The document summarizes key components of the circulatory system, including blood, blood cells, plasma, immunity, and common disorders. It describes the structure and functions of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphocytes, and plasma. The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, cells, and wastes throughout the body. It also discusses blood typing, immunity, and diagnostic techniques to evaluate the circulatory system. Common disorders like anemia, hepatitis, leukemia and issues around blood transfusions are also outlined.
This presentation gives you the knowledge about the body fluids, blood components, the process of blood clotting, blood grouping. It is helpful to determine the knowledge of human blood.
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – III:
Composition and formation of blood
Functions of blood
Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching
Blood products and their use
Blood
It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells.
Physical characteristics:
More viscous than water.
100.4 degree F temperature.
8% of total body weight.
Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters
Composition of blood
Blood is made up of two main components.
Plasma (55%)
Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma
Composed of approximately 90% water.
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
Composition of blood
Plasma can be divided into 6 components:
Inorganic ions or Mineral ion.
The plasma proteins
Organic nutrients
Nitrogenous waste products
Hormones
Gases
Composition of blood
Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells:
Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape
95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment)
Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein
Formed in red bone marrow
Average life span is 4 months (120 days)
Composition of blood
Function:
To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.
Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres.
Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres
2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes
They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells
One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC
Formed in bone marrow
Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years
Composition of blood:
Types of WBC:
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
Main function:
These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Composition of blood:
3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes.
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood
Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days
Platelets are formed in Bone marrow
Function:
Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting)
Blood Formation
Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood.
Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis.
Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells.
Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells.
The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual
But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day
Blood Formation
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones.
It contains young p
It is the liquid connective tissue. It is composed of an extracellular matrix called as blood plasma that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments
The hematopoietic system, also known as the blood-forming system, is a complex network of organs, tissues, and cells responsible for the production and circulation of blood cells throughout the body. The primary function of the hematopoietic system is to maintain a constant supply of healthy blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
11 circulatory system
1. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
CHAPTER 11
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
2. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Structure and Function
• Structure of the circulatory system
– Includes the blood and lymph that move
through the body
• Function of the circulatory system
– Both blood and lymph are tissues that
maintain homeostasis and give the body
immunity
3. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Blood
• Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of
blood, making up about 8% of the body’s
weight
• Functions include:
– Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones
– Removing metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
– Providing immunity through antibodies
– Maintaining body temperature and electrolyte
balance
– Clotting to prevent bleeding from a wound
4. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes)
• Erythrocytes contain a protein called
hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all cells
and removes carbon dioxide
• Each red blood cell lives only 90 to 120 days
• New cells are manufactured by the red
marrow or myeloid tissue in bones
• The liver and spleen remove dead red blood
cells
5. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
• White blood cells remove foreign particles,
fight infection, and help prevent disease
• There are fewer white blood cells than red
• White blood cells are larger than red
• Leukocytes live about 9 days
• Pus consists of white blood cells mixed with
bacteria
6. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Five Types of White Blood
Cells
• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Smallest blood cells
• Platelets promote clotting to prevent
blood loss
• Platelets can form a plug to seal small
vessels by themselves or start the
clotting process
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Live about 5 to 9 days
8. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Plasma
• A pale yellow liquid that remains when
elements are removed from blood
• Whole blood is 55% plasma
• Plasma is 90% water and approximately 10%
proteins
• It contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen,
enzymes, hormones, and wastes
• Helps fight infection and assists in the clotting
(coagulation) of blood
9. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Blood Typing
• A person’s blood type is an inherited
characteristic of the blood
• A blood type is determined by the
antigens located on the surface of the
red blood cell
• Clumping of incompatible cells blocks
blood vessels and may cause death
10. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Table 11-2 Blood Types
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Lymph and Lymphatic
Tissue
• Two important functions
– The process of immunity
– Maintaining the body’s fluid balance
• Lymph is a watery substance formed
from fluid that filters into the body tissue
or interstitially
• Lymphatic tissues consist of the tonsils,
thymus, spleen, nodes, and the lymph
vessels
12. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Immunity
• Immune response takes on two forms
– As a barrier of the skin, mucous
membranes, tears, and the leukocytes
– In leukocytes antibodies are formed in
response to antigens or foreign materials
that enter the body
• May be a localized or systemic reaction
• Acquired and/or inherited immunity
13. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Assessment Techniques
• Hemoglobin (Hgb) test measures the amount
of oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
• Hematocrit (Hct) measures the volume of
erythrocytes in the blood
• Sedimentation rates measure how long it
takes for erythrocytes in the blood to settle to
the bottom of a container
• Reticulocyte studies measure the number of
immature red blood cells
14. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Assessment Techniques
(continued)
• Red blood cell (RBC) counts determine the
number of circulating red blood cells in 1 mm3
of blood
• Platelet or thrombocyte counts measure the
number of platelets in 1 mm3
of blood to
determine clotting ability
• Aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) studies
examine bone marrow from the iliac crest of
the hip
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Disorders of the Circulatory
System
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
– Dysfunction of the immune system caused by a
virus
• Allergy
– Hypersensitive response by the immune system to
an outside substance
• Anemia
– The blood has an inadequate amount of
hemoglobin, red blood cells, or both
16. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Disorders of the Circulatory
System (continued)
• Autoimmune
– Conditions in which the immune system of the
body turns against itself
• Elephantiasis
– A massive accumulation of lymphatic fluid in body
tissues, causing an abnormally large growth of
tissue or hypertrophy
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
– A condition in an unborn baby in which the mother
forms antibodies against the antigens in the baby’s
blood
17. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Disorders of the Circulatory
System (continued)
• Hemophilia
– A rare sex-linked genetic blood disease in which
the blood is missing a clotting factor
• Hepatitis
– A viral infection of the blood
• Hodgkin’s disease
– A malignant cancer of the lymph system
18. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Disorders of the Circulatory
System (continued)
• Leukemia
– Also called blood cancer, is an abnormal
malignant increase in the number and longevity of
white blood cells
• Lymphosarcoma
– Is a group of malignant cancers of lymph tissues
other than Hodgkin's disease
• Polycythemia
– An abnormal increase in the number of blood
cells, making the blood thicker and slower flowing
19. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Disorders of the Circulatory
System (continued)
• Septicemia
– Called blood poisoning, is an infection that occurs
when pathogens enter the blood
• Sickle cell anemia
– A genetic condition that results in malformed red
blood cells
• Splenomegaly
– An enlargement of the spleen caused by an acute
infection such as mononucleosis or anemia
20. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserve
Disorders of the Circulatory
System (continued)
• Thalassemia
– One of the most common genetic blood disorders
• Thrombocytopenia
– A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood
• Thrombosis
– A condition in which a blood clot, called a
thrombus, forms in the blood vessels
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Issues and Innovations
• Transfusion
– Risks
– Autologous transfusions
– Platelet donations
• Interferon
– Prevention of viral diseases
• Monoclonal antibodies
– Used in organ transplants, against autoimmune
disease, and to diagnose certain diseases