1. The document discusses the issue of child labor in Karnataka, India. It examines the causes of child labor like poverty, lack of access to education, family breakdown, and unemployment.
2. The rights of the child according to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child are outlined, including the right to be protected from economic exploitation and the right to education. However, many countries have not fulfilled their obligations to enforce these rights.
3. Education is identified as important to reducing child labor by creating opportunities and protecting children from exploitation. However, the costs of schooling and lack of access continue to push children into the workforce.
Child labour is a socioeconomic problem of Bangladesh from the beginning and presenting negative effects till now.
Today child labor in Bangladesh is the most prominent issue of all the social issues.
Child rights & child labour enactments by Advocate H.P.ArksaliHareesha Arksali
This document summarizes the keynote address delivered by Justice S. Rajeswarn at a workshop on child rights and child labour enactments. It discusses how children are a vital national resource but many do not get a fair deal. It outlines India's constitutional provisions and laws related to child labour. Finally, it notes that while child labour has reduced in some organized sectors, it remains a problem in unorganized sectors. Concerted efforts are needed from all parts of society to further address this important issue.
“Role of the human value to improve the situation to protect the future of child (6 to 14 years).”
Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development . Poverty , lack of good schools and the growth of the informal economy are considered to be the key causes of child labour in India.
Child labour is a persisting social evil . A well nourished child is priceless asset of a nation . A child should be facilitated to grow in multiple dimensions to attain the physical and mental fitness . The society and the government have responsibility to create conducive environment for the healthy growth of a child.
The complex issue of child labour is a developmental issue worth investigating.
The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labour while not receiving education crucial to development , concerns many people . India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour.
Child labour is a source of income for poor families.
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children globally are involved in child labour, with 126 million engaged in hazardous work. Many work long hours and face abuse.
- India has a major child labour problem, ranking 2nd highest after Africa. Poverty, lack of education, and vulnerability of children are driving factors.
- International organizations like the UN and ILO are working to end child labour. Improving access to education and vocational training as well as replacing child workers with adults could help address the issue.
This document discusses the causes and solutions to the problem of child labour. It identifies the key causes as poverty, low aspirations, demand for unskilled labor, illiteracy, early marriage, and high costs of education. Some solutions proposed include providing free education, creating moral and legal awareness against child labour, increasing technical training to develop skilled labor, and empowering impoverished communities through education, literacy programs, and income-generating projects.
Child labour refers to the employment of children in economic activities on a part-time or full-time basis. It is most prevalent in under-developed countries where poverty, overpopulation, lack of resources and education, and unemployment contribute to families relying on children to work. Common forms of child labour occur in agriculture, clothing factories, mining, quarrying, coffee harvesting, carpet weaving, domestic work, and begging. The consequences of child labour include lack of schooling and care for children, physical and emotional abuse, and perpetuating intergenerational problems for families. Solutions to address child labour involve increasing access to education, social services, family planning resources, enforcing laws protecting children's rights, and supporting nonprofit organizations working to
This document provides information about child labor in Pakistan. It discusses that according to UNICEF, there are approximately 158 million child laborers worldwide, and in Pakistan there are an estimated 3.8 million child laborers between the ages of 5-14. The main causes of child labor in Pakistan are poverty, large family sizes, illiteracy, unemployment, and failure to enforce laws prohibiting it. The document also outlines the effects of child labor, policy approaches to address it, Pakistan's efforts to reduce it through legislation, and recommendations such as increasing access to education and vocational training.
Child labour is a socioeconomic problem of Bangladesh from the beginning and presenting negative effects till now.
Today child labor in Bangladesh is the most prominent issue of all the social issues.
Child rights & child labour enactments by Advocate H.P.ArksaliHareesha Arksali
This document summarizes the keynote address delivered by Justice S. Rajeswarn at a workshop on child rights and child labour enactments. It discusses how children are a vital national resource but many do not get a fair deal. It outlines India's constitutional provisions and laws related to child labour. Finally, it notes that while child labour has reduced in some organized sectors, it remains a problem in unorganized sectors. Concerted efforts are needed from all parts of society to further address this important issue.
“Role of the human value to improve the situation to protect the future of child (6 to 14 years).”
Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development . Poverty , lack of good schools and the growth of the informal economy are considered to be the key causes of child labour in India.
Child labour is a persisting social evil . A well nourished child is priceless asset of a nation . A child should be facilitated to grow in multiple dimensions to attain the physical and mental fitness . The society and the government have responsibility to create conducive environment for the healthy growth of a child.
The complex issue of child labour is a developmental issue worth investigating.
The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labour while not receiving education crucial to development , concerns many people . India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour.
Child labour is a source of income for poor families.
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children globally are involved in child labour, with 126 million engaged in hazardous work. Many work long hours and face abuse.
- India has a major child labour problem, ranking 2nd highest after Africa. Poverty, lack of education, and vulnerability of children are driving factors.
- International organizations like the UN and ILO are working to end child labour. Improving access to education and vocational training as well as replacing child workers with adults could help address the issue.
This document discusses the causes and solutions to the problem of child labour. It identifies the key causes as poverty, low aspirations, demand for unskilled labor, illiteracy, early marriage, and high costs of education. Some solutions proposed include providing free education, creating moral and legal awareness against child labour, increasing technical training to develop skilled labor, and empowering impoverished communities through education, literacy programs, and income-generating projects.
Child labour refers to the employment of children in economic activities on a part-time or full-time basis. It is most prevalent in under-developed countries where poverty, overpopulation, lack of resources and education, and unemployment contribute to families relying on children to work. Common forms of child labour occur in agriculture, clothing factories, mining, quarrying, coffee harvesting, carpet weaving, domestic work, and begging. The consequences of child labour include lack of schooling and care for children, physical and emotional abuse, and perpetuating intergenerational problems for families. Solutions to address child labour involve increasing access to education, social services, family planning resources, enforcing laws protecting children's rights, and supporting nonprofit organizations working to
This document provides information about child labor in Pakistan. It discusses that according to UNICEF, there are approximately 158 million child laborers worldwide, and in Pakistan there are an estimated 3.8 million child laborers between the ages of 5-14. The main causes of child labor in Pakistan are poverty, large family sizes, illiteracy, unemployment, and failure to enforce laws prohibiting it. The document also outlines the effects of child labor, policy approaches to address it, Pakistan's efforts to reduce it through legislation, and recommendations such as increasing access to education and vocational training.
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children globally are engaged in child labour, with over 70% working in agriculture.
- Child labour deprives children of their education and subjects them to physical and sexual abuse. It can have lifelong harmful impacts on their health, development and well-being.
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival. Lack of access to free education also contributes.
