Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians 1 What i.pdf
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Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians 1. What is the grey crescent and what is its relationship to the sperm entry point and future embryonic axes? What embryological experiments revealed a role for cortical rotation and "grey crescent cytoplasm" in axis specification? 2. What data indicate that all three germ layers are specified in the blastula? What are the differences between dorsal and ventral mesodermal derivatives and what cellular interactions are required for their specification? 3. What are the properties of the amphibian organizer? What key embryological experiment demonstrated its existence? How is the organizer itself specified? 4. How do BMP and canonical Wnt signals pattern the mesoderm and ectoderm during gastrulation and what specific roles does the organizer have in modulating these signals? Be sure to cite experimental data to support your arguments. 5. Compare and contrast the cell movements used in Xenopus and sea urchin gastrulation. Be sure to include the following terms: convergent extension, epiboly, intercalation, invagination, ingression, archenteron, bottle cells and mesenchyme..
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1 In early cell cycles there are only two phases M and S.pdf
1. In early cell cycles there are only two phases (M and S). Name the protein complex used for cell
cycle phase progression. When is it inactive and active? How is it regulated? 2. How does the
amount and distribution of yolk influence embryonic cleavage patterns? 3. How is the direction of
shell coiling determined? What experiments demonstrate the cellular and molecular bases of this
phenotype? 4. In snails, a left coiling shell phenotype is recessive and right coiling is dominant.
Explain how it is possible for a cross between a left coiling snail and a right coiling snail to yield
100% left coiling progeny. In this scenario, which parent (mom or dad) must be left coiling and
which must be right coiling. 5. What is the polar lobe? What is it importance to snail development?
Design an experiment to identify the cytoplasmic determinants located in the polar lobe..
What data indicate that all three germ layers are specified in the b.pdf
What data indicate that all three germ layers are specified in the blastula? What are the
differences between dorsal and ventral mesodermal derivatives and what cellular interactions are
required for their specification?
Solution
Three germ layers of amphibians are specified in the blastula is determined by isolating these
tissues in vitro, and they are able to form into specific germ layers. The animal pole cap cells
make ectoderm, marginal region cells make mesoderm, and vegetal cells make endoderm.
Theyare specified but not determined. It is also interesting to note that if animal cap cells are
place co-cultured with vegetal cells, the animal cap cells with become mesoderm. This indicates
that vegetal cells induce other cells to form mesoderm. Experiment paired animal cap cells in 4
different sections of vegetal blastomeres to see if they induce different dorsal-ventral
mesodermal fates. Result showed that different sections of vegetal blastomere have specific
inductive capacities, which is crucial for dorsal-ventral mesoderm determination. Difference
between dorsal and ventral mesoderm derivatives: dorsal mesoderm is the notochord and somite.
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early
embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with
the mesoderm as the middle layer between them.
The mesoderm forms mesenchyme, mesothelium, non-epithelial blood cells and coelomocytes.
Some of the mesoderm derivatives include the muscle (smooth, cardiac and skeletal), the
muscles of the tongue (occipital somites), the pharyngeal arches muscle (muscles of mastication,
muscles of facial expressions), connective tissue, dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin
At mid-blastula two signaling centers are present on the dorsal side: The prospective
neuroectoderm expresses bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, and the future dorsal
endoderm secretes Nodal-related mesoderm-inducing factors. When dorsal mesoderm is formed
at gastrula, a cocktail of growth factor antagonists is secreted by the Spemann organizer and
further patterns the embryo. A ventral gastrula signaling center opposes the actions of the dorsal
organizer, and another set of secreted antagonists is produced ventrally under the control of
BMP4. The early dorsal -Catenin signal inhibits BMP expression at the transcriptional level and
promotes expression of secreted BMP antagonists in the prospective central nervous system
(CNS). In the absence of mesoderm, expression of Chordin and Noggin in ectoderm is required
for anterior CNS formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor)
signals are also potent neural inducers. Neural induction by anti-BMPs such as Chordin requires
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation mediated by FGF and IGF. These multiple
signals can be integrated at the level of Smad1. Phosphorylation by BMP receptor stimulates
Smad1 transcrip.
How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes How is the .pdf
How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes? How is the evenskipped enhancer
build to ensure transcription of even-skipped in stripes? Use the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer
as an example. Describe in general terms the inputs of transcription factors, and how the
embryonic expression domains of these factors are generated in the Drosophila embryo.
Solution
Initially,12 nuclear divisions take place which result in a multinucleate syncitium which is an
early drosophilla embryo; formation of pole cