper is an effort to achieve security
solutions to achieve more reliable routing. The ad hoc environment is accessible to both legitimate network
users and malicious attackers. The proposed scheme is intended to incorporate security aspect on existing
protocol AODV. The study will help in making protocol more robust against attacks to achieve stable
routing in routing protocols.
Keywords: Ad hoc Networks, Modified AODV, AODV, Performance evaluation.
1. Introduction
The wireless network can be classified into two types: (Kush A.2009, Kush et al.2009) Infrastructured and
Non-Infrastructural. In Infrastructured wireless networks, the mobile node can move while communicating,
the base stations are fixed and as the node goes out of the range of a base station, it gets into the range of
another base station. In non Infrastructural or Ad Hoc wireless network, the mobile node can move while
communicating, there are no fixed base stations and all the nodes in the network act as routers. The mobile
nodes in the Ad Hoc network dynamically establish routing among themselves to form their own network
‘on the fly’. A Mobile Ad Hoc Network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary/ short
lived network without any fixed infrastructure where all nodes are free to move about arbitrarily and where
all the nodes configure themselves. In this network, each node acts both as a router and as a host & even the
topology of network may also change rapidly. Some of the challenges in this network include:( Kush A.
2009)Unicast/Multicast routing, Dynamic network topology, Network overhead, Scalability, QoS, Stable
routing, Secure routing and Power aware routing. In this paper, a particularly challenging attack to defend
against wormhole attack, and present a new, general mechanism for detecting and thus defending against
wormhole attacks has been discussed. In this attack, an attacker records a packet, or individual bits from a
packet, at one location in the network, tunnels the packet to another location, and replays it there. Rest of
the apepr is organzed as: In section 2 problem statement is discussed, section 3 explains working of
wormhole attack in AODV, section 4 is about proposed algorithm and its analysis and Conclusion have
been made in section 6.
2. Problem Statement
The dynamics of Mobile Ad hoc Networks pose a problem in finding stable multi-hop routes for
communication between a source and a destination. Since the nodes in mobile ad hoc network can move
randomly, the topology may change arbitrarily and frequently at unpredictable times. So it is very difficult
to find and maintain an optimal route. Basically, the routing algorithm must react quickly to topological
changes. Most of the existing protocols maintain single routing path and rediscover the new path whenever
a link fails. Popular ad hoc routing protocol normally uses the minimum number of hop routes or shortest
routes for sending information. These routes tend to contain long-range links, therefore routes frequently
fail and are not reliable. Stable routing makes the protocol robust and ready to use and is most important for
transfer of packets.
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2.1 Security Requirements
There have been numerous published reports and papers describing attacks on wireless networks that
expose organizations to security risks such as attacks on confidentiality, integrity, non repudiation and
network availability. There are several proposals to solve these issues but they target specific threats
separately. Therefore, there is a requirement to have an efficient security system which takes care of all
aspects of security.
Security Threats: (Bouam S.et al. 2003, Ghazizadeh S.et al 2002) Network security attacks are typically
divided into passive & active attacks as summarized in table 1.
Passive Attack: An attack in which an unauthorized party gains access to an asset and does not modify its
content. Passive attacks can be either eavesdropping or traffic analysis (sometimes called traffic flow
analysis). These two passive attacks are described as;
• Eavesdropping: The attacker monitors transmissions for message content. An example of this attack is
a person listening into the transmissions on a network topology between two workstations or tuning
into transmissions between a wireless handset and a base station.
• Traffic analysis: The attacker, in a more subtle way, gains intelligence by monitoring the transmissions
for patterns of communication. A considerable amount of information is contained in the flow of
messages between communicating parties.
Table 1: Passive vs. active attacks
Passive attacks: Eavesdropping, traffic analysis
Active attacks: Masquerading/Spoofing, Replaying, Message modification, DoS
Active Attack: (Inkinen Kai 2004, Wenjia Li et al. 2008) An attack whereby an unauthorized party makes
modifications to a message, data stream, or file. It is possible to detect this type of attack but it may not be
preventable. Active attacks may take the form of one of four types masquerading, replay, message
modification, and Denial-of-Service (DoS). These attacks are summarized as:
• Masquerading: The attacker impersonates an authorized user and thereby gains certain unauthorized
privileges. A spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program successfully masquerades
as another by falsifying data and thereby gaining an illegitimate advantage.
• Replay: The attacker monitors transmissions and retransmits messages as the legitimate user.
• Message modification: The attacker alters a legitimate message by deleting, adding to, changing, or
reordering it.
• Denial-of-Service: The attacker prevents or prohibits the normal use or management of
communications facilities.
