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This document discusses the globalization of capitalism and urbanization. It begins with discussion questions about how globalization has affected urban spaces historically and currently. It then covers topics like the factors contributing to urbanization, Mike Davis' concept of "urbanization without growth," and the benefits and drawbacks of urban living. The document also addresses the growth of slums in cities globally and historically, how slums are defined and where they are located. It includes passages from Engels in 1845 describing the poor conditions of London slums. Finally, it discusses the growth of slums in contemporary times, factors pushing and pulling people to cities, and the effects of gentrification on urban communities.
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21st century placemaking: visions, principles and challenges
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PPT OF URBANIZATION FACTS & FUNDAMENTALS
Urbanization is defined as the process where more people live in urban areas like towns and cities. The document discusses the rates of urbanization in different countries from 2010-2015. It also examines the challenges of rapid urbanization in South Africa, including housing shortages and the rise of shack settlements. China and India are highlighted as experiencing very fast urbanization currently, with China being more urbanized at 41% compared to India's 29% in 2005. The top causes of urbanization mentioned are opportunities for jobs, education, and transportation that cities provide.
Urbanisation in india
Urbanization in India refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. According to the 2011 census, India's urban population was 31.16% of the total population. The three states with the largest urban populations were Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, while the states with the smallest urban populations were Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. Between 2001-2011, India's population grew by 181 million people, with 90 million in rural areas and 91 million in urban areas, showing nearly equal growth rates in rural and urban populations for the first time. Problems of rapid urbanization in India include unemployment, lack of adequate housing, pollution, and insufficient infrastructure
5.effects of urbanization
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and suburbs. It is closely connected to industrialization, as factories located in cities and drew workers. The main causes of urbanization are the industrial revolution, emergence of large manufacturing centers, job opportunities, and availability of transportation. Chicago's population grew from 15 people in 1820 to over 1.6 million in 1898, reflecting the effects of urbanization. Positive effects include opportunities not available in rural areas and a higher standard of living in cities. However, rapid urbanization also led to issues like overcrowding, lack of sanitation, unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates.
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Traditional farms and villages were largely self-sufficient, with families producing most of their own food. After industrialization, agriculture became specialized and efficient but less self-sufficient. Farms employed outside workers rather than families. Rural populations declined as people moved to cities for jobs. Cities grew enormously due to industrialization, with new urban planning models emerging like garden cities. However, cities became overly specialized and vulnerable. Now, urban farming is emerging to address issues of specialization, health, and social isolation in cities by producing food and green space and encouraging physical activity, education and teamwork among urban residents.
Urbanization: A Concept, Nature and Explanation
The document discusses key concepts and theories related to urbanization and the sociology of cities. It covers the transformation from rural to urban areas and the increasing concentration of populations in cities. Several sociologists contributed theories on urbanization and city life, including Tonnies' concepts of gemeinschaft and gesselschaft, Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity, Simmel's theory of the blasé urbanite, and the Chicago school's view of cities as mosaic of communities. Ecological models of the city including concentric zone and sector models are also summarized. The document also discusses urbanization trends in developing nations and challenges faced by large cities in those regions.
Urbanisation without industrialisation
1) The document discusses Mike Davis' analysis of the growth of slums in urban areas due to urbanization without industrialization.
2) It notes that over 1 billion people now live in slums, with slum populations growing by 25 million per year, and that a third of urban populations live in slums.
3) Slum dwellers face many problems like lack of clean water and sanitation, vulnerability to disasters, and an informal economy that has led to things like organ trafficking.
4) The growth of slums is a consequence of policies like structural adjustment that promoted rapid urban growth without jobs or housing support. The future of slums and their residents remains uncertain and dependent on political factors.
540-4 Urbanization and the Kingdom of God
What is urbanization? What has caused it? How does it fit with the agenda of the creator of the universe?
