The document summarizes a study on the practices of child labor among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the implications for school administrators. The study found that child labor exists in the state, particularly in the domestic sector. It revealed significant differences in the practice of child labor between male and female parents, as well as differences based on parents' marital status and employment status. However, there was no difference found based on parents' religion. The study recommends economically empowering parents to reduce poverty and involvement of children in labor, as well as enforcing laws against child labor.
This document discusses child labor as a global issue. It provides statistics showing that child labor is most prevalent in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In Pakistan, there are estimated to be between 8 and 10 million children aged 5-14 who work, accounting for about 1/10 of the country's workforce. Poverty is a major cause of child labor. Children work in agriculture, factories, construction, and other industries. Several international organizations work to address child labor issues.
Child labour refers to work that deprives children of their childhood and interferes with their education. It can be physically or psychologically harmful. The document categorizes types of child labour such as in industries, hotels, and on the streets. The worst forms include child trafficking and using children in armed conflicts. Poverty is a major cause of child labour, as families rely on children's income. Lack of access to schools also contributes. Child labour has negative consequences, preventing education and healthy development. Laws exist to protect children's rights, such as prohibiting hazardous work and recruitment into armed forces. Prioritizing free, quality education and addressing poverty and inequality are important for eliminating child labour.
Child labour is a major problem in India, with millions of children under age 14 working in various industries. Poverty is a main driver of child labour, as families struggle to make ends meet and send children to work instead of school. Common jobs for child labourers include selling goods, collecting bottles, shoe polishing, and domestic work like cleaning and dishwashing. Several laws exist to regulate child labour, but enforcement remains a challenge. NGOs work to provide education and development opportunities to help eradicate the practice, focusing on removing children from work and placing them in school. Public involvement in reporting instances of child labour can help authorities better enforce laws and save more children from exploitation.
This document presents some hypotheses about child labor in Guadalajara, Mexico. It discusses gender disparities in child mortality, health, and vulnerability. Working instead of attending school can negatively impact children's long-term development and earnings potential. Poverty is a main cause of child labor. The document then focuses specifically on Guadalajara, noting the presence of child labor, especially among poor families and indigenous groups. Characteristics of children working in the streets are described. Three preliminary hypotheses are that parents are more apprehensive about older girls working due to safety concerns; social roles define expectations that girls' domestic responsibilities increase with age, shifting their work inside the home.
The document discusses child labor issues globally and in India. It notes that over 120 million children worldwide and 44 million in India are engaged in child labor. The worst forms involve over 8 million children in India doing hazardous work, 1.8 million in prostitution, and 1.2 million who are trafficking victims. Poverty is a main driver of child labor, as children are forced to work to support their families instead of attending school. Eliminating child labor will require efforts like increasing access to education, income opportunities, and enforcement of laws against the practice.
This document discusses child labor and provides recommendations. It begins by defining child labor and explaining where child laborers live and work. It then discusses the causes of child labor including poverty, lack of education, and family crises. Interviews of child laborers are presented that show they work long hours but earn little. The document concludes by recommending that children attend school full-time, policies support education and adult incomes, and social awareness is raised to end child labor.
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children work under harsh and dangerous conditions instead of attending school
- Child labour deprives children of their childhood, health, education and development
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival
- Agriculture, services, and industry are major sectors where children work instead of school
- International agreements recognize children's right to be protected from exploitative work
- Improving access to education and reducing poverty are seen as crucial to ending child labour
This document discusses child labor in Bangladesh. It defines child labor according to number of work hours by age. Over 1 million children have never been to school in Bangladesh where child labor is widely accepted. Common work areas include brick breaking, rickshaw pulling, and domestic work. Poverty is a main driver of child labor as nearly 1/3 of some families' incomes come from children. Child labor negatively impacts education and health, and risks abuse and trafficking. Solutions proposed include donating to NGOs, increasing education awareness, and strictly enforcing laws against child labor.
This document discusses child labor as a global issue. It provides statistics showing that child labor is most prevalent in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In Pakistan, there are estimated to be between 8 and 10 million children aged 5-14 who work, accounting for about 1/10 of the country's workforce. Poverty is a major cause of child labor. Children work in agriculture, factories, construction, and other industries. Several international organizations work to address child labor issues.
Child labour refers to work that deprives children of their childhood and interferes with their education. It can be physically or psychologically harmful. The document categorizes types of child labour such as in industries, hotels, and on the streets. The worst forms include child trafficking and using children in armed conflicts. Poverty is a major cause of child labour, as families rely on children's income. Lack of access to schools also contributes. Child labour has negative consequences, preventing education and healthy development. Laws exist to protect children's rights, such as prohibiting hazardous work and recruitment into armed forces. Prioritizing free, quality education and addressing poverty and inequality are important for eliminating child labour.
Child labour is a major problem in India, with millions of children under age 14 working in various industries. Poverty is a main driver of child labour, as families struggle to make ends meet and send children to work instead of school. Common jobs for child labourers include selling goods, collecting bottles, shoe polishing, and domestic work like cleaning and dishwashing. Several laws exist to regulate child labour, but enforcement remains a challenge. NGOs work to provide education and development opportunities to help eradicate the practice, focusing on removing children from work and placing them in school. Public involvement in reporting instances of child labour can help authorities better enforce laws and save more children from exploitation.
This document presents some hypotheses about child labor in Guadalajara, Mexico. It discusses gender disparities in child mortality, health, and vulnerability. Working instead of attending school can negatively impact children's long-term development and earnings potential. Poverty is a main cause of child labor. The document then focuses specifically on Guadalajara, noting the presence of child labor, especially among poor families and indigenous groups. Characteristics of children working in the streets are described. Three preliminary hypotheses are that parents are more apprehensive about older girls working due to safety concerns; social roles define expectations that girls' domestic responsibilities increase with age, shifting their work inside the home.
The document discusses child labor issues globally and in India. It notes that over 120 million children worldwide and 44 million in India are engaged in child labor. The worst forms involve over 8 million children in India doing hazardous work, 1.8 million in prostitution, and 1.2 million who are trafficking victims. Poverty is a main driver of child labor, as children are forced to work to support their families instead of attending school. Eliminating child labor will require efforts like increasing access to education, income opportunities, and enforcement of laws against the practice.
This document discusses child labor and provides recommendations. It begins by defining child labor and explaining where child laborers live and work. It then discusses the causes of child labor including poverty, lack of education, and family crises. Interviews of child laborers are presented that show they work long hours but earn little. The document concludes by recommending that children attend school full-time, policies support education and adult incomes, and social awareness is raised to end child labor.
The document discusses the issue of child labour around the world. Some key points:
- 218 million children work under harsh and dangerous conditions instead of attending school
- Child labour deprives children of their childhood, health, education and development
- Poverty is a major driving factor, as families rely on children's wages for survival
- Agriculture, services, and industry are major sectors where children work instead of school
- International agreements recognize children's right to be protected from exploitative work
- Improving access to education and reducing poverty are seen as crucial to ending child labour
This document discusses child labor in Bangladesh. It defines child labor according to number of work hours by age. Over 1 million children have never been to school in Bangladesh where child labor is widely accepted. Common work areas include brick breaking, rickshaw pulling, and domestic work. Poverty is a main driver of child labor as nearly 1/3 of some families' incomes come from children. Child labor negatively impacts education and health, and risks abuse and trafficking. Solutions proposed include donating to NGOs, increasing education awareness, and strictly enforcing laws against child labor.
Renu Singh's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Samir Ranjan Nath's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Child labours still a hurdle in country developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses child labor in District Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It aims to identify the nature and extent of child labor in the district, the causes of child labor, and recommend strategies to eradicate it. The study found that many children in rural areas work to contribute to family income, while urban families have children work due to large family size and lack of financial resources. Common causes of child labor included poverty, lack of access to education, and the demand for cheap labor. The document recommends identifying proposals from parents and children to help eradicate child labor in the district.