The consequences of these attacks include, but are not limited to, loss of proprietary information, legal and
recovery costs, tarnished image, and loss of network service. Due to the dynamically changing topology
and infrastructure less, decentralized characteristics, security is hard to achieve in mobile ad hoc networks.
Hence, security mechanisms have to be a built-in feature for all sorts of ad hoc network based applications.
3. Working of Wormhole Attack in AODV
In this study wormhole attack is considered (Lazos L. et al.2005, Khalil I. et al. 2005, Chiu H.S. et al.
2006). Wormhole attack is not that difficult to set up, but still can be immensely harmful for a MANET.
Moreover, finding better techniques for detection of wormhole attacks and securing AODV against them
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still remains a big challenge in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Working of AODV in the presence of wormhole
attack is described using Figure1.
In Figure 1 during path discovery process, sender “S” broadcasts RREQ to a destination node D. Thus
nodes 24, 1, 2 and 3 neighbours of S, receive RREQ and forward RREQ to their neighbours. Now the
malicious node M1 that receives RREQ forwarded by 25 records and tunnels the RREQ via the high-speed
wormhole link to its partner M2. Malicious node M2 forwards RREQ to its neighbour 10, 9 and 26. Finally
26 forwards it to 27 and it will forward it to destination D. Thus, RREQ is forwarded via S-24-25-26-27-D.
On the other hand, other RREQ packet is also forwarded through the path S-4-13-22-14-15-16-17-18-19-
20-21-27-D. However, as M1 and M2 are connected via a high speed bus, RREQ from S-24-25-26-27-D
reaches first to D. The wormhole attack exits in the route selected in AODV according to shortest path S-
24-25-26-27-D. After getting the route requests to destination from the sender destination it will unicast a
route reply packet to source “S” using shortest path. Source will select the shortest path as best route from
source to destination for transmitting the data and other routes will be discarded. In above example
destination “D” ignores the RREQ that reaches later and chooses D-27-26-25-24-S to unicast an RREP
packet to the source node S. As a result, S chooses S-24-25-26-27-D route to send data that indeed passes
through malicious M1 and M2 nodes that are very well placed in comparison to other nodes in the network.
4. Proposed Algorithm
The following assumptions are taken in order to design the proposed algorithm.
1. A node interacts with its 1-hop neighbours directly and with other nodes via intermediate nodes using
multi-hop packet forwarding.
2. Every node has a unique id in the network, which is assigned to a new node collaboratively by existing
nodes.
3. The network is considered to be layered.
4. Source and Destination node will not be wormhole node.
Steps of Modi_AODV Algorithm
1. Source node sends route request
2. Intermediate node forward request
3. If intermediate node is wormhole it tunnels the packet to next end
4. If packet reaches destination it send reply to source
5. If wormhole receive reply then it tunnels to another wormhole end
6. Reply reaches source node and start transmitting data packet through shortest path
7. Then source node send path message to all intermediate node upto destination
8. Intermediate node receive path message and select 2nd hop path node as target node
9. It sends route message to one hop neighbour alongwith other nodes in path
10. One hop neighbour receive route message and find alternate path to target node
11. If hop count of alternate path > hop count threshold
12. Then previous hop node of target is detected as wormhole node
13. Else no wormhole present.
The working of routing largely depends upon successful transmission of packets to the destination. This
requires proper selection of Routing path and algorithm. AODV and Modified AODV have been used in
this paper for routing solutions. All the simulations have been performed using Network Simulator Ns-2.32
on the platform Fedora 13. The traffic sources are CBR (continuous bit–rate). The source-destination pairs
are spread randomly over the network. The mobility model uses ‘random waypoint model’ in area 1000m x
750m with 25, 50, 75 and 100 nodes. During the simulation, each node starts its journey from a random
spot to a random chosen destination. Once the destination is reached, the node takes a rest period of time in
second and another random destination is chosen after that pause time. This process repeats throughout the
simulation, causing continuous changes in the topology of the underlying network. Different network
scenario for different number of nodes and different node transmission range are generated.
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Performance Metric: There are number of qualitative and quantitative metrics that can be used to compare
reactive routing protocols. Most of the existing routing protocols ensure the qualitative metrics. Therefore
we have used the following metrics. These performance metrics determines the completeness and
correctness of the routing protocol. Performance metrics used here are: Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput
and Average end to end delay.
In Figure 2 the End to End Delay Ratio is compared in AODV and Modified AODV protocol using number
of mobile nodes as a parameter. This performance metric has been evaluated using 25, 50, 75 and 100
mobile nodes. The results shows that the End to End Delay Ratio is though increasing with the increase in
number of nodes in AODV but still the performance of Modified AODV is excellent than AODV in all
cases. Figure 3 shows the performance of throughput is compared for AODV and modified AODV by
increasing the number of nodes. The results show that modified AODV gives stable good throughput in all
cases but in the case of AODV’s throughput fluctuate and is low with the number of nodes 50. In Figure 4
packet delivery ratio has been evaluated for AODV and modified AODV protocols using 25, 50, 75 and
100 nodes. The PDR is very good of modified AODV in the comparison of AODV in all the situations. The
result of modified AODV is slightly less with the high mobile nodes i.e. 100.