Emergence of Urban Community and the Rise of the Metropolis
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and rise of metropolises. It defines key terms like urban area and urbanization, and describes the factors that led to the formation of early cities like the development of agriculture and food surpluses. The document also examines urban structure models like the grid and concentric ring models, and discusses the development of cities and metropolises in the Philippines.
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Urban planning aims to provide an organized spatial structure for activities and land uses. Ebenezer Howard proposed the "Garden City" concept with self-contained towns of 32,000 residents surrounded by greenbelts. Le Corbusier envisioned high-density "Radiant Cities" with segregated zones for housing, work, and recreation connected by transportation infrastructure. Both aimed to address issues of overcrowding and pollution in industrial cities by proposing new models for urban form and design.
Settlement - Introduction for the topic
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
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TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY 2 Andrew Carnegie Triumphant Dem.docx
TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY 2
Andrew Carnegie:
Triumphant Democracy (1886)
A community of toilers with an undeveloped continent before
them, and destitute of the refinements and elegancies of life–such was
the picture presented by the Republic sixty years ago. Contrasted with
that of today, we might almost conclude that we were upon another
planet and subject to different primary conditions. The development
of an unequaled transportation system brings the products of one sec-
tion to the doors of another, the tropical fruits of Florida and Califor-
nia to Maine, and the ice of New England to the Gulf States. Alto-
gether life has become vastly better worth living than it was a century
ago.
Among the rural communities, the change in the conditions is
mainly seen in the presence of labor-saving devices, lessening the work
in house and field. Mowing and reaping machines, horse rakes, steam
plows and threshers, render man’s part easy and increase his produc-
tive power. Railroads and highways connect him with the rest of the
world, and he is no longer isolated or dependent upon his petty village.
Markets for his produce are easy of access, and transportation swift
and cheap. If the roads throughout the country are yet poor compared
with those of Europe, the need of good roads has been rendered less
imperative by the omnipresent railroad. It is the superiority of the iron
highway in America which has diverted attention from the country
roads. It is a matter of congratulation, however, that this subject is at
last attracting attention. Nothing would contribute so much to the
happiness of life in the country as such perfect roads as those of Scot-
land. It is a difficult problem, but its solution will well repay any
amount of expenditure necessary. [British historian Thomas] Macau-
lay’s test of the civilization of a people–the condition of their roads–
must be interpreted, in this age of steam, to include railroads. Com-
munication between great cities is now cheaper and more comfortable
than in any other country. Upon the principal railway lines, the cars–
luxurious drawing-rooms by day, and sleeping chambers by night–are
ventilated by air, warmed and filtered in winter, and cooled in sum-
mer. Passenger steamers upon the lakes and rivers are of gigantic size,
and models of elegance.
It is in the cities that the change from colonial conditions is great-
est. Most of these–indeed all, excepting those upon the Atlantic
coast–have been in great measure the result of design instead of being
allowed, like Topsy, to “just grow.” In these modern days cities are
laid out under definite, far-seeing plans; consequently the modern city
presents symmetry of form unknown in mediaeval ages. The difference
is seen by contrasting the crooked cowpaths of old Boston with the
symmetrical, broad streets of Washington or Denver. These are pro-
vided with parks at intervals for breathing spaces; amply supplied with
pure water, in some c.
Urban Growing Pains_Finn Jones
Finn Jones discusses the growing pains experienced by cities as their populations increase rapidly. Jones notes that while many residents want to limit population growth due to issues like traffic and crowding, their friends who have children will need to move elsewhere to start families. Jones also shares comments from others who have left cities citing lack of privacy, constant noise and smells from neighbors. Modern city planning has attempted to separate and compartmentalize land uses but this has not prevented the problems of density. Going forward, cities must move beyond simplistic planning models and acknowledge the complexity of urban systems and human needs to address quality of life issues and make cities places where people want to live.
Teaching Freedom at Def. American Dream
Overheads from presentation at AFP Defending the American Dream Summit. Notes on resources for teaching freedom. Many organizations that provide programs and videos for teachers and students.