Child labor is a significant problem in India, where millions of children are engaged in forced or deliberate labor. Poverty, overpopulation, and lack of education are the primary causes of child labor in India. Children face hazardous working conditions in industries like fireworks, silk, and coal mining, working long hours for little pay. This denies children education and the ability to fully develop, trapping families and communities in cycles of poverty. If not addressed, the continued high rates of child labor will severely hamper India's development.
Child labor is a significant problem in India, with over 44 million children engaged in labor under the legal age of 14. The document outlines the physical, emotional, and psychological harm of child labor. It discusses the prevalence of child labor in India, particularly in rural agricultural work. Poverty is a main driver of child labor, along with lack of access to education and employers' preference for cheap child labor. The government has passed laws banning child labor under 14 and mandating education, but enforcement remains a challenge. NGOs and organizations like Childline work to support vulnerable children and end exploitative labor practices.
Jyotsna Jha's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
This document discusses child labor, defining it as work unsuitable and dangerous for children under 14. It notes that over 12 million children in India work to survive, in industries like farming, factories, and homes, often facing abuse. Causes of child labor include poverty, income inequality, and lack of education. Children face health risks in jobs like scavenging, and may be bonded into unpaid labor to pay family debts. The document urges readers to raise awareness, recruit others, and work with organizations to help end child labor through education and social change efforts.
Child Labor Involvement among Food Crop Farmers in Yewa North Local Governmen...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study examined child labor involvement among food crop production in Yewa North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data were collected through the use of well questionnaire. A total number of 120 respondents were selected from the study area through the use of a multistage random sampling technique. The respondents were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected from the respondents were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The summary of the finding on the socioeconomic characteristics of the food crop farmers indicates that 52.5% of the food crop farmers were between 31 and 40 years, 79.2% were male, 83.3% were married, 55.8% had no form of formal education, 43.3% had between 7 and 9 household members in their family, 67.5% were farmers, and 55.0% had been in farming for between 1 and 10 years. The regression analysis result revealed that age, gender, dependency ratio, and number of household children enrolled in school are statistically significant and positive in relation to household child’s involvement in farm labor in the study area. Based on the results of the finding on the problems encountered in production of food crop, the finding indicates that all (100.0%) of the food crop farmers encountered one form of problems to the other, of which insect and pest attacks, inadequate labor, financial crises, and inadequate labor were the most prominent problems. Hence, the study concluded that the food crop farmers utilized their children on the farming activities ranging from weeding, harvesting, and molding among others. Therefore, the study recommended that there should be the provision of enlightenment by the government and other institutions related to food crop production by educating the food crop farmers to desist on the use of their children for farm works.
An estimated 3 million children in the Philippines work in hazardous conditions, with 1 in 6 children having to work instead of attending school. Children as young as 5 years old work 12 hours a day, 5-7 times a week in various jobs like farming, mining, factories, domestic work, and the sex trade. They receive little to no breaks or adequate food during their long work days. Child labor persists due to high poverty rates and a lack of enforcement by the government, which claims it will end child labor by 2016 but many believe that goal is unrealistic. Agriculture is a major industry where child labor is prevalent, especially in sugarcane fields, with 64% of working children employed in farming.
Socio economic problems of child labor in rajshahi city corporation of bangla...Alexander Decker
This document discusses socio-economic problems of child labor in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. It notes that many families rely on children's income for survival, and employers prefer hiring children as they are cheaper. Child labor denies children their rights to education, leisure and exposes them to risks. The study interviewed 560 child laborers in Rajshahi and found long working hours and hazardous conditions negatively impact school attendance and child development. Poverty is a key driver of child labor in Bangladesh. The government has programs aiming to eliminate hazardous child labor and increase access to education, but enforcement remains a challenge.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Partnerships: A Panacea to end Child Marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin Di...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Child marriages have become a thorny issue in Zimbabwe even though the country‟s 2013
Constitution has clauses which try to curtail such abuses. Zimbabwe‟s Mashonaland Central province is no
exception, as the phenomenon is rampant in the province‟s two districts of Bindura and Mount Darwin. This
research is an effort to establish the reasons why children engage in marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin
districts of Mashonaland Central province. Using the phenomenological research design, the study sought to:
establish the causes of child marriages; analyze the gender and ages of children most affected by child
marriages; and to analyze the current mechanisms in place to protect children against child marriages in the two
districts. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches with interviews and questionnaires
administered to a sample of 66 participants. The findings were that the causes of child marriages included
harmful religious practices, poor policies, poverty, lack of access to education, and death of a child‟s
parents.The study further found that on gender basis, females are affectedmore by child marriages as compared
to males. In addition, there was lack of partnership between the government and other organizations in the fight
to end child marriages. The major recommendation of the study is that the government should enter into
partnership with other organizations in the province to deal with the problem of child marriages. Also, income
generating projects and civic education should be put in place to empower children and promote their rights.
Sound guidance and counselling services should beproffered to assist the affected children.
these slides are prepared to understand child health nursing topics IN EASY WAY
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Causes And Consequences of Child Workers in The Brick Fields of Khejuri CD Bl...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and very common in India. Many families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally, employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. As per 2001’s data, 1.26 crores child labour is existed over all India and 36.43 lakh children in the age group of 5-14 years are working in non-agricultural sector in the country, out of which 12.19 lakh children are working in hazardous occupations. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns, number is 84972(2001).The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study. The respondent are interviewed regarding various aspects related to the child labour in brick field includes causes and consequences of child labor to engage their risky job, working environment , their schooling profile, their future goal etc. The fieldwork observation shows that the working environment in brick field are hazardous to child health due to unsanitary environment, unsafe working environment (such as heat, burning ashes, flying ashes, and pieces of broken bricks everywhere), and the hazardous work (prolonged working hours, heavy work, and dangerous jobs).They also suffer from breathing problem, cold & fever, minor injuries and sometime more than that. Inspire of that majority of child workers have a very common expectation that is all of them want to lead a happy life with their work and their family.
This document discusses child labour, defining it as work that is unsuitable or dangerous for children due to their age. It notes that not all child work should be considered child labour. The document then outlines different forms of child labour that exist worldwide, including in agriculture, mining, domestic work, and commercial sexual exploitation. It also discusses some of the key drivers that contribute to the persistence of child labour, such as barriers to education, cultural traditions, market demand for cheap labour, impacts of economic crises on households, and insufficient enforcement of laws and policies to protect children.
Child Labour Presentation-Kamla Nehru Public School, Phagwaracharu chhabra
On 11th August 2016 Intra class Power Point presentation competition for the students of grade X was organised. Presentation was prepared by the students on the steps taken by government of India to eradicate child labour.
Study on Child Labour in Bangladesh Based on Biri(BIDI )FactoryAbdullah Al Mahamud
This document is a thesis submitted by Abdullah Al Mahamud to the Department of Law at Stamford University Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of an LL.B. degree. The thesis examines child labour in Bangladesh, with a focus on the biri (cigarette) factory industry. It includes an introduction on child labour definitions, the nature and consequences of child labour, statistics on child labour in Bangladesh and related laws. The thesis also has chapters analyzing child labour specifically in the biri industry and providing recommendations and conclusions.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Dr Ellina Samantroy's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
“Role of the human value to improve the situation to protect the future of child (6 to 14 years).”
Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development . Poverty , lack of good schools and the growth of the informal economy are considered to be the key causes of child labour in India.