- Solutions include improving access to education, vocational training, enforcing laws against child labour, and providing economic support to vulnerable families. Initiatives like Rugmark are working to end child labour in specific industries like
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children work under harsh and dangerous conditions instead of attending school
- Child labour deprives children of their childhood, health, education and development
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival
- Agriculture, services, and industry are major sectors where children work instead of school
- International agreements recognize children's right to be protected from exploitative work
- Improving access to education and reducing poverty are seen as crucial to ending child labour
The document discusses child labor in Pakistan, defining it as work performed by children under the age of 18 that deprives them of their childhood. Poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and lack of law enforcement are cited as key drivers of child labor. Common types in Pakistan include carpet weaving, agriculture, soccer ball production, and automobile workshops. Children face physical and mental health issues from unsafe working conditions. Efforts to address the problem include national laws and increasing access to free education, but child labor remains a significant issue impacting millions of children in Pakistan.
This document discusses the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It begins by defining child labor as work that deprives children of their childhood and development. It then poses questions about the causes of child labor in Pakistan, the different types of child labor found, how children are affected, and what is being done to address it. The main causes identified are poverty, unemployment, debt repayment, cultural traditions, and lack of access to education. Common types of child labor discussed include agriculture, carpet weaving, auto workshops, mining, and more hazardous industries. Children are affected physically through injuries, health issues, and stunted growth, and mentally by losing their education. Some efforts to address the issue include laws passed in 1991, 1992 and 1994,
Child labor is a significant problem in Bangladesh. Over 93% of child laborers work in the informal sector in small factories, workshops, streets, and homes. Poverty is the main driver, as families rely on children's income. This takes away from children's education and health, leading to injuries, illness, and stunted growth. Both the government and NGOs work to address this issue through education, vocational training, health services, legal protections, and advocacy. Everyone can help by donating, raising awareness, and supporting strong enforcement of child labor laws.
The Presentation contains all the details related to Child Labour in India. The causes of Child Labour to the Forward steps that need to be taken to prevent child labour.
The presentation also details about a very well known NGO - Bachpan Bachao Andolan which is working on preventing Child Labour since ages.
- Ashmita Nahar
This document discusses child labour, including its definition, types, causes, sectors where it occurs, consequences, statistics worldwide and in India, relevant international conventions and laws, and actions that can be taken. It classifies child labour into three categories: work within the family, within the family but outside the home, and outside the family. The major causes of child labour are poverty, lack of education, tradition, and ignorance of consequences. It occurs widely in agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Consequences include stunted growth, perpetuation of poverty and illiteracy. There are over 200 million child labourers globally and many laws and organizations aim to address this issue.
America's Edge Policy Brief about ECE in Illinois May 2009Karen Craven
The document summarizes the economic challenges facing Illinois and argues that continued investment in early education is important for both the short-term and long-term economic well-being of the state. It notes that Illinois' unemployment rate has risen above 9% as the state faces its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Continued funding of the state's Preschool for All program would create over 9,000 jobs while helping families and laying the foundation for future economic growth by improving educational outcomes and workforce readiness. Cutting early education would disproportionately harm vulnerable families and have negative ripple effects throughout the economy. The document advocates for increased investment in high-quality early education as a proven strategy that generates jobs and social benefits.
It is about Child labour and ethics related to it...
See the doc file(the link is given below) to see the contends in detail...
http://www.slideshare.net/ManojAbraham/ethics-25850663
eBook Immigrant Student Rights to Attend Public Schools 2018 IDRAChristie Goodman, APR
This document discusses the rights of immigrant students to attend public schools under U.S. law and policy. It summarizes the Plyler v. Doe Supreme Court ruling that undocumented children have equal rights to public education as U.S. citizens. It outlines that schools may not deny enrollment based on immigration status or request documentation that could expose a student's status, such as social security numbers. The document provides examples of language school districts have included in enrollment notices to clarify these policies and ensure compliance with students' rights.
The document provides a history of child labor reform efforts in the United States from the late 1700s through the 1930s. It describes how child labor became widespread during the Industrial Revolution as families struggled financially and children worked in mills and factories. Over time, reformers observed the harmful physical, emotional and social effects on children. Organizations like the National Child Labor Committee campaigned against child labor and helped pass legislation like the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established the first federal standards regulating child employment. The document outlines the gradual process of reform efforts and setbacks over decades to curb child labor.
Child labour refers to work that deprives children of their childhood and interferes with their education. In India, child labour is rampant in industries like bidi making, carpet making, construction, domestic work, and farming. Poverty is a major cause of child labour, as families rely on children's wages for survival. Children who work face health issues, lost education opportunities, and abuse. Various organizations in India are working to raise awareness, provide aid to vulnerable children and their families, and push for stronger laws against child labour.
Child labour-human-rights-in-bangladeshSadiul Islam
Child labour is common in Bangladesh, with 4.7 million or 12.6% of children aged 5-14 working. Poverty is the primary cause of child labour, though government carelessness and factors like urbanization also contribute. Child labour has negative impacts as families rely on children's income and children are sometimes abandoned to work. While Bangladesh's constitution guarantees human rights, these rights are often violated. Security forces are accused of torture and extrajudicial killings. Religious minorities and women also face rights violations such as attacks on Hindus and high rates of domestic violence. The government has been criticized for failing to adequately address child labour and human rights issues.
It is all about child labour and eithics related to it...
and the link of the ppt are given below
http://www.slideshare.net/ManojAbraham/ethics-25849854
Child labor refers to work that is harmful to children's development and interferes with their education. It involves children being exposed to serious hazards, separated from their families, or forced to work instead of attending school. Common causes of child labor include poverty, lack of access to education, and violations of existing laws. The effects of child labor are that it deprives children of their childhood and proper development, subjects them to physical and mental abuse, and can perpetuate intergenerational poverty if children do not receive an education. Philippine law prohibits the employment of children under 15 in most work.
Child Labor
By: Abbie Hays, Eilidh Radcliff, Katya Frangulova and Polina Nash
The document discusses child labor, including the types of work children engage in, the causes of child labor, its prevalence worldwide, and the rights and responsibilities of businesses and consumers regarding child labor. It also summarizes key articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child related to child labor, health, education, leisure, and governments' obligations to protect children and make their rights known.
Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication f...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the practices of child labor among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the implications for school administrators. The study found that child labor exists in the state, particularly in the domestic sector. It revealed significant differences in the practice of child labor between male and female parents, as well as differences based on parents' marital status and employment status. However, there was no difference found based on parents' religion. The study recommends economically empowering parents to reduce poverty and involvement of children in labor, as well as enforcing laws against child labor.
International regulations have had some impact in reducing child labour but more needs to be done. Key regulations like the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and ILO conventions 138 and 182 require governments to enact laws protecting children from economic exploitation and harmful work. However, enforcement remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries where poverty is a major driver of child labour. International organizations and developed countries need to further support developing country governments who cannot always ensure children's basic needs. Outright bans on child labour may not be effective - rehabilitation of living standards is likely more constructive.
