1- The type of cleavage strategy used by an embryo can have an impact.pdf

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1. The type of cleavage strategy used by an embryo can have an impact in how cells within that embryo specify its cells. Give one example. Use drawings to illustrate your points. 2. All the cells within an embryo have the exact same genome. Describe two strategies that an embryo uses to establish different cell fates. 3. Describe a typical signaling cascade. Include the key components. You can draw if it helps you illustrate this point. 4. What does this diagram illustrate? Give an example of when this is important in a developmental context. A single cell produces a multicellular organism through multiple stages of embryonic and postnatal development Patterns of cleavage can impact how cells within the embryo specify its cells (F) Gastrulation gives rise to the three germ layers through cell fate determination Different cell types are made through differentially expressed genes which can be regulated by various mechanisms Pioneer transcription factors are thought to significantly alter chromatin accessibility and impact cell fate determination Cell fate can be regulated by communicating with other cells or the environment through direct or indirect mechanisms Paracrine factors can activate cascades of intracellular signaling to induce changes in gene expression Sry and Sox9 (testis) and -catenin (ovary) pathway is necessary and sufficient for mammalian sex determination.

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Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offspring involving events before during or after meiosis. Using the internet research the topic of mitosis and meiosis and identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. Given a diploid chromosome number of 4. Draw below a gametophyte cell in the midst of 1) Anaphase of mitosis, ; 2) Prometaphase of mitosis Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods, mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. What are the implications for an organism that can not stop mitosis. Solution Answer: Five difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of process and purpose: Name and describe five differences between the meiosis and mitosis in terms of process and purpose: 2. Describe three ways organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings involving events before during or after meiosis. There are several ways with which organisms achieve the creation of genetically diversified offsprings: Before meiosis random mutations cause genetic diversity and get passed on to generations (heritable mutations). During meiosis crossing over between chromatids of homologous chromosomes causes genetic variation. After meiosis, fertilization process also contributes to creating genetic diversity. During fertilization each parent randomly contributes a unique set of genes (and hence traits) to the zygote. 3. Identify two novel or different mechanisms of carrying out karyokinesis and cytokinesis (cell division) that are not exactly like the procedures described above for mitosis or meiosis. In Karyokinesis process a cell\'s nucleus is divided by mitosis or meiosis (separation of chromosomes), and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in a cell (organelles and cytoplasmic components). Plant cell have cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells occur by phragmoplasts formation instead of cleavage as in animal cells. Cytokinesis in amoeba cells (binary fission) - In Amoeba the division is irregular whereas in Euglena it’s longitudinal. Plasmotomy in protozoa is also a unique mechanism. 5. Where is the specific location in an animal where cells are undergoing Meiosis? In a Plant? Meiosis in animal cells occurs in the nuclei of the germ cells that are related to reproduction. On the other hand, in plants the Meiosis occur in the anthers and ovary of the angiosperm leading to the formation of pollen grains and ovules respectively. 6. Based on kn.

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