Child labour is a persisting social evil . A well nourished child is priceless asset of a nation . A child should be facilitated to grow in multiple dimensions to attain the physical and mental fitness . The society and the government have responsibility to create conducive environment for the healthy growth of a child.
The complex issue of child labour is a developmental issue worth investigating.
The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labour while not receiving education crucial to development , concerns many people . India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour.
Child labour is a source of income for poor families.
A project reprot on awareness of labour laws at gokak millsBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of Gokak Mills, including:
1) Gokak Mills is a textile company located in Gokak, India that was established in 1885 and employs over 4,000 workers.
2) The mill produces cotton and blended yarn, grey fabric, dyed yarn, and terry towels.
3) Gokak Mills aims to provide high quality products, satisfy customers, achieve consistent growth and reasonable profits.
The Impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development: A Study of Ika L...iosrjce
This research work investigated the impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development with
focus on Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the
role of Girl-Child Education in Community Development, to determine the factors impeding against girl-child
education in the aforementioned area and to examine how social, economic and political development affects
Girl-Child Education in Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The total population for this study is
39,500 and the sample size of three hundred and ninety five (395) persons from the selected communities i.e.
Ikot Inyang Udo, Ikot Akata, Urua Inyang, Ikot Oyo and Ikot Okon were drawn. The study adopted a descriptive
survey design and data were analysed using the chi-square (X2
) statistic at 0.05 level of significance. It was
found among other things that Girl-Child Education helps in Community Development and the factors militating
against girl-child education were culture and poverty level of the people. Based on the findings, the following
recommendations were made; the society should stop the discrimination of the girl-child in the provision of
education, also that government should make policy statements that will make the education of the girl child
legal and compulsory.
Renu Singh's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Samir Ranjan Nath's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Child labours still a hurdle in country developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses child labor in District Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It aims to identify the nature and extent of child labor in the district, the causes of child labor, and recommend strategies to eradicate it. The study found that many children in rural areas work to contribute to family income, while urban families have children work due to large family size and lack of financial resources. Common causes of child labor included poverty, lack of access to education, and the demand for cheap labor. The document recommends identifying proposals from parents and children to help eradicate child labor in the district.
Child labor is a significant problem in India, where millions of children are engaged in forced or deliberate labor. Poverty, overpopulation, and lack of education are the primary causes of child labor in India. Children face hazardous working conditions in industries like fireworks, silk, and coal mining, working long hours for little pay. This denies children education and the ability to fully develop, trapping families and communities in cycles of poverty. If not addressed, the continued high rates of child labor will severely hamper India's development.
Child labor is a significant problem in India, with over 44 million children engaged in labor under the legal age of 14. The document outlines the physical, emotional, and psychological harm of child labor. It discusses the prevalence of child labor in India, particularly in rural agricultural work. Poverty is a main driver of child labor, along with lack of access to education and employers' preference for cheap child labor. The government has passed laws banning child labor under 14 and mandating education, but enforcement remains a challenge. NGOs and organizations like Childline work to support vulnerable children and end exploitative labor practices.
Jyotsna Jha's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
This document discusses child labor, defining it as work unsuitable and dangerous for children under 14. It notes that over 12 million children in India work to survive, in industries like farming, factories, and homes, often facing abuse. Causes of child labor include poverty, income inequality, and lack of education. Children face health risks in jobs like scavenging, and may be bonded into unpaid labor to pay family debts. The document urges readers to raise awareness, recruit others, and work with organizations to help end child labor through education and social change efforts.
Child Labor Involvement among Food Crop Farmers in Yewa North Local Governmen...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study examined child labor involvement among food crop production in Yewa North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data were collected through the use of well questionnaire. A total number of 120 respondents were selected from the study area through the use of a multistage random sampling technique. The respondents were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected from the respondents were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The summary of the finding on the socioeconomic characteristics of the food crop farmers indicates that 52.5% of the food crop farmers were between 31 and 40 years, 79.2% were male, 83.3% were married, 55.8% had no form of formal education, 43.3% had between 7 and 9 household members in their family, 67.5% were farmers, and 55.0% had been in farming for between 1 and 10 years. The regression analysis result revealed that age, gender, dependency ratio, and number of household children enrolled in school are statistically significant and positive in relation to household child’s involvement in farm labor in the study area. Based on the results of the finding on the problems encountered in production of food crop, the finding indicates that all (100.0%) of the food crop farmers encountered one form of problems to the other, of which insect and pest attacks, inadequate labor, financial crises, and inadequate labor were the most prominent problems. Hence, the study concluded that the food crop farmers utilized their children on the farming activities ranging from weeding, harvesting, and molding among others. Therefore, the study recommended that there should be the provision of enlightenment by the government and other institutions related to food crop production by educating the food crop farmers to desist on the use of their children for farm works.
An estimated 3 million children in the Philippines work in hazardous conditions, with 1 in 6 children having to work instead of attending school. Children as young as 5 years old work 12 hours a day, 5-7 times a week in various jobs like farming, mining, factories, domestic work, and the sex trade. They receive little to no breaks or adequate food during their long work days. Child labor persists due to high poverty rates and a lack of enforcement by the government, which claims it will end child labor by 2016 but many believe that goal is unrealistic. Agriculture is a major industry where child labor is prevalent, especially in sugarcane fields, with 64% of working children employed in farming.
Socio economic problems of child labor in rajshahi city corporation of bangla...Alexander Decker
This document discusses socio-economic problems of child labor in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. It notes that many families rely on children's income for survival, and employers prefer hiring children as they are cheaper. Child labor denies children their rights to education, leisure and exposes them to risks. The study interviewed 560 child laborers in Rajshahi and found long working hours and hazardous conditions negatively impact school attendance and child development. Poverty is a key driver of child labor in Bangladesh. The government has programs aiming to eliminate hazardous child labor and increase access to education, but enforcement remains a challenge.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Partnerships: A Panacea to end Child Marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin Di...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Child marriages have become a thorny issue in Zimbabwe even though the country‟s 2013
Constitution has clauses which try to curtail such abuses. Zimbabwe‟s Mashonaland Central province is no
exception, as the phenomenon is rampant in the province‟s two districts of Bindura and Mount Darwin. This
research is an effort to establish the reasons why children engage in marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin
districts of Mashonaland Central province. Using the phenomenological research design, the study sought to:
establish the causes of child marriages; analyze the gender and ages of children most affected by child
marriages; and to analyze the current mechanisms in place to protect children against child marriages in the two
districts. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches with interviews and questionnaires
administered to a sample of 66 participants. The findings were that the causes of child marriages included
harmful religious practices, poor policies, poverty, lack of access to education, and death of a child‟s
parents.The study further found that on gender basis, females are affectedmore by child marriages as compared
to males. In addition, there was lack of partnership between the government and other organizations in the fight
to end child marriages. The major recommendation of the study is that the government should enter into
partnership with other organizations in the province to deal with the problem of child marriages. Also, income
generating projects and civic education should be put in place to empower children and promote their rights.
Sound guidance and counselling services should beproffered to assist the affected children.
these slides are prepared to understand child health nursing topics IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
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Causes And Consequences of Child Workers in The Brick Fields of Khejuri CD Bl...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and very common in India. Many families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally, employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. As per 2001’s data, 1.26 crores child labour is existed over all India and 36.43 lakh children in the age group of 5-14 years are working in non-agricultural sector in the country, out of which 12.19 lakh children are working in hazardous occupations. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns, number is 84972(2001).The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study. The respondent are interviewed regarding various aspects related to the child labour in brick field includes causes and consequences of child labor to engage their risky job, working environment , their schooling profile, their future goal etc. The fieldwork observation shows that the working environment in brick field are hazardous to child health due to unsanitary environment, unsafe working environment (such as heat, burning ashes, flying ashes, and pieces of broken bricks everywhere), and the hazardous work (prolonged working hours, heavy work, and dangerous jobs).They also suffer from breathing problem, cold & fever, minor injuries and sometime more than that. Inspire of that majority of child workers have a very common expectation that is all of them want to lead a happy life with their work and their family.
This document discusses child labour, defining it as work that is unsuitable or dangerous for children due to their age. It notes that not all child work should be considered child labour. The document then outlines different forms of child labour that exist worldwide, including in agriculture, mining, domestic work, and commercial sexual exploitation. It also discusses some of the key drivers that contribute to the persistence of child labour, such as barriers to education, cultural traditions, market demand for cheap labour, impacts of economic crises on households, and insufficient enforcement of laws and policies to protect children.
Child Labour Presentation-Kamla Nehru Public School, Phagwaracharu chhabra
On 11th August 2016 Intra class Power Point presentation competition for the students of grade X was organised. Presentation was prepared by the students on the steps taken by government of India to eradicate child labour.
Study on Child Labour in Bangladesh Based on Biri(BIDI )FactoryAbdullah Al Mahamud
This document is a thesis submitted by Abdullah Al Mahamud to the Department of Law at Stamford University Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of an LL.B. degree. The thesis examines child labour in Bangladesh, with a focus on the biri (cigarette) factory industry. It includes an introduction on child labour definitions, the nature and consequences of child labour, statistics on child labour in Bangladesh and related laws. The thesis also has chapters analyzing child labour specifically in the biri industry and providing recommendations and conclusions.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Dr Ellina Samantroy's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
“Role of the human value to improve the situation to protect the future of child (6 to 14 years).”
Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development . Poverty , lack of good schools and the growth of the informal economy are considered to be the key causes of child labour in India.
Child labour is a persisting social evil . A well nourished child is priceless asset of a nation . A child should be facilitated to grow in multiple dimensions to attain the physical and mental fitness . The society and the government have responsibility to create conducive environment for the healthy growth of a child.
The complex issue of child labour is a developmental issue worth investigating.
The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labour while not receiving education crucial to development , concerns many people . India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour.
Child labour is a source of income for poor families.
A project reprot on awareness of labour laws at gokak millsBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of Gokak Mills, including:
1) Gokak Mills is a textile company located in Gokak, India that was established in 1885 and employs over 4,000 workers.
2) The mill produces cotton and blended yarn, grey fabric, dyed yarn, and terry towels.
3) Gokak Mills aims to provide high quality products, satisfy customers, achieve consistent growth and reasonable profits.
The Impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development: A Study of Ika L...iosrjce
This research work investigated the impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development with
focus on Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the
role of Girl-Child Education in Community Development, to determine the factors impeding against girl-child
education in the aforementioned area and to examine how social, economic and political development affects
Girl-Child Education in Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The total population for this study is
39,500 and the sample size of three hundred and ninety five (395) persons from the selected communities i.e.
Ikot Inyang Udo, Ikot Akata, Urua Inyang, Ikot Oyo and Ikot Okon were drawn. The study adopted a descriptive
survey design and data were analysed using the chi-square (X2
) statistic at 0.05 level of significance. It was
found among other things that Girl-Child Education helps in Community Development and the factors militating
against girl-child education were culture and poverty level of the people. Based on the findings, the following
recommendations were made; the society should stop the discrimination of the girl-child in the provision of
education, also that government should make policy statements that will make the education of the girl child
legal and compulsory.
A report on baseline survey pdf HINDALCO BELGAVI Raju Jain
This document provides information about a baseline survey conducted in Mutyanatti village in Belgaum, Karnataka by two students for Hindalco Industries Ltd. It includes an introduction to Hindalco, a declaration by the students, a certificate from their research guide, acknowledgements, a table of contents, and lists of diagrams. The purpose of the baseline survey was to collect data on the demographics, socioeconomic conditions, health, education, and basic needs of the village population.
This document discusses girl-child education in Nigeria, outlining key issues, challenges, and recommendations. It notes that 130 million children worldwide lack primary education, 81 million of whom are girls. In Nigeria, 4.5 million girls are out of school compared to 4 million boys. Barriers to girl-child education include gender discrimination, early marriage, teenage pregnancy, violence in schools, lack of funding and encouragement. The document recommends collaborative efforts between the government, NGOs, and rights groups to improve advocacy, learning facilities, school proximity, and teacher training to promote girl-child education.
Cultural factors on the girl child education in secondary schools in ihiala l...Alexander Decker
This article examines the cultural factors that influence girl-child education in secondary schools in Ihiala Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The researcher conducted a survey and found that cultural traditions like early marriage, attitudes that favor educating boys over girls, and socioeconomic factors limit girls' access to education. The researcher recommends awareness campaigns to encourage parents to value girl-child education equally with boys.
Parents Attitude towards Girl Child Education: A Sociological Study of HaryanaRHIMRJ Journal
Girls and boys have the same rights to get a quality education. But the ‘gender gap’ becomes painfully evident when
looking at who is in the classroom. Girls lag behind than boys at all levels of formal education in Haryana. Enrolment,
retention, transition and achievement rates for girls are always lower than that of boys. This means that even many of the girls
who are enrolled in school do not complete Secondary School education. There is the strong belief that negative parental
attitude must be blamed for the low level education of girls. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to assessing
current parental attitude towards the education of girls children. The study analyzed the data from 50 parents, who had one or
more than one school going children. Out of these, 20 parents belonged to upper caste families, 15 parents belonged to middle
caste families and 15 parents belonged to lower caste families. The age range of the sample was 18-50 years, and they all
belonged to Bohar village of Rohtak District. 20-item questionnaire schedule was used for collecting data. The findings
showed that the overall attitude of the respondents was moderately favorable and positive towards schooling and education of
their children. The study reflects that generally parents would want to educate both boys and girls, however when there are
other demands on the family's resources that the education of the girl child is considered a secondary issue.
This document is a questionnaire for a music magazine targeting females aged 16-25 who enjoy hip-hop and R&B music. The questionnaire asks about the respondent's music interests, what attracts them to the genres, how much they would pay for the magazine, what content they want to see, and what design elements would appeal to them on the magazine's cover and articles. The goal is to gather information to create a magazine this demographic would want to read.
Child labour in cotton growing haryana 23 febbsmihd
This document provides statistics on child labor in three cotton growing districts of Haryana, India. It finds that approximately 271,360 children aged 6-14 and 128,598 children aged 15-17 are estimated to be working, totaling around 495,900 children. The majority of working children are involved in both main work and subsidiary work on farms and fields. Specifically regarding cotton, around 7,627 children aged 6-14 are estimated to work in cotton, primarily in subsidiary roles on farms. Older children aged 15-17 show higher rates of main work in cotton, with an estimated 5,043 children. The statistics suggest child labor remains a significant issue in the cotton industry of Haryana, with nearly 100,
This document contains a questionnaire on performance management systems with several sections. Section A collects general information about respondents and their organizations. Section B asks about the nature of the organizations' current performance management systems, including whether they are formal systems, which employee groups they apply to, and the techniques used for performance assessment. Section C collects perceptions of HR professionals about challenges, definitions, determinants of success, and relationships to other HR areas like compensation. Sections D-F ask about processes, issues, effectiveness evaluation, and potential changes to performance management systems. The questionnaire aims to understand current practices and perceptions around performance management.
The document is a questionnaire given to students to understand factors affecting mathematics performance. It asks students to rate themselves on interest in math, study habits, and extracurricular activities. It also asks students to rate their math teachers on personality traits, teaching skills, and use of instructional materials. The questionnaire uses a 5-point scale and collects both qualitative and quantitative data from students.
Effect of households poverty level on child labour participation among househ...Alexander Decker
This document examines the effect of household poverty on child labor participation in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected from 40 household heads and 80 children in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Nigeria. The results show that hawking various items is the most common child labor activity. Children from poor households engage in child labor more than those from non-poor households. The Tobit regression model found that characteristics like a child's age, the age and sex of the household head, poverty level, urban residency, and distance to market are major determinants of child labor participation in the area. The study aims to better understand the relationship between child labor and poverty in rural Nigerian households.
A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIADereck Downing
This document summarizes a study that examined children's views toward child labor in Nigeria. It provides context on the status and causes of child labor in Nigeria. The study revealed that most child laborers have a negative view of child labor, many lack future aspirations, and the dangers they face include accidents and kidnapping. It concludes that poverty alleviation programs should support families in need without political or religious bias.
CHILD HAWKING AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.docxResearchWap
There is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child Hawking’. But it could simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his parents or guardian or any other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child abuse as willful maltreatment of a child below eighteen years of age in street sales. Such treatment according to them can include acts of commission (abuse) and omission (neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united to life-threatening, physical violence including severe beating, and rape (sexually harassed) which are inflicted on the children by the adult member of the community. A broader definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other than the most favourable care and includes neglect sexual and or emotional abuse and exploitation .which ever this social problem is been defined the question that comes to mind is “are children who are God’s given gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults in the society?
In Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4 sections 30, 40 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantee every citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the constitution does not make any destination between the rights of adults and children to trade. Thus, children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the menace of child hawking (abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to all kinds of societal hazards. This study, therefore, examines street hawking in Nigeria, with a view to identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and child hawking have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there are 100 and 200 million child labourers across both industrial and developing countries. Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of 10 and 14 are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is estimated to have between 12 and 15 million child hawkers.
According to Human Right Watch (2004), Nigerians have the largest child labour force in the world. The dramatic increase in child labour and street hawking in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of less developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions have contributed to incidents of child hawking and child labour, as children attempt to help support their families (Charles and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat (2002), the proliferation of industries can also be linked to an increase in child hawking and child labour. Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation.
Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents are and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated with street trading and child hawking as reported by children who engage in these practices
Socio Cultural Factors and Retention of Boy Child in Public Primary Schools i...ijtsrd
Retention in school has positive consequences for individuals throughout their lives. This study presents the current factors that contribute to retention of boy child in public primary school, with a view of getting possible solution for countering the problems that causes boy child not to retain in school. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of the socio cultural factors on retention of boy child in public primary schools in Turkana West Sub County. The research was guided by the classical liberal theory of equal opportunity. The research adopted a descriptive survey method. This design was considered appropriate because data was collected at one point in time across many individuals. The target population of the study comprised of 62 Head Teachers, 62 Deputy Head Teachers, 62 Senior Teachers and 62 Guidance and Counseling Teachers. The 14 Chiefs of Turkana West Sub County were also included as part of key informants in the study. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists SPSS . Quantitative data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics to generate percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. Inferential statistics was done using linear regression model. The study results were presented using tables and figures. The findings for the study demonstrated that socio cultural factors have a negative effects on boy child retention in public primary schools in Turkana West Sub County. Itao Erukudi Titus | Sarah Likoko | Jane Barasa "Socio-Cultural Factors and Retention of Boy Child in Public Primary Schools in Turkana West Sub-County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59772.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59772/sociocultural-factors-and-retention-of-boy-child-in-public-primary-schools-in-turkana-west-subcounty-kenya/itao-erukudi-titus
This document provides information about child labor in Pakistan. It discusses that according to UNICEF, there are approximately 158 million child laborers worldwide, and in Pakistan there are an estimated 3.8 million child laborers between the ages of 5-14. The main causes of child labor in Pakistan are poverty, large family sizes, illiteracy, unemployment, and failure to enforce laws prohibiting it. The document also outlines the effects of child labor, policy approaches to address it, Pakistan's efforts to reduce it through legislation, and recommendations such as increasing access to education and vocational training.
This document discusses the causes of child labour in India. It identifies several root causes including poverty, large family size, gender biases, low levels of education, caste discrimination, and indebtedness. Poverty is identified as a major driving factor, as it forces children into the workforce to supplement family income. Cultural factors also play a role, as girls often have greater domestic responsibilities and less access to education than boys. Weak public education systems, low literacy rates, and a lack of access to schools in some areas also contribute to the problem by depriving children of educational opportunities.
The document provides information on child labor in India through a literature survey. It defines child labor according to international organizations and presents statistics on the number of child laborers in India. Common forms of child labor discussed include work in factories, households, farms, and mines. Poverty, overpopulation, illiteracy, unemployment, and industrialization are cited as key drivers of child labor. The government and NGOs are working to address the issue through various programs and laws, though the problem remains widespread. More efforts are needed to support families economically and improve access to education to fully address child labor.
11.educating nigeria’s poorest a radical plan to attract private sector inves...Alexander Decker
This document proposes a radical plan to attract private sector investment in education for Nigeria's poorest children. The plan would invite private entities to set up schools for poor children in return for receiving a portion of the income tax paid by those children over their lifetime once employed. Key details include:
- Private schools would educate poor children for free in return for future income tax payments from those children.
- A centralized database would automatically distribute a portion of graduates' lifetime income tax payments to their benefactor schools.
- This plan could harness private sector efficiency to educate children otherwise left behind, pulling families from poverty.
- Significant logistical challenges would need addressing around tax distribution periods, immigration, earnings verification, and
5.[42 50]educating nigeria’s poorest-a radical plan to attract private sector...Alexander Decker
1) The document proposes attracting private sector investment in education for Nigeria's poorest children by offering income tax incentives. Specifically, the income tax paid over a child's lifetime after being educated would be passed on to the private entity that educated them.
2) Currently, many poor Nigerian children do not attend school or drop out early, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Government efforts alone have not adequately addressed this problem due to inefficiencies.
3) Involving the private sector could help educate more poor children through competition and accountability. However, existing private schools still require fees, leaving the very poorest unable to attend. The proposed tax incentive model aims to attract private investment specifically for these children
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This document discusses child labour in India. It defines child labour and explains its causes such as poverty. Child labour deprives children of education and harms their physical and mental development. The government of India has implemented various laws and policies since the 1970s to prevent child labour and rehabilitate working children. However, child labour continues to be prevalent in certain industries like silk weaving. The long-term effects of child labour include hampering a nation's social, economic and educational progress.
EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT...ResearchWap
ABSTRACT
This project work focuses on the effects of child abuse on students’ academic performance. The study attempts to unravel the causes, effects and remedies to child abuse among secondary school students. It was carried out in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. A sample of 100 was randomly drawn from selected secondary schools in the local government and questionnaires were administered to the respondents. The mean percentage test, which was adopted in the study’s analysis, indicated that excessive battering of a child by parents/teacher/guidance; broken homes, child hawking before and after school and an unconducive learning environment are all causes of child abuse. Also, it was found that child abuse negatively affects a child’s school performance; such abused children are vulnerable to early pregnancy. Ill-treatment as well causes permanent and lifelong trauma, thereby making children develop low cognition of school subjects. The preaching of good morals by religious leaders to parents and guardians is part of the recommendations made in this study. Also, melting out punishment in form of fines on erring parents/guidance especially those forcing their children to hawk, and prevention from bad peer influence will help eliminate or reduce to the barest minimum the incidence of child abuse among secondary school students.