Child labour refers to the employment of children that is exploitative or prevents their access to education. It exists primarily due to poverty but is also driven by global demand for cheap goods. Millions of children work in exploitative conditions across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and India, particularly in agriculture. While India has laws against child labour, enforcement is ineffective and it remains a significant problem. International organizations are working to eliminate child labour but progress has been uneven across regions and more efforts are still needed.
The document discusses the exploitation of child labor in Africa. It notes that an estimated 20-30 million people worldwide are enslaved in forced labor or slavery, many of them children. Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the worst child labor, with children as young as 5 working in dangerous conditions in cocoa farms, gold mines, and other industries. These children face physical and psychological harm without protection or pay. While some efforts have been made through laws and companies' policies, truly addressing the issue requires strengthening African economies and ensuring children's access to education so they are not forced into labor by circumstances of poverty.
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children globally are engaged in child labour, with over 70% working in agriculture.
- Child labour deprives children of their education and subjects them to physical and sexual abuse. It can have lifelong harmful impacts on their health, development and well-being.
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival. Lack of access to free education also contributes.
- Solutions include improving access to education, vocational training, enforcing laws against child labour, and providing economic support to vulnerable families. Initiatives like Rugmark are working to end child labour in specific industries like
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children work under harsh and dangerous conditions instead of attending school
- Child labour deprives children of their childhood, health, education and development
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival
- Agriculture, services, and industry are major sectors where children work instead of school
- International agreements recognize children's right to be protected from exploitative work
- Improving access to education and reducing poverty are seen as crucial to ending child labour
The document discusses child labor in Pakistan, defining it as work performed by children under the age of 18 that deprives them of their childhood. Poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and lack of law enforcement are cited as key drivers of child labor. Common types in Pakistan include carpet weaving, agriculture, soccer ball production, and automobile workshops. Children face physical and mental health issues from unsafe working conditions. Efforts to address the problem include national laws and increasing access to free education, but child labor remains a significant issue impacting millions of children in Pakistan.
This document discusses the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It begins by defining child labor as work that deprives children of their childhood and development. It then poses questions about the causes of child labor in Pakistan, the different types of child labor found, how children are affected, and what is being done to address it. The main causes identified are poverty, unemployment, debt repayment, cultural traditions, and lack of access to education. Common types of child labor discussed include agriculture, carpet weaving, auto workshops, mining, and more hazardous industries. Children are affected physically through injuries, health issues, and stunted growth, and mentally by losing their education. Some efforts to address the issue include laws passed in 1991, 1992 and 1994,
Child labor is a significant problem in Bangladesh. Over 93% of child laborers work in the informal sector in small factories, workshops, streets, and homes. Poverty is the main driver, as families rely on children's income. This takes away from children's education and health, leading to injuries, illness, and stunted growth. Both the government and NGOs work to address this issue through education, vocational training, health services, legal protections, and advocacy. Everyone can help by donating, raising awareness, and supporting strong enforcement of child labor laws.
The Presentation contains all the details related to Child Labour in India. The causes of Child Labour to the Forward steps that need to be taken to prevent child labour.
The presentation also details about a very well known NGO - Bachpan Bachao Andolan which is working on preventing Child Labour since ages.
- Ashmita Nahar
This document discusses child labour, including its definition, types, causes, sectors where it occurs, consequences, statistics worldwide and in India, relevant international conventions and laws, and actions that can be taken. It classifies child labour into three categories: work within the family, within the family but outside the home, and outside the family. The major causes of child labour are poverty, lack of education, tradition, and ignorance of consequences. It occurs widely in agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Consequences include stunted growth, perpetuation of poverty and illiteracy. There are over 200 million child labourers globally and many laws and organizations aim to address this issue.
America's Edge Policy Brief about ECE in Illinois May 2009Karen Craven
The document summarizes the economic challenges facing Illinois and argues that continued investment in early education is important for both the short-term and long-term economic well-being of the state. It notes that Illinois' unemployment rate has risen above 9% as the state faces its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Continued funding of the state's Preschool for All program would create over 9,000 jobs while helping families and laying the foundation for future economic growth by improving educational outcomes and workforce readiness. Cutting early education would disproportionately harm vulnerable families and have negative ripple effects throughout the economy. The document advocates for increased investment in high-quality early education as a proven strategy that generates jobs and social benefits.
It is about Child labour and ethics related to it...
See the doc file(the link is given below) to see the contends in detail...
http://www.slideshare.net/ManojAbraham/ethics-25850663
eBook Immigrant Student Rights to Attend Public Schools 2018 IDRAChristie Goodman, APR
This document discusses the rights of immigrant students to attend public schools under U.S. law and policy. It summarizes the Plyler v. Doe Supreme Court ruling that undocumented children have equal rights to public education as U.S. citizens. It outlines that schools may not deny enrollment based on immigration status or request documentation that could expose a student's status, such as social security numbers. The document provides examples of language school districts have included in enrollment notices to clarify these policies and ensure compliance with students' rights.
The document provides a history of child labor reform efforts in the United States from the late 1700s through the 1930s. It describes how child labor became widespread during the Industrial Revolution as families struggled financially and children worked in mills and factories. Over time, reformers observed the harmful physical, emotional and social effects on children. Organizations like the National Child Labor Committee campaigned against child labor and helped pass legislation like the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established the first federal standards regulating child employment. The document outlines the gradual process of reform efforts and setbacks over decades to curb child labor.
Child labour refers to work that deprives children of their childhood and interferes with their education. In India, child labour is rampant in industries like bidi making, carpet making, construction, domestic work, and farming. Poverty is a major cause of child labour, as families rely on children's wages for survival. Children who work face health issues, lost education opportunities, and abuse. Various organizations in India are working to raise awareness, provide aid to vulnerable children and their families, and push for stronger laws against child labour.
Child labour-human-rights-in-bangladeshSadiul Islam
Child labour is common in Bangladesh, with 4.7 million or 12.6% of children aged 5-14 working. Poverty is the primary cause of child labour, though government carelessness and factors like urbanization also contribute. Child labour has negative impacts as families rely on children's income and children are sometimes abandoned to work. While Bangladesh's constitution guarantees human rights, these rights are often violated. Security forces are accused of torture and extrajudicial killings. Religious minorities and women also face rights violations such as attacks on Hindus and high rates of domestic violence. The government has been criticized for failing to adequately address child labour and human rights issues.