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
The Individual Geographies of Gentrification: between emancipation and conflict, Brian Doucet (U Utrecht)
Architectural records
This document provides an overview of an issue of Architectural Record from May 1976 that focuses on improving living conditions for the urban poor in developing countries. It summarizes the background and goals of an international design competition held to address the urgent issue of rapid urbanization and the growth of slums and squatter settlements. The issue features the winning designs from the competition and discussions on new strategies to upgrade settlements that combine community participation with minimal government intervention. It aims to draw global attention to solutions for housing the billions of people expected to live in cities in developing nations by the year 2000.
Ernest w. burgess ppt
The article is a sociological study of the growth of the Chicago and describes about city`s processes of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
Expansion as physical growth Expansion as a process Social organization and disorganization as the process of metabolism Mobility as the pulse of the community
Population and urbanization
The document discusses theories of population growth and urbanization, highlighting that world population has grown rapidly to over 7 billion people due to declining mortality rates, high fertility rates in developing countries, and migration. It examines the demographic transition from high birth/death rates in pre-industrial societies to low rates in industrialized nations as well as the emergence and evolution of cities from ancient times to modern post-industrial metropolitan areas. Conflict, functionalist, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on urban development and suburbanization are also considered.
Transforming Cities
Many of us live in cities, in sprawling, dense and socially diverse places that are the fabric of our work, families and communities. Within our nations, cities form the urban hub linking us with the rural environments that provide the vital food and water systems on which we depend. Across the world, some 600 cities form the backbone of today’s global economy.
How Subdivisions Learn
Presentation of thesis research into promoting positive change in existing suburban residential neighborhoods. Allowing infill development such as accessory dwelling units, duplexes, and lot splits can be useful for increasing diversity of housing types, which increases diversity of residents. Modifications to the road network and other neighborhood improvements can also enhance the livability of the community.
Chapter 20
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
Cities of the Few: Wealth, Inequality and Urban Life
This document discusses rising inequality in cities and the spatial divisions between wealthy and poor residents. It notes the growth of exclusive, gated communities for the wealthy that isolate them from the problems faced by those in poorer areas. This spatial divide weakens social cohesion and the ability of urban elites to engage with and address issues outside their enclaves. When the affluent retreat into isolated, "fortified" spaces in the city that insulate them from social issues, it can undermine empathy for the poor and lead to the neglect of growing problems in other areas.
Polarised city
This document discusses the rise of neoliberal policies and their impact on increasing social and spatial polarization in cities. Some key points:
- Neoliberal policies have shifted away from egalitarian public services and wealth redistribution towards policies that benefit elites and punish the poor.
- This has led to greater inequality globally and within countries. It has also polarized urban areas, with wealthier groups congregating in privatized enclaves while the poor live in insecure conditions.
- Cities have focused on marketing themselves to outsiders over local needs, and "revanchist" policies criminalize and exclude the poor from public spaces.
- The document argues this polarization has been exacerbated by the current
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21. postmodernism
Postmodernism rejects universal theories and meta-narratives in favor of local and contextual explanations. It is skeptical of ideas of progress, scientific truth, and cultural unity. Postmodernism sees identity as fragmented and emphasizes subcultures, image, and surface appearance over depth and originality. Postmodern art mixes styles, rejects notions of artistic purity, and blurs distinctions between high and popular culture. Postmodern thinkers deconstruct power structures and essentialist ideas of gender, sexuality, and race.
20. butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and sexuality, challenging essentialist views. In Gender Trouble, she argues that gender is a social construct and performative, rather than determined by sex or biology. She asserts that there is no innate gender identity and that gender is formed through citational acts over time. Butler seeks to deconstruct notions of fixed gender and sexuality, viewing them as cultural rather than natural categories.
19. said
Edward Said's book Orientalism argues that the Orient has been imagined and constructed by the West through a discourse called Orientalism. This discourse involves producing knowledge about the Orient through academic and artistic works that help dominate and exert authority over it. Said defines Orientalism as a Western style and corporate institution for dealing with the Orient by making statements, authorizing views, describing, teaching, settling, and ruling over it. This discourse helped European culture gain strength by defining itself against an imagined Orient. Orientalism continues to circulate and construct ideas about the East in various cultural forms today.
17 and 18. foucault, parts 1 & 2
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
16. barthes & hall
This document provides an overview of cultural theorists Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes. It discusses Stuart Hall's work on encoding and decoding messages in media and how audiences do not passively receive information. It also outlines Roland Barthes' work on how dominant ideologies present themselves as natural through images and myth-making. Specifically, it explains Barthes' view of myth as a communication system that removes the reader from an active role and constructs ideas as inherent truths.
15. combahee, anzaldua
This document discusses identity politics and intersectionality. It provides historical context around the development of identity politics movements in the 1950s-1970s such as civil rights, women's rights, and gay rights. It then discusses the concepts of intersectionality and how multiple overlapping identities interact. The document presents several artworks and excerpts to illustrate these concepts of identity and the experiences of marginalized groups.
14. fanon & baldwin
This document discusses black existentialism through the works of Frantz Fanon and James Baldwin. It summarizes that black existentialism shares similarities with existentialist philosophers like Sartre but focuses on the liberation of all people of color rather than individual freedom. It provides biographical context of Fanon and Baldwin, outlining their major works and influences. Both writers examined issues of colonialism, racism, and identity from the perspective of being black in a white-dominated world.
13. de beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
2) As a young shop assistant from a small village seeing the Mona Lisa for the first time at the Louvre in 1910, you are in awe of da Vinci's masterpiece and the prestige and sophistication of Paris.
3) In 2018 as a new graphic designer, you feel uncomfortable with your colleague's poster of Klimt's The Kiss hanging over your shared desk as intimate artwork in a professional workspace.
10.5 age of progress & anxiety
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
10. freud
In his work Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud applies his psychoanalytic theories about individual psychology to whole societies. He questions why human beings are so miserable in modern civilization and argues that the central problem is maintaining a balance between individual desires and the demands of society. Freud proposes that civilization arises from two drives in human nature: Eros, the life drive, and Thanatos, the death drive. Society controls the individual through internalized discipline and fear of losing love from the community.
9. nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who is known for proclaiming the death of God and developing the concepts of master morality, slave morality, and ressentiment. In his "Parable of the Madman," Nietzsche describes a madman who declares that God is dead and laments who will wipe away this blood from humanity as the murderers of God. Nietzsche analyzed the development of morality from master morality defined by the powerful to slave morality defined in reaction and resentment against the masters. He argued that each person must develop their own moral code through rational reflection and affirmation of life rather than adopting universal morality.
7. marx, part 2
Marx analyzed history and society through the lens of class struggle. He believed that throughout history, society has been divided into opposing classes such as slave and master, peasant and aristocrat, and most currently, bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that the capitalist system established by the bourgeoisie, while advancing technology and industry, has created new forms of oppression and inequality. He predicted that recurring economic crises under capitalism would grow increasingly severe and ultimately lead to its demise, to be replaced by a socialist and communist society without classes.
6. marx, part 1
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It discusses Marx's view that the industrial revolution led to alienating forms of labor under capitalism where workers are estranged from their work and its products. Marx argued that under capitalism, labor becomes a means to survival rather than a means of self-affirmation. The document also summarizes Marx's views on commodity fetishism and how the capitalist system obscures the actual human labor that goes into producing commodities.
5. hegel
This document discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his ideas about history and dialectic. It examines how Hegel viewed history as being driven by ideas and the dialectic process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also analyzes Susan Buck-Morss's work connecting Hegel's philosophy to the Haitian Revolution and how slavery and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom were in tension.
4. rousseau
Rousseau believed that humans in a state of nature were solitary yet inherently good and driven by instincts of survival. In civilization, humans become competitive, greedy, and power-hungry due to political inequalities. While walking in the forest, Rousseau contemplated stripping away pretenses to see humanity's true nature, and how civilization has distorted it for the worse. In his work "Confessions", Rousseau resolved to present himself truthfully to show his fellow man an example of natural humanity, claiming he was unlike anyone else in the world.
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This document discusses the views of Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Sojourner Truth on education and reason. It examines Kant's definition of enlightenment and his views on how individuals can use reason. It also looks at Wollstonecraft's views on how women were socialized and educated at the time, and how this was harmful. Finally, it considers Truth's perspectives on gender, race, and the connection between reason and rights.
Course Introduction: 1930s America & Hollywood
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Enlightenment review; Descartes & Locke
The document discusses several key aspects of the Enlightenment period in Europe including the questioning of religious and political authorities, the spread of scientific revolution and rationalism, and the emergence of skepticism and emphasis on human reason. It also notes tensions around the universal application of reason and whether it applied equally to all groups of people.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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- 1. CULT 320: Globalization and Culture Kara Heitz, 10/07/2014
- 2. Questions: • How has the globalization of capitalism affected urban spaces? What is similar and different about these affects historically and in current times? • What various “push” and “pull” factors contribute to urbanization? • What is “urbanization without growth” according to Davis? How does it connect to the globalization of neoliberalism?
- 3. Writing exercise • Why do people move to cities? • Why do people live where they do in urban spaces? • What are some benefits and drawbacks to living in urban areas?
- 4. Urbanization and the “Planet of Slums” • Global urbanization • Growth of slums • What defines a slum? • Where are slums located? And why?
- 10. Rio de Janeiro, income segregation
- 11. Engels, The Great Towns (1845) “What is true of London, is true of Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, is true of all great towns. Everywhere barbarous indifference, hard egotism on one hand, and nameless misery on the other, everywhere social warfare, every man's house in a state of siege, everywhere reciprocal plundering under the protection of the law, and all so shameless, so openly avowed that one shrinks before the consequences of our social state as they manifest themselves here undisguised, and can only wonder that the whole crazy fabric still hangs together.” “Every great city has one or more slums, where the working-class is crowded together. True, poverty often dwells in hidden alleys close to the palaces of the rich; but, in general, a separate territory has been assigned to it, where, removed from the sight of the happier classes, it may struggle along as it can. These slums are pretty equally arranged in all the great towns of England, the worst houses in the worst quarters of the towns; usually one- or two-storied cottages in long rows, perhaps with cellars used as dwellings, almost always irregularly built … The streets are generally unpaved, rough, dirty, filled with vegetable and animal refuse, without sewers or gutters, but supplied with foul, stagnant pools instead. Moreover, ventilation is impeded by the bad, confused method of building of the whole quarter, and since many human beings here live crowded into a small space, the atmosphere that prevails in these working-men's quarters may readily be imagined. Further, the streets serve as drying grounds in fine weather; lines are stretched across from house to house, and hung with wet clothing.”
- 12. Working class housing in London in the 1800s
- 13. Working class life in London in the 1800s
- 14. Working class house in London (1860s)
- 15. Booth’s poverty map of London, 1889
- 16. Clockwise from top left: 1) Nairobi, Kenya, 2) Mumbai, India, 3) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 4) Cairo, Egypt
- 17. Growth of Slums - Contemporary Times • “Pull” of industrialization • “Push” factors out of countryside • Cities as “dumping grounds for the world’s surplus population” (Davis, 23 & 27) • Growth of informal sector
- 18. Shifting Populations within Urban Spaces • Example: Gentrification – Shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents/business and higher property values – Results from investment by real estate development companies, government, and local groups – Positives: more businesses, higher tax base – Negatives: displacement of poorer residents, dissolution of communities • Connections to neoliberalism and globalization?