This study examines the determinants of child labour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through an econometric analysis. Data was collected through surveys of 100 households, with 50 households having children in school and 50 having children working. The results of the econometric model show that the head of household's education and average household income are negatively correlated with child labour, while the age of the child and family size are positively correlated but insignificantly. The study concludes that increasing parental education is necessary to better the future of children, and recommends the government provide more education facilities and skill development centers to reduce child labour.
Perceived influence of sexuality education n the personal social development ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the perceived influence of sexuality education on the personal and social development of in-school adolescents in Nigeria. The study found that sexuality education should be taught in areas like moral instruction and science classes. It also found that sexuality education equips adolescents with positive attitudes towards relationships and enhances personal and social development. Finally, the study found no significant differences in perceptions between male and female adolescents or between junior and senior adolescents regarding the influence of sexuality education.
Perceived influence of sexuality education n the personal social development ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the perceived influence of sexuality education on the personal and social development of in-school adolescents in Nigeria. The study found that sexuality education should be taught in areas like moral instruction and science classes. It also found that sexuality education equips adolescents with positive attitudes towards relationships and enhances personal and social development. Finally, the study found no significant differences in perceptions between male and female adolescents or between junior and senior adolescents regarding the influence of sexuality education.
Perceived influence of sexuality education n the personal social development ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the perceived influence of sexuality education on the personal-social development of in-school adolescents in Nigeria. The study found that sexuality education should be covered in many areas like human anatomy, relationships, and abstinence. It is currently taught through classes like biology and guidance programs. The study also found that sexuality education equips adolescents with positive attitudes towards relationships and enhances their personal-social development. There were some differences found between male and female adolescents in their perceptions but not between junior and senior students. The study recommends expanding sexuality education in schools.
Children working at a young age is a major global issue, especially prevalent in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In Pakistan, over 3.8 million children between ages 5-14 work, many in agriculture, to help support their families financially due to issues like poverty, lack of access to education, and social pressures. Various organizations work to eliminate child labor and promote children's rights by raising awareness, enforcing laws, and addressing its underlying causes.
Similar to Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication for school administrators (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
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Practices of child labour among parents in ekiti state, nigeria implication for school administrators
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
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Practices of Child Labour Among Parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria:
Implication for School Administrators
Dr. (Mrs) O. A. Adegun
Institute Of Education, Ekiti State University,Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
E-mail: jireadegun@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study investigated the practices of child labour among parents in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The
descriptive research design of the survey type was used for the study. Multistage random sampling technique
was used to select four hundred (400) parents living in Ekiti State. A self-designed questionnaire was used as
instrument for the study. The face and content validity of the instrument was ensured by experts while the
reliability of the instrument was ensured using test-retest method. The reliability coefficient of 0.84 was
obtained. The data collected was analyzed using t – test, one way ANOVA and scheffe post hoc analysis. One
general question and four hypotheses were generated for the study. The study confirmed the existence of child
labour practice in the state and that it is predominant in the domestic sector. The study revealed that there was
significant difference in the practice of child labour by male and female parents; there was also significant
difference in the practice in terms of marital status and employment status of parents. There was no difference in
the practice of child labour among parents of different religions. It was recommended among others that parents
should be economically empowered to reduce poverty and urge to involve their children in labour. Laws on
child labour should be enforced by relevant agencies with a view to reducing incidence of child labour on our
streets. School administrators should implore various organisations like the media, religious bodies and others to
campaign against the practice of Child Labour.
Key words: Child labour, school administrators, parents, prevalence, practice.
1. Introduction
The family is one of the first institutions established by God for the purpose of procreation. According
to the Holy Bible the family system had been in existence since the dawn of humanity. Within the family,
children are exposed to various values, attitudes and responsibilities. They are showered with love, warmth,
affection, guidance, and appropriate discipline and monitoring by both the immediate and extended family
members. However, children are traditionally taught to respect and contribute to the progress of the entire family.
It was a common practice to engage family members in helping each other with the domestic chores. Each child
is to participate commensurately to his or her chronological age and gender. It is in line with this that it becomes
more or less an accepted norm to involve children in various works. But with the advent of modernization, life
for almost all began to take a new dimension. Both the family system and their life style changed for obvious
reasons ranging from demands being more them supply and changes in economic fortunes of various countries.
With this development children were obviously not left out, they found themselves being engaged in various
works that are conventionally dangerous to their chronological age. Observations show that childhood, a time of
hope and promise, could be a time of hardship and problem particularly in a developing state like the study area
where the burden of poverty appears to be on the young ones.
Ida (1999) defined child Labour as the engagement of children below 15years of age in income
generating activities such as working in construction companies, hawking of goods, working as domestic and
agricultural work that is commensurate with their age within the households of their parents. He stressed that
child labour is when the task performed by a child is excessive and detrimental to his development, interfere with
his education and hinder his preparation for adult roles and responsibilities.
The international Labour Organization (2003) identified child Labour as a social problem, and defines it
as work and activities that are mentally, physically and socially dangerous and harmful to children. It involves
works that enslaves children separates them from their families and jeopardizes their mental, emotional and
moral developments. It was observed that parents in Ekiti State of Nigeria appear to involve in child labour
practices. Possibly because they are not able to differentiate between child labour and child work. Child work
which according to Anma, Baghdellah, Kiondo, Madhi; Mwandayi and Soko (2000) is described as the general
activities that children undertake whether at home or outside the home. They seem to believe that work done by
a child below 15 years of age is an avenue to provide additional income to the family. Whether in rural or urban
settings, parents seem to involve their children in hazardous work because of poverty. Rich and educated parents
appear to also get involved in child labour practice to satisfy their own selfish interest by making use of the
children of others as house helps. Illiterate and poor parents sometimes involved their wards in child labour to
augment the family income by making children to sell different kinds of goods like bean-cake, bread and
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provisions before going to school in the morning. Poor parents appear not hesitant in releasing their wards to be
domestic servant to the rich and educated parents who need their services. The reason being that they are not
economically buoyant to feed and care for the children. It is no longer rare to see children as young as six or
seven years old hawking specializing mainly in the sale of sachet water in motor parks , at bus stops and in go
slows on busy urban highways, they are at high risk of hazards and dangers at this very young age.
Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) revealed that in Nigeria there is no legal minimum age for starting
work while the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommended that children should be in school until the
age of 14. The Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) in 2003 reported that more than 15million Nigerian children
under the age of 14 were working, mostly to help pay their school fees and help their parents for daily up keep.
Further report by International Labour Organization (ILO) (2006) showed that over eight million of the country’s
working children were also attending school. The children said they were forced to work part time in order to
pay for their school fees and books justifying the existence of abject poverty.
In 1995, statistical data for child Labour was 12million while by 2006 the number has risen to 15million
children. Even though the Labour Act of 1974 prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 in
commerce and industry and restricts Labour performed by children to home based agricultural or domestic work,
yet the statistical reports reveal the existence and practice of child Labour in Nigeria. Siddiq , and Pathos (2006)
and Kolo (2005) stated that the causes of child labour in the African continent in which Nigeria is included and
Ekiti State inclusive are ignorance, high incidence of poverty, high population growth and low education
participation while the International Labour Organization (2006) identified natural disasters, ignorance,
misplacement of priorities and misinformation as major causes.
Okpukpara and Odurukwe(2009) confirmed that the prevalence of child labour is predominant in the
formal sector in Nigeria. In 1996, the child welfare League reported that in Lagos alone there were 100,000 boys
and girls living and hawking on the streets. In the northern Nigeria children known as the Almajari survive on
the street by begging. Kolo (2005) acknowledge that child labour is widely spread in Nigeria in various forms
and locations and it involves children of both sexes.
The United Nation Education Fund (2006) indicated that the South Zone of Nigeria has the highest
percentage of 20.1% of children involved in economic activities while south East recorded the highest
percentage of activities while attending schools. On children involved in housekeeping activities without school
attendance, Sokoto State recorded the highest percentage of (49.0%) with Jigawa State (47.0%) Yobe State 44.3%
and Gombe State (32.9%) while across the zone, north west has the highest percentage of (25.4%) followed by
north East (24.6%) and north central (11.4%) of these working children (59.4%) are found attending school
while (40.6%) are not attending (United Nation Education Fund 2006).
The study of Okuniola (2003) stressed that there was no significant difference between male and female
parent practice of child Labour while Oloko 2002 also discovered that there was no disparity in parents
practicing of Child Labour irrespective of their religion.
The National Planning Commission (2001) emphasized that children exposed to harsh and dangerous
work are venerable to social, physical, health, emotional and moral problems. They can suffer from mental
psychological and physical exhaustion, stunted growth, deformities and diseases. Bass (2004) opined that child
Labour can make a child to remain uneducated and have low productivity as an adult. Arat (2002), Aderinto
(2000) and Hope 2005 discovered that children involved in child Labour suffer from various diseases such as
respiratory problems, injuries, and accidents, physical assault, sexual abuse, police harassment, malnourishment
and participation in harmful or delinquent activities.
Moreover the educational implications of child Labour are emphasized by the studies of Ezewu and
Tahir (1997), and Oloko (1994). They discovered that child labour deny children educational opportunities. A
study in the riverine area of the South -South Zone (Bonny/Andoni, Brass/Kalabari and Segbama/Yenagoa)
found that 76 percent of children aged 6 – 16 were not attending school, either because of the difficulties of
access to schools or the involvement of children in fishing. Another study by Oloko (1994) who compared the
educational achievement of working and non-working children in Lagos discovered that working pupils
performed consistently and significantly worse than non-working pupils.
Observations in Ekiti State also revealed that some children hawk very early in the morning before
going to school and on market days some either absent themselves so as to sell some items in the market or come
late to school. They sometimes dodge into the school compound after the morning market sales. After the
closing of the school, some are back to the street and market hawking, only to get back home at the late hours.
Some of these children are often used as house helps, sales boy/girl or even conductors of vehicles assisting the
driver to collect money from passengers. As a result of all these observations and discoveries it is the concern of
the researcher to investigate the practices of this phenomenon in Ekiti State in Nigeria which is a real problem
for school Administrators. The researchers intend to investigate the perception of parents in the state about child
labour practices. The study found out the existence of child labour in the state, to establish the difference in the
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practice among male and female parents, marital status of parents, employment status and the influence of
religion affiliation in the practice.
The following research hypotheses were raised for the purpose of the study.
(1) There is no significant difference in the practice of child labour between male and female parents in
Ekiti State.
(2) There is no significant difference in the practice of child labour on the basis of parents’ marital status.
(3) Types of job will not significantly differentiate parents practices of child labour.
(4) Religious affiliations will not significantly differentiate parents practices of child labour.
2. Methods:
The study was a descriptive research design of the survey type. The design enables the use of
information obtained from a sample of population to describe situations as they exist. The population for the
study consisted of all the parents in Ekiti State. The sample for the study was selected using a multistage
sampling technique. The first stage was to select two out of the three senatorial districts in the state. Five local
governments were selected from the two senatorial districts two towns were selected in each local government
and forty parents were selected in each town making a total of 400 parents in all. A self designed questionnaire
titled “Practices of Child Labour” (PCLQ) was used for the collection of data for the study. The questionnaire
consisted of two sections. A and B. Section A deals with the bio data of the respondents such as sex, religion,
employment status and religion. Section B contained 22 items eliciting information on practices of child Labour.
The validity and reliability of the instrument were ensured. The instrument was judged to have face and content
validities by experts. Test re-test method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and the result
revealed 0.84 at 0.05 level of significance. The shows that the instrument was high enough and reliable to be
used for the study.
The instrument was personally administered to the participants by this researcher. Explanations were
given to the respondents on how to respond to their feelings and experiences. The respondents were urged to
respond without interference, fear, threat or intimidation. The completed questionnaires were collected from the
subject immediately after completion for analysis. The data collected were analyzed using One Way Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) and t – test. Hypotheses 2, 3 and 4 were tested using one way ANOVA and t – test
analysis was used for testing hypotheses 1. All the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
Question One: To what extent is child labour practiced among parents in Ekiti State?
Types of child labour N Practice Non-Practice
F % F %
Economic Sector 140 80 57 60 43
Industrial Sector 110 65 59 45 41
Domestic Sector 154 100 67 50 33
The result in table above revealed that 80 respondents representing 57% indicate in economic sector that they
practice child labour, while 60respondents representing 43% said that they did not involve in the practice. 65
respondents representing 59% in industrial sector admitted that they practice child labour while 45 respondents
representing 41% admitted that they did not practice it. 100 parents representing 67% in domestic sector agree
that they practice child labour while 50 representing 33% disagree.
Therefore there is existence of child labour practice among parents in Ekiti State and it is prevalent in domestic
sector than other sectors.
3. RESULTS:
Ho1 There is no significant difference in the practice of child labour among male and female parents in Ekiti
State.
Table 1: Summary of paired t – test showing the significant difference in the practice of child labour among
male and female parents in Ekiti State.
Source N Mean SD df t - cal t- table Result
Male 191 2.66 1.073
398 19.97 1.96
Female 209 2.86 1.020 Significant
P<0.05
Table I revealed t – calculated as 19.97 at df = 398, t – value was found to be 1.96. It implies that t – calculated
is greater than the corresponding t – value at 0.05 significant level. This implies that there is significant
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difference in the practice of Child Labour among male and female parents in Ekiti State. Hence the hypothesis
was not accepted.
Ho2: There is no significant difference in parent’s practice of Child Labour on the basis of their marital
status.
Table 2: Summary of One – way ANOVA showing significant difference in the practice of Child Labour
among parents in Ekiti State by marital status.
Source of Variation SS df MSS f - cal t- table Result
Between Groups 7.336 2 3.668 Significant
Within Groups 339.504 397 1.006 3.645* 3.00
Total 406.840 399
P<0.05
It is evident from table 2 above that the F calculated was 3.645 while the table value was 3.00 at 0.05
level of significance. The hypothesis was rejected thus there is significant difference between parents practice of
child labour based on their marital status. The location of the significant difference is shown by the post – hoc
analysis in table 3.
Table 3 Post – hoc analysis showing parents practices of child labour based on their marital status.
Source of Variation Mean Group I
window
Group 2
Divorced
Group 3
Married
Widow 2.00 *
Divorced/separated 2.80
Married 2.21 *
*P <0.05 (significant result)
The above table shows that there is significant difference in the practice of child Labour among parents
based on their marital status. This result implies that the hypothesis is rejected.
Ho3: Types of job will not significantly differentiate parent’s practices of child labour.
Table 4: ANOVA Summary on practice of child labour showing whether type of job will significant
differentiates parents Practice of child Labour in Ekiti State.
Source of Variation SS df MSS F –cal F -table Result
Between Groups 17.490 3 5.830 Significant
3.00
Within Groups 396.950 396 .987 5.90*
Total 408.440 399
*P <0.05 (significant result)
The table shows that F – calculated is 5.90 while its corresponding table value of 0.05 level is 3.00
since the calculated value in greater than the table value, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore there is a
significant difference in the practice of child labour among parents in Ekiti State based on type of job.
Table 5. Post Hoc Analysis showing parents practices of child labour based on the types of job.
Source of variation Mean Group 1
Self
Employed
Group 2
unemployed
Group 3 Private
Establishment
Group 4
Government
Establishment
Self employed 2.50 *
Unemployed 2.45 *
Private employed 3.06 * *
Government
employed
2.83 *
*P <0.05 (significant result)
The table shows that there exists significant difference between private establishment and the self-
employed those in Government establishment and unemployed. This implies that there is a significant difference
in the parents practice of child labour based on their employment status. The hypothesis is hereby rejected.
Ho4: Religions Affiliation will not significantly differentiate parent’s practice of Child Labour in Ekiti State.
Table 6. Summary of one way ANOVA Showing whether religious affiliations significantly differentiate parents
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practice of Child Labour in Ekiti State.
Source of Variation SS Df MSS F –cal F -table Result
Between Groups 1.724 3 0.575 0.553 3.00 Not
Within Groups 411.836 396 1.040 Significant
Total 413.560 399
P>0.05
Table 6 shows that the F calculated value of 0.553 is lesser than the F – table value of 3.00. This shows
that religious affiliation will not significantly differentiate parent’s practice of Child labour. Therefore the null
hypothesis is hereby accepted.
4. Discussion
The findings revealed that there is child labour practice among parents in Ekiti State and that it is more
prevalent in the domestic sector in the State. This finding could be because most parents are civil servants
especially women who needed somebody to take care of their children and homes while they are away to work.
It may also be as a result of some female parents who would not be able to cope with heavy duties at home,
except they get the assistance of someone else as such seek for assistant of a young person as house help.
Invariably child labour is being practiced.
The study revealed that there is difference in the practice of child labour by male and female parents. It
is discovered that child labour is more rampart among female than male parents. It is believed that women are
saddled with the responsibility of caring, clothing and providing some essential needs of the children. The
burden been carried by these women are so much that they often need the assistance of their children. Such
women involve their children below 15years of age in hazardous works. They sometimes give the children out as
domestic servant and collect money, or allow them to hawk different kinds of goods before going to school in
the morning. This study negate the finding of Okunlola (2003) who said that there was no significant difference
in the practice of child labour among male and female parents. Besides, female parents make use of the children
as house helps or assistance at home especially in house-hold duties.
The study also found that there is no difference in the practice of child labour among parents based on
their marital status. The practice of child labour depend on whether the parents are married, divorced/separated
or widow. Child labour is found to be mostly practiced among divorced parents than widow and married in the
study. This may be due to the fact that married parents would support each other in the child’s upbringing and
up keep but the divorced or separated may not have any help other than to involve their children in labour, to
earn more money for the family. The finding supports the study of Odusanya (2000) who discovered that 62%
of children involved in child labour are from divorce parents.
There is difference between the practices of child labour among parents based on type of job they do.
The parents involved are either in government establishment, self employed, private establishment or
unemployed. The type of job and the income parents earn have influence on the practice of child labour. The
finding supports Siddiq (2000) who stressed that poverty reinforced the need for children to work since parents
cannot afford to cater for them.
The study further discovered that there is no difference in the way parents of different religions practice
child labour. The religious referred to here are Christianity, Islam and traditional. This implies that parents
whatever their religion get involved in the practice of child labour. The study is however supported by Oloko
(2002) who reported that there is no disparity in parents practice of child labour irrespective of their religion.
5. Implications for School Administrators
The study has implication for school administrators and the educational system in general. The practice
can deny children educational opportunities and remain illiterates forever if efforts are not made to curb the
menace. This can also lead to truancy and failure by the pupils who attend school and still hawk. The practice
can erode the promising future of the students. The school administrators should therefore implore various
organizations like the media, religious bodies, non-governmental organizations and others to campaign against
the practice of child labour. There should be periodic counseling of students by school administrators against
their use for labour rather they should face their studies for better school outcomes. School administrators
should orientate students and parents to face their studies and reduce truancy. The Parents Teachers Association
is to ensure compliance and support school administrators by parents in Ekiti State. The school administrators
should ensure good community relationship for understanding the need in curbing this social menace. There
should be proper supervision of teachers and students by school administrators most especially in the area of
attendance throughout the day in the school. There should be proper monitoring of students by the
administrators especially on market days.
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6. Conclusion and Recommendations
The study revealed the existence of child labour practice among parents in Ekiti State. Female parents
are found to be more involved than male. There is difference in the practice among parents of different marital
status and employment but no disparity is found in the practice among different religious groups. It is thereby
recommended that parents should be economically empowered to reduce poverty and the urge to involve
children in labour. Corporate bodies, non-governmental agencies, individuals and government should encourage
schooling by giving scholarship to children from poor backgrounds; subsidize their school fees and other related
expenses. The government should try to make school fees affordable as much as possible at all levels; this
would discourage children from working at the expense of schooling. School administrators should counsel
parents and encourage them on the need to send their children to school rather than use them for labour.
Educational planning and programming officer should pay special attention to possible mechanisms for
diminishing the negative consequences of child labour with respect to educational access and learning
achievement. There must be a strong legislation against all forms of child labour. The police should be
empowered to arrest underage children hawking in the street as it is been done in civilized nations and in fact all
existing laws on child labour should be enforced by relevant agencies with a view to reducing incidence of child
labour in our streets. Relevant educational materials should be provided for pupils to aid their educational
pursuit and also helping in reducing the burden on their parents.
7. References
Aderinto, A. A. (2000) Social Correlate and Copious Measure of Street Children, A comparative Study of Street
and Non Street Children in South-Western State of Nigeria. Child Abuse and Neglect Journal Vol9 :Pg
11 – 21.
Amma, H, Baghdellah, J: Kiondo E. Madhi, M; Mwandayi, E. and Soko, P(2000). The Nature and Extent of
Child Labour in Tanzania: A Baseline Study, ILO-IPEC.
Arat F. (2002) Analyzing Child Labour as a Human Right Issue; Its causes, Aggravating Polices, and
Alternative Proposals, Human Right quarterly journal Vol 1 PP177 – 204.
Bass, L. E. (2004) Child Labour in Sub-Sabaran Africa: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Ezewu and Tahirit (1997) Children’s and Women’s Rights in Nigeria: A wake – up call, National Planning
Commission and UNICEF Nigeria, Abuja.
Federal Ministry of Statistics.(2003) Children and Women rights in Nigeria, Quarterly Journal Vol 1 Pg 8 – 9.
Hope P. O. (2005) The progress of Nigerian Children; Ibadan African builders Ltd.
Ida, I. O. (1999) Eradicate Poverty in Nigeria: Invest in Education. Nigerian Independents May 19 Pg 10.
International Labour Organization (2003) An Information Kit for teachers.
International Labour Organization (2006) Acting Against Child Labor: ILO Journal Vol 3 Pg 11 & 12.
Kolo, I. A. (2005) A trained Manual on child Labour for Social workers in Nigeria: Directorate of Assisted
Programme and linkages Dapal Publisher.
National Planning Commission (2001) Reports on Child right activities.
Odusanya R., (2000) Kids in the street. The punch Feb 24 Pg 15.
Okpukpara D.S. and Odurukwe K.O. (2009) Rights of the children.Daily Guardian Sept. 24 pg. 17.
Okunlola F. B. (2003) Knowledge and Practice of Child Labour among educated Parents in Ilorin metropolis
Unpublished M.EdThesis University of Ilorin.
Oloko, S; BA (1994) National Study on child labour in Nigeria, International LabourOrganisation; Lagos.
Oloko, S,BA (2002) Situation analysis of children especially in difficult circumstances: A report to Unicef.
Oloko S. B. A (2002) Situation analyses of children especially in difficult circumstances: A report to UNICEF.
Siddiq F. and Pathos, H. (2006) Child Labour Issues, causes and interventions: Human Capital Development and
Operations Policy working Paper series.
UNICEF (2006)Progress for children, Gender Parity and Primary Education University Press.
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