It is all about child labour and eithics related to it...
and the link of the ppt are given below
http://www.slideshare.net/ManojAbraham/ethics-25849854
Child labor refers to work that is harmful to children's development and interferes with their education. It involves children being exposed to serious hazards, separated from their families, or forced to work instead of attending school. Common causes of child labor include poverty, lack of access to education, and violations of existing laws. The effects of child labor are that it deprives children of their childhood and proper development, subjects them to physical and mental abuse, and can perpetuate intergenerational poverty if children do not receive an education. Philippine law prohibits the employment of children under 15 in most work.
Child Labor
By: Abbie Hays, Eilidh Radcliff, Katya Frangulova and Polina Nash
The document discusses child labor, including the types of work children engage in, the causes of child labor, its prevalence worldwide, and the rights and responsibilities of businesses and consumers regarding child labor. It also summarizes key articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child related to child labor, health, education, leisure, and governments' obligations to protect children and make their rights known.
Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication f...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the practices of child labor among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the implications for school administrators. The study found that child labor exists in the state, particularly in the domestic sector. It revealed significant differences in the practice of child labor between male and female parents, as well as differences based on parents' marital status and employment status. However, there was no difference found based on parents' religion. The study recommends economically empowering parents to reduce poverty and involvement of children in labor, as well as enforcing laws against child labor.
International regulations have had some impact in reducing child labour but more needs to be done. Key regulations like the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and ILO conventions 138 and 182 require governments to enact laws protecting children from economic exploitation and harmful work. However, enforcement remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries where poverty is a major driver of child labour. International organizations and developed countries need to further support developing country governments who cannot always ensure children's basic needs. Outright bans on child labour may not be effective - rehabilitation of living standards is likely more constructive.
Child labour refers to the employment of children that is exploitative or prevents their access to education. It exists primarily due to poverty but is also driven by global demand for cheap goods. Millions of children work in exploitative conditions across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and India, particularly in agriculture. While India has laws against child labour, enforcement is ineffective and it remains a significant problem. International organizations are working to eliminate child labour but progress has been uneven across regions and more efforts are still needed.
The document discusses the exploitation of child labor in Africa. It notes that an estimated 20-30 million people worldwide are enslaved in forced labor or slavery, many of them children. Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the worst child labor, with children as young as 5 working in dangerous conditions in cocoa farms, gold mines, and other industries. These children face physical and psychological harm without protection or pay. While some efforts have been made through laws and companies' policies, truly addressing the issue requires strengthening African economies and ensuring children's access to education so they are not forced into labor by circumstances of poverty.
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
This document discusses women empowerment in rural India through distance education. It notes that rural women suffer from various social, economic, and educational disadvantages. Distance education can help empower rural women by allowing them to learn at their own pace while fulfilling family responsibilities. However, there are also several barriers that hinder rural women's access to distance education, such as lack of family support, cultural restrictions, and lack of access to technology. The document argues that efforts must be made to continue educating rural women through distance learning programs and address the obstacles they face.
This document analyzes gender discrimination in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India. It finds:
1) Female foeticide and lower sex ratios for girls are evidence of gender discrimination. The female foeticide rate is highest in Unjha and Visnagar talukas of Mehsana district.
2) Rural parents, especially fathers, have more negative perceptions about girls regarding preference, education, nutrition, and healthcare compared to mothers.
3) Educational attainment is lower for females compared to males across all talukas in Mehsana district. Higher female education is correlated with lower gender discrimination.
4) Most rural parents have positive perceptions about nutrition and healthcare for girls but negative
This document reports on a study that compared the effectiveness of programmed instruction versus conventional teaching methods.
The study involved 6th grade students who were split into an experimental group that learned about leaves using a programmed instruction booklet, and a control group that learned the same material using conventional teaching. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test on the topic.
The results showed that the experimental group performed better on the post-test compared to the pre-test, with fewer students failing and more achieving first class marks. In contrast, the control group taught conventionally showed less improvement.
Statistical analysis of the groups' test scores supported the conclusion that programmed instruction was more effective than conventional teaching for this topic based
1. The document discusses the need and relevance of inclusive education in modern society. It highlights India's constitutional commitment to education for all and international agreements promoting inclusive education.
2. Inclusive education aims to educate all children, including those with disabilities, together in regular classrooms. Research shows benefits for both disabled and non-disabled students in terms of academic performance and social development.
3. The document outlines 11 reasons why inclusive education is important, such as fulfilling constitutional responsibilities, achieving education for all, and promoting social equality and healthy citizenship. Inclusive education helps realize the human right to education and makes social sense.
The document reports on a study that examined the relationship between anxiety and job satisfaction among 120 secondary school teachers in India. The study found that private school teachers had higher anxiety levels and lower job satisfaction than government school teachers. There was a significant positive correlation between anxiety levels and job satisfaction for both government and private school teachers.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the molluscicidal properties of two plant species, Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum, against the freshwater snail Lymnea accuminata. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of both plants, as well as an isolated saponin compound, were tested for toxicity against L. accuminata. The alcoholic extracts proved most toxic, with 100% mortality occurring within 24-48 hours at concentrations of 2.5-4.0 mg/L. The isolated saponin compound also showed strong molluscicidal effects. The study identifies saponins as active compounds and suggests Cestrum species may be a potential source
This document summarizes a study on the phytoplankton diversity in two ponds in Durg City, Chhattisgarh, India. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected monthly from January to March 2009. A total of 28 phytoplankton species were found in Polsaypara pond and 24 species in Deepak Nagar pond, belonging to chlorophyceae, bacillariophyceae, myxophyceae, and euglenophyceae groups. Physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen were measured and found to indicate higher pollution levels in Polsaypara pond compared to Deepak Nagar pond. The most common phytopl
This document summarizes a study on the phytoplankton diversity in Sawana Dam in Maharashtra, India from February 2005 to January 2006. A total of 48 phytoplankton species belonging to 4 groups were identified. Chlorophyceae was found to be the dominant group. The phytoplankton population was highest in winter and lowest in monsoon season. Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanophyceae reached their maximum numbers during winter, while Euglenophyceae peaked during monsoon season. The study found that phytoplankton diversity and population trends were similar across the three sampling stations in the dam.
1. The study examines primary school teachers' opinions towards incorporating yoga ("Yog Sikshan") into primary education in Sabarkantha district, India.
2. The researcher collected data using an opinion survey sent to 200 randomly selected primary school teachers. A total of 123 responses were analyzed.
3. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in opinions between male and female teachers, but did find urban teachers and those with less experience held significantly more positive opinions than rural teachers and those with more experience.
1) The study examined the relationship between occupational aspirations, academic achievement motivation, and social factors among secondary school students.
2) The results found a significant positive correlation between occupational aspirations and academic achievement motivation. Occupational aspirations were also positively correlated with various social factors like educational and occupational status.
3) Additional analysis found gender and medium of instruction differences. Girls had a stronger positive correlation between occupational aspirations and social factors compared to boys. English medium students showed stronger correlations between variables than Kannada medium students.
This document presents a study analyzing the absorption spectra of praseodymium(III) complexes with β-diketone ligands and nitrogen donor ligands. Praseodymium complexes were synthesized and characterized. Absorption spectra were recorded for the complexes in various solvents. Spectral energy parameters like the Slater-Condon parameter (FK), Lande spin orbit coupling (ξ4f), nephelauxetic ratio (β), and bonding parameter (b1/2) were calculated from the spectra. Marginal decreases in FK and ξ4f were observed and correlated with small increases in β. Pseudohypersensitive transitions showed wide variation in oscillator strength with minor changes in coordination, indicating sensitivity to
1) The document reports on a comparative study of the qualitative differences perceived by pupil teachers in B.Ed. institutions based on whether the institution was self-financed or government-aided, the faculty (science or arts), and the sex of the pupil teachers.
2) The study found significant differences in perceptions between self-financed and government-aided institutions, and between male and female pupil teachers overall and in government-aided institutions specifically.
3) There were no significant differences found between science and arts faculty or between male and female pupil teachers in self-financed institutions.
This study examined the personal values and job satisfaction of high school teachers. It compared male and female teachers, and graduate versus post-graduate teachers.
The results showed that female teachers had significantly higher social values than male teachers. However, there were no other significant differences in personal values between male and female teachers. There were also no significant differences in job satisfaction between male and female teachers.
When comparing graduate and post-graduate teachers, post-graduates had significantly higher religious, democratic and economic values. However, there were no other significant differences in personal values. Additionally, there were no significant differences in job satisfaction between graduate and post-graduate teachers.
This document presents a theoretical framework to analyze child labour using an inter-temporal approach. It summarizes an existing model of child labour and adapts it to a two-period framework. The model shows that child labour is inversely related to the real interest rate - as the interest rate rises, households are induced to reduce their children's participation in work. A rise in the interest rate could occur due to macroeconomic policies like increased government expenditure, which would create a favorable demand shock and raise output and interest rates, leading households to supply less child labor.
Child Labor Essay
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Essay On Child Labor
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Running head CHILD LABOR IN INDIA1CHILD LABOR IN INDIA10.docxjoellemurphey
The document provides an overview of child labor in India. It discusses that child labor is driven by poverty and lack of access to education. While necessary for industrialization, it is ultimately detrimental to economic development by preventing children's access to education. It examines causes like the caste system, overpopulation, illiteracy, poverty, and lack of regulation. Solutions proposed include increasing wages, education, social services, family planning, enforcing laws, abolishing trafficking, and replacing child labor with adult workers. Overall, the document analyzes the complex issue of child labor in India from various perspectives.
Child labor has historically involved children working in mines and factories during the Industrial Revolution under poor conditions. While laws have curbed child labor in developed nations, over 200 million children still work today, mostly in developing countries due to poverty. Forced to work in fields, factories and homes, these children are denied an education and a childhood. Ending child labor requires addressing its root causes like poverty, as well as enforcing laws against it and expanding access to free education for children.
Child labor is a worldwide wonder. In India it existed in one structure or the other, for example, slaves, household workers, and so on since time immemorial. In the late years it has gotten impressive consideration from Government, social researchers, willful associations, and so on. The reality remains that child labor ought to be canceled in light of the fact that it meddles with the privileges of the children hampering their instruction and wellbeing, mental profound and social improvements which in a definitive examination decides the advancement of the country in general. The different enactment and additionally legal choices are still not able to forbid child labor. There is a need along these lines, to distinguish the gap between the law and legal choices from one perspective and the genuine circumstance of child labor on the other. It is in these points of view that the present study is conducted. In this research researcher has analyzed some child labour statistics and has presented some suggestions to curb the menace.
Child Labor Essay
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Child Labor Essay
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Essay On Child Labor
Child labor remains a major problem in many developing countries. Overpopulation is often cited as a cause of child labor, but it is not the main driver. Poverty is the primary cause, as families in poverty rely on children's work or wages to survive. Lack of access to education and employment opportunities for adults also contribute, as children fill economic roles when adults cannot. While reducing population growth could help address poverty long-term, governments must directly tackle poverty, illiteracy, and lack of school access to effectively eliminate the practice of child labor.
This document discusses child labor in India. It provides background on the issue, defining child labor as work by those under 14 for wages. It analyzes the situation, finding that around 25% of Indian children are child laborers. It explores the causes, mainly poverty but also cheap labor and family conditions. The consequences are interference with health, education, and moral/social development. The government has measures but child labor remains a complex problem with deep social and economic roots in India.
This document is a group assignment on child labor in Pakistan submitted to a professor. It includes an introduction defining child labor and its types. It then discusses the causes of child labor such as poverty, lack of education, population growth, and willingness of others to exploit children. The effects of child labor on children and society are outlined such as lack of education and poor physical/mental health. Solutions proposed include enforcing child labor laws, increasing access to education, government support programs, and raising awareness. The conclusion states that child labor remains a significant problem in Pakistan due to poverty and instability and that increased access to education is key to solving it.
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Rag Pickers in India
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This document summarizes a presentation on strategies for dealing with child labor. It discusses myths around child labor, the roles that different groups like NGOs, teachers, and children themselves can play, and how child labor was reduced in developed countries through economic development, education, enforcement of laws, and changes in social attitudes. It emphasizes the importance of data collection on child labor and highlights the roles that NGOs, teachers, and children can take on, such as discovering cases of abusive child labor, implementing action programs, integrating issues into school curriculum, and allowing child participation in discussions.
Child labour refers to work that harms or exploits children physically, mentally, or morally, or blocks their access to education. There is no universally accepted definition. Not all child work is considered harmful; some may benefit children by teaching responsibility and skills. However, work that exploits children by not paying them is considered child labour. The vast majority of child labour occurs in Asia and Africa, mainly in agriculture and domestic work. Reasons for child labour include poverty, lack of access to education, cultural traditions, and exploitation by employers. Eliminating child labour requires addressing its root causes, especially poverty, as well as improving access to education and enforcement of laws.
A5.Larrea.Domenica.Contextos de los Sujetos EducativosDomnicaLarrea
This document discusses how family, school, and work impact children's education. It notes that family is the most crucial influence on child development, and that a caring home environment with strong values provides the best chances for success. However, factors like poverty, discrimination, lack of social protection and education opportunities can lead to child labor instead of school. This negatively affects school attendance and performance, as work leaves little time for studying. Rural working children and those in poor communities where obtaining food is a higher priority than education are most impacted.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC CHILD LABOR AND ITS IMPACTS ...Sarah Morrow
The document discusses domestic child labor in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It finds that the major causes of domestic child labor are poverty and lack of access to education. Many children in Tanzania, especially girls, work as domestic workers for long hours each day and are denied their right to education. The study interviewed children in Dar es Salaam to understand the types of work they do and difficulties they face. While laws exist to protect children, child labor remains a significant problem in Tanzania due to high poverty rates and other socioeconomic challenges. The document calls for solutions to address the root causes of child labor.