In Figure 5 and Figure 6 control packets are displayed. In any wireless network if control packets are high
the overhead will be high. In above mentioned both figures modified AODV have more routing overhead
compared to AODV. Routing overhead increases when the number of nodes increases in the scenario.
6. Conclusion
This paper has proposed an effective mechanism for AODV called modified AODV to detect and react to
wormhole attacks and enhance the stability for MANETs. In all the comparisons shows that the results of
modified AODV is much better and stable in the comparison of AODV. In AODV there are more
fluctuations in the case of end to end delay ratio, PDR and throughput. But in the case of routing overhead
its high compare to AODV.
Finally, stability is getting the cost in the shape of routing overhead. In next paper trying to detect and
remove wormhole attack from the MAENT.
References
Bouam S. and J. B. Othman (2003), “Data Security in Ad hoc Networks using MultiPath Routing”, in Proc.
of the 14th IEEE PIMRC, pp. 1331-1335, Sept. 7-10, 2003.
Chiu H.S. and K.S. Lui,(2006), “DelPHI: Wormhole Detection Mechanism for Ad Hoc Wireless
Networks”, In Proc. International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, Phuket, Thailand.
D.B.J., Yih-Chun Hu, Adrian Perrig, (2002), “Ariadne: A secure on-demand routing protocol for ad-hoc
networks”, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and
Networking (MobiCom 2002).
Ghazizadeh S., O. Ilghami, E. Sirin, and F. Yaman, (2002), “Security-Aware Adaptive Dynamic Source
Routing Protocol”, In Proc. of 27th Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 751-760, Nov. 6-8.
Hu Y.C., A. Perrig, and D.B. Johnson,(2006), “Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Networks”, In IEEE JSAC,
Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 370-380.
Inkinen Kai (2004), “New Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Networks: Study and Evaluation of Proposed
Schemes”, Helsinki University of Technology T-110.551, Seminar on Internetworking, Sjökulla.
Khalil I., S. Bagchi, and N.B. Shroff,(2005), “LITEWORP: A Lightweight Countermeasure for the
Wormhole Attack in Multihop Wireless Networks”, In Proc. International Conference on Dependable
System and Networks (DSN), Yokohama, Japan.
Kush A. (2009) “Security Aspects in AD hoc Routing”, Computer Society of India Communications, Vol.
no 32 Issue 11, pp. 29-33.
Kush A. (2009), “Security and Reputation Schemes in Ad-Hoc Networks Routing”, International Journal
of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, Volume 2, No. 1, pp. 185-189.
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Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Lazos L., R. Poovendan, C. Meadows, P. Syverson, and L.W. Chang,(2005), “Preventing Wormhole
Attacks on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: A Graph Theoretic Approach”, In Proc. IEEE Wireless
Communications & Netwoking Conference (IEEE WCNC), New Orleans, USA.
Qian ., N. Song, and X. Li (2005), “Detecting and Locating Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks through Statistical Analysis of Multi-path”, In Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications &
Netwoking Conference (IEEE WCNC), New Orleans, USA.
Wenjia Li, Anupam Joshi, (2008), “Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks- A Survey”, Department
of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~wenjia1/ 699_report.pdf.
Author 1: Mr. Vijay is research scholar at Graphic Era University Dehradun - India and is working as
assistant professor at Guru Nanak Khalsa College Karnal – India. He has 8 research papers to his credit. His
area of interest is security and stability in Mobile ad-hoc networks.
Author 2: Dr. Ashwani Kush is working as Associate professor and head at university college, computer
department, Kurukshetra university kurukshera India. He earned PhD in association with IIT Kanpur and
KUK India on Ad hoc networks and has teaching experience of 20 years. Dr kush is member of IEEE,
ACM, IAENG, IACSIT, CSI India and many other professional organizations. He has chaired sessions at
Singapore, USA, India and Canada. He has more than 80 research papers to his credit. His areas of interest
are Wireless networks, security, power awareness in Manet and e-goverance. He can be reached at
akush@kuk.ac.in
Figure1. Wormhole attack in AODV
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Figure 2: End to End Delay Ratio versus no. of nodes
Figure 3: Throughput versus no. of packets per second
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Figure 4: Packet Delivery Ratio versus no. of packets per second
Figure 5: Send Control Packets (RREQ/ REPLY) versus no. of nodes
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Figure 6: Received Control Packets (RREQ/ REPLY) versus no. of nodes
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