Investigations were carried out to see the effect of pesticide 'companion' on the proximal composition and enzyme namely amylase, GOT and GPT of whole green gram in the early stages of germination. The findings revealed that the pesticides increase the enzyme activity in the early stages of germination and thus increase the metabolic rate. The Vitamin-C content was also enhanced with the use of pesticide, but there was a decrease in the proximal composition of the gram when treated with pesticide.
Afghanistan as a landlocked country occupies crucial geo-strategic
location connecting East & west Asia. This work is also the sincere effort to highlight the
factors which can bring sustainable development and peace in Afghanistan & also those
negative factors which are encouraging extremism of Taliban, terrorism and undue interference
by some countries. Generally it has been seen that the regional powers are also vary in action.
I also highlight the role of regional and trans- regional actors which are creating obstacles
in the construction of peaceful Afghanistan. I have also try to highlights the suggestions and
recommendation for the establishment of sustainable development & peace in afghanistan
through the collective support of major powers.
Key words : Afghanistan, Taliban, Great Game, Durand line,Russia ,Caspian sea,WTC
The research paper focuses on the Indian immigrant's experiences of immigration, nostalgia, language,
tradition, and acculturation in the host land with reference to Uma Parameswaran's literary fiction, "What Was
Always Hers". As a diasporic writer, she has seen and experienced immigrant life in the host country, Canada
and in her diasporic works; she has highlighted Indian immigrants' cultural displacement in the adopted country,
Canada. In the present book, she has explored the immigrant life of Indians especially immigrated women in their
adopted country. Her characters are always live in confusion to accept the culture of the native country or host
country and express their socio-cultural ties towards their homeland.
This 4 page document contains unfiled notes across multiple pages but no other identifiable information. The notes are brief and cover an unknown topic over the course of the 4 pages.
1. The document discusses the concept of friendship according to different political theories. It focuses on how friendship is seen as an important factor in maintaining peace and harmony in society.
2. Different theories view friendship differently, with some seeing it as a means for individuals to fulfill their self-interests while others see it as a bond based on mutual care, respect and trust between individuals.
3. The author argues that true friendship is based on sincerity and caring for others' well-being without any ulterior motives of benefit. It plays a significant role in bringing people together and reducing conflicts in society.
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.
LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar helps you understand and navigate your way through LinkedIn. Topics covered include learning the many elements of your profile, populating your work experience history, and understanding why a profile is more than just a resume. You will be able to identify the different features available on LinkedIn and where to focus your attention. We will teach how to create a job search agent on LinkedIn and explore job applications on LinkedIn.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
1. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
Research Paper - Economics
Problems of Child Labour
in Karnataka
April, 2012 *Dr.M.S.Ramananda** Dr. Mallikarjuna N.L.
*Faculty Member, Regional Institute of Cooperative Management, Bangalore-70.
**Professor, MBA, SEA College of Engineering& Technology, Bangalore-49.
Introduction The Rights of the Child
In order to eradicate the worst forms of child The UN spelled out the full range of children's
exploitation such as exploitative labour, we need to rights in the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
tackle the issue of poverty, since poverty is both a adopted in 1989. This has been signed and on ratified
direct cause of child labour, and a determinant factor by all the countries in the world except two. The con-
in preventing children from accessing an education vention contains one particular article about economic
that can protect them against exploitation. Since child exploitation article 32; it also guarantees other rights
labour is concentrated in less developed countries the relevant to whether children should be working or not.
child labour controversy ends up having a trade re- Article 32 commits government to recognizing
lated dimension. A portion of politicians and civil "The right of the child to be protected from
societies in developed countries resume from the "abo- economic exploitation and from performing any work
litionist approach" that child-made products have to that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the
be banned. This measure however, is seen as a trade child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health
barrier by developing countries. On the corporate side, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social develop-
the "abolitionist" approach is somewhat consistent with ment". It condemns forms of work that interfere with
the strategy adopted by "no child labor" labels while education and those that cause harm. The Convention
the "realistic approach" is followed, among others, by spells out a child's right to education, as well as iden-
the Fair Trade movement.4 The objective of our paper tifying the forms of harm to which children should not
is to verify whether the "realistic" approach works by be exposed. A second part of the same article describes
testing the effect of FT affiliation on child schooling the measures governments must ask to implement this
with field survey data. More specifically, both Rug right. They must.
mark and Fair Trade (FT) labels aim to sell ethical a. Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for
intangibles to concerned consumers, but their approach admission to employment;
is quite the opposite. In the first case we have a "no- b. Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and
child-labor" constraint and no intervention on market conditions of employment;
prices5 while, in the second case, producers are free to c. Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions
choose whether or not to send their children to school to ensure the effective enforcement of the present ar-
but receive a price premium from the organization. ticle.
What is Child Labour? In practice, despite the near universal ratifi-
The term "child labour" coined in Britain cation of the Convention many countries have not
during the 19th century, implies that the children in- fulfilled the obligations in "b" and "c", Many have
volved should not be working. "Youth employment", specified a minimum age but to little to enforce it.
on the other hand, implies something quite different Article 28 guarantees every child's right to education
that young people need appropriate training and sup- and stresses the important of equal opportunity for all
port to enter the labour market to find jobs when they children to have access to education. It requires gov-
leave school. Many languages do not have a phrase ernment, "progressively and on the basis of equal op-
that implies that children should not be working and portunity".
use expressions more similar to "child work". The * Make primary education compulsory and available
terminology used is important because it implies what free to all children;
should be done in response: a "child labour" should be * Encourage the development of secondary education,
returned to school; a "youth" or "adolescent" worker including general and vocational education, and to
should be assisted in getting a job, with more supervi- make these available and accessible to all children.
sion and protection than an adult worker. * Take measures to encourage regular school atten-
10 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
2. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
dance and to reduce drop-out rates. Two other provi- because they do not have the means to absolutely es-
sions in the Convention are also vitally important for tablish the ages of e.g. teenagers, and, without appro-
working children. Article 3 says government agencies priate documentation, young people may also be de-
and other institutions taking action concerning a child nied access to state services such as schools.
or children must base their decisions on what is in the The role of education
children's "best interests". Article 12 emphasis that Children who receive little or no school edu-
when a child is capable of forming his or her views, cation miss out on the knowledge that can create op-
these should be given due attention, in accordance tions for them later in life. Without it, they make less
with the child's age and maturity. These general pro- contribution as adults and are more exposed to exploi-
visions are relevant to organizations such as UNICEF tation and abuse. Not attending school is consequently
which want to end child exploitation. Every initiative both a cause and effect of child labour. The importance
has to ensure it is in child's best interests, and that the of education for a society's economic and social devel-
views of children, particularly those who are more opment is widely acknowledged. However, even coun-
mature, must be sought and taken into account in tries that have made an explicit undertaking to send
deciding what initiatives are suitable. every child to school still have to do a great deal to turn
The Supply: What Pushes Children into Work? this commitment into reality. The shortcomings of
Poverty The main reason why children start work existing school systems remain a major factor that
instead of attending school, or leave school before "pushes" children on to the labour market when they
completing their primary education is that their fami- are too young. Sending children to school does not
lies are poor and cannot pay the basic costs of food and come without a cost. In many countries, parents still
housing without their child earning something as well. pay a fee for their children to attend primary school,
But the reasons why families are poor vary enormously as well as buying books and providing a school uni-
- some are global, some are national and some are form. For a poor family these are significant costs,
historic. alongside the lack of income for the household while
Some adult workers are not paid enough to a child is at school. To tackle these economic realities,
support their families, and sometimes even the wages Brazil introduced a "school scholarship" for low-in-
from both parents' incomes are not sufficient to keep come families. This is an income subsidy tied to a
their family housed, clothed and fed. However, it is child's continuing attendance at school. The incentive
also common to find families in which one or both has had a marked effect, reducing the frequency of
parents are not earning anything, maybe because a child labour in the areas where it has been tried.4
parent has died or left home, or because adults are However, while the Brazilian government was able to
unable to get work. Sometimes employers prefer to make funding available, similar subsidies are not yet
employ children, finding them more obedient and forthcoming in other parts of the world.
cheaper than adults. Alongside families where all the Review of Literature
children are expected to work and earn their living Gawali (2008), in his study of child laboru
from a young age, there are others where just one or problem marathwada reveals that the regional issues
two children work to earn money to enable another are serious and they formed a part of the serious and
sibling to attend school. Around the world, the details they formed a part of the complexities of local issues.
vary but the story is the same. There is not enough The child labor from remote districts that do not have
money for families to survive without some or all of any job or security for their future, they folk towards
their children working. regional centers and their issues become more com-
Family breakdown plex when they came to cities. Putra and Nayak (2008),
Families break down for many reasons, leav- in their study reveal that the objectives to assess the
ing the household short of income. Sometimes divorce problem of child labor it causes and consequences in
leaves one parent looking after more children than she a tribal dominated district or Orissa. Using a multi-
or he can afford to feed. Divorce is sometimes brought stage random sampling method data were collected
about by domestic violence, which also directly drives from 140 respondents covering 12 Panchayatas spread
children to leave home when they are still young. over 4 identified blocks of the study area. The study
Poor infrastructure Another factor is the practical dif- reveals that most of the active child workers are com-
ficulty of establishing a child's actual age in countries ing from poverty stricken socio-economic backward
where the infrastructure may not be in place for e.g. families very often they are ill treated. To deal with the
systematic birth registration. This can disadvantage problem a multi pronged attack is inevitable. All the
children in many ways - law enforcers are hampered actors should work in unison to have a permanent
RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
11
3. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
solution to this man made disaster. Mishra (2008), he not be exist with child labour existence. He says that
analyzed for national commission for protection of child labour represents fundamental abuse of child
child rights (NCPCR) Shantha Sinha feels no that rights & violation of international & national laws.
effort has been made to make children go to school has Sharma & Mishra (2008), in their article highlighted
observed that India is having the largest number of senior civil servants observed that the child labour in
malnourished children NCPCR has no any policy about India in their own vision. At present India would emerge
these children. Also he observed India has the largest as a developed country on the world map. Liberaliza-
number of children out of school. It also has the largest tion privatization & globalization (LPG) effects In-
number of children in work force people are poor and dian Economy & Society. Indian achievement in the
they need to income from their child's labour. Poverty field of atomic energy soft ware technology & launch-
is the main causes for child labor without child labour ing of the satellite are recognized in the world.
peorce will statue poor people are send the children to Dhaka and Narwal (2008), they gave us the position of
school with all difficult life. The type of people is less the child labour & the impact of this problem & its
in number. eradication through government & non government
Shireen (2008), he opines about child labour organization. Also they say that children are an asset
is unavoidable? It is argued that the child labour is of a nation. The density of a nation directly depends on
needed for life cycle. If children do not work, they well how well its children are looked after.
stare & surely work in better that starvation? Toler- Research Issues
ance & acceptance of the child labour is become argu- After reviewing literature on problems of child
ment issue. It is really great sin in the enlighten soci- labour, some of the research issues were identified.
ety. Society should be enlighten against child labour Most of the studies concluded that the poverty and
peoples of the most discriminated as lower castes & unemployment in converted child labourer are high.
rulers areas are made a working about the government Some of the studies concentrated on the relationship
rulers & regulation of child labors its welfare between education and asset position. Moreover, stud-
programmes about child labour under Sarva Shiksha ies dealing with the child labourer are scanty. Very few
Abhiyaan the Government has promised a school with studies had attempted on this aspect across northern
a 1km radius & below for children between 6-14 has states of the country, while, particularly no compre-
been disclosed free of compulsory. Satyarthi (2008), in hensive research work is conducted on these lines in
his study gave us a critical study of child labour in southern part of Karnataka. Further, due to the lack of
India. According to him, the child labour act 1986. detailed information on the problems of child labourer,
Came into force but the eradication of child labour is the study has been undertaken. Thus, it is obvious that
not successful for so many reason. Generally the rea- a comprehensive study on the problems of child labour
son for child labour is that poor family needs children and related issues at the gross roots level is required.
to contribute economically to their survival. Also gave Hence, the present study intends to examine various
an account of comprehensive approach to eradicate issues in problems of child labour in India and
child labour which enlighten of awareness. Karnataka. Therefore, the present study on problems
Desai (2008), in his article highlighted the of child labour through organized and unorganized
emeritus professor at the London School of Econom- sector in Karnataka has been undertaken with the fol-
ics observed that the child labour in India is a complex lowing objectives.
one child's life has so many components like school- Objectives of The Study
ing. Playing, friendship etc. He observed that the trag- 1. To examine the status of child labour in Karnataka
edy of child labour is that children are compelled to 2. To analyze the problems of child labour in Karnataka.
work due to poverty mainly craft men families induct Methodology
children into work which they carry out at home. This The present study has been carried out by an
work in Zari production or carpet weaving or bidi empirical investigation by canvassing a structured
making. Sharma (2008), In his study reveals that he schedule. Appropriate simple statistical tools were used
has observed a silent programme to eradicate child in accordance with needs to analyze various aspects of
labour. According to Sharma child labour is due to the child labour. Arithmetic Mean, Annual Growth Rate,
poverty & debt of the family. Most of the parents do not Standard Deviation and Co-efficient of Variations were
know the importance of the education of their chil- used.
dren. Mukherjee (2008), he is noted that Habitat & Data Source
Environment Forum, Kolkata. He has analyzed child Secondary data were collected from the office
labour in India. According to him healthy society can- of the child labour, Mysore and Karnataka, Govern-
12 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
4. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
ment Records, Journals, Periodicals, Text Books and the problem on its own but it is the problem of the
Internet. Primary data were collected from the respec- maintenance of child and the living wage of adult
tive respondents through a pre-tested interview sched- wage earner so that they can maintain their family at
ule. adequate standard"
Tools Used For The Data Analysis: 3. Unemployment
The following tools were used for the study Sometimes, children seek work because of
* Arithmetic Mean (AM) their unemployment parents or adult relations in the
* Standard Deviation (SD) family, which is sometimes also because of under-
* Annual Growth Rate (AGR) employment of the adults. In our country, the agricul-
* Co-efficient of Variation (CV) tural workers are engaged for a maximum period of
Child Population: (All India - 1991 census) 290 days in different agricultural and allied works; but
The Child Population in India declined by 5.0 million sit absolutely idle for the rest of the other 75 days,
(or - 3.0 %) between 2001 and 2011 which sometimes forces them to send their children
This is due to the sharp decline of 8.9 million (or - for small jobs.
7.0%) in child population in Rural areas In Urban 4. Large Family
areas, the child population increased by 3.9 million In most cases, the child worker belongs to a
(or +10.3 %) large family in which it is difficult to pull easily with
Child Labour - Urban & Rural break - up (2011 a low income. It is difficult to provide a sheltered-
Census): childhood to their children and therefore they send
(a) Urban: 919 them to work for more income. It is seen in many such
(b) Rural: 914 cases of poor families that they need more children,
Child Labour - Male / Female break - up: which will bring them more income ultimately.
(a) Male: 56.24% 5. Child Labour is cheaply available
(b) Female: 43.76% Employers like to increase their production
There are many causes of child labour of which some at cheap labour costs which they get easily from em-
of the principal causes are ploying the child labourer than the adults to ensure,
1. Poverty higher margins of profit. The poverty is a blessing to
The foremost reason for the origin of child these employers as they get the poor children more
labour isacute poverty, which exists in developing easily from the labour market.
nations. According to a study, 92 million out of 228 6. Illiteracy and Ignorance
million of Indian children are in the families below A seminar on "Employment of Children" in
poverty line. Nearly 1 lakh children die annually as a November 1975 indicated that, "Child labour is preva-
result of malnutrition. There are nearly 2 lakh beggars lent extensively in the processes which cause the even-
and vagabond among the children. Another study re- tual loss of sight, hearing or bone deformity. Small
veals that more than 40 percent of the Indian popula- children are working in hotels and restaurants with
tion is below poverty line, half of which belongs to fumes and dirty water, which causes to them skin dis-
Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes. So, they de- eases.
ploy their children in different employments, for supple- See Table 2.6
menting the family income or at least to get rid of the The table indicated that national child labour project
burden of such children. schools reveals that the government will take care for
In cities, a large number of migrant child the welfare of the child labour for the education but the
labourers are seen, who failed to get any job at their running schools become less for the shortage of status.
natives areas. To avoid economic helplessness and Child labour is not so interested in education male
poverty line their villages, they come to towns. In children is more than the female children.
Bhubaneswar, it is observed that nearly 83 percent are See Table 2.7
migrant child workers whereas only 17 percent are the The table 2.4 result indicated that child labour project
residents of the city. school thus that the male children are more than fe-
2. Low income of the bread earner of the male children. The No. of child laobur is are increas-
family In some cases, it has been observed that the ing in every year. So the child labour problem is also
inadequacy of wages of adult earning member(s) of increasing is every year. The government sanctioning
the family compels them to send their children to work school for year but running school is becoming less for
and supplement the family income. It is clarified in the want of children. This shows that children will not
report of ILO that, "this problem of child labour is not take education properly child laobur is still exist.
RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
13
5. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
Table 2.6, National Child Labour Project (NCLP)
Year No. of Sanctioned School t No. of Running No. of Children
by Governmen Schools Male Female Total
2004-05 2 School 1 School 15 6 21
2005-06 3 School 2 Schools 18 4 22
20 5 25
Total 38 9 47
2006-07 5 Schools 2 Schools 14 3 17
8 3 11
Total 22 6 28
2007-08 5 Schools 4 Schools 37 13 50
20 6 26
27 7 34
38 12 50
Total 122 38 160
2008-09 5 Schools 2 Schools 20 5 25
11 3 14
Total 31 8 39
Source: ILO Report
Table 2.7, State Child Labour Project Schools (S.C.L.P) in Karnataka
Year No. of Sanctioned School No. of Running No. of Children
by government Schools Male Female Total
1 2 3 5 6 7
2004-05 5 Schools 3 Schools 33 5 38
39 4 43
Total 72 9 81
2005-06 4 Schools 3 Schools 50 9 59
57 6 63
19 8 27
Total 126 23 149
2006-07 5 schools 3 Schools 59 6 65
42 9 51
19 12 31
Total 120 27 147
2007-08 6 Schools 3 Schools 43 11 54
38 7 45
17 11 28
Total 98 29 127
2008-09 4 Schools 2 Schools 25 6 31
30 5 35
Total 55 11 66
Source: ILO Report of child labour, although one should add that causes
Conclusion tend to be multivariate, and that explanations need to
For an efficient and realistic intervention in be found in the structure of poverty, modes of employ-
policy matters, a differentiation needs to be made of ment, labour relations, etc. as well as in agency.
the different categories of disenfranchised children: Suggestions
the labouring child, the working-cum-schooling child One must know the various causes for child
and various other disabled children who are usually labour there are so many components around the Child
referred to as nowhere children. A clear analysis will labour
also help us to have a better understanding of the causes 1.To eliminate child labour one must be eliminate
14 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
6. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
poverty otherwise people will starve. Government 3. Government will take steps to open schools nearer
should provide work for the people to increase their to villages. Vehicles to road facilities to be made to
income. Necessary steps should be taken to provide reach schools in all season of the year.
basic needs to the poor people. 4.School environment should be made an attractive &
2.Peoples should be encourages to send their children pleasable to students children should full homely
to school for the welfare of the children. Government friendly environment for learning. Teachers should be
& non government organization of the community act as friendly & merciful guider to children.
educate the people about the importance of the educa- 5.All action to stop child labour should be implemented
tion of children. taking the child best interest into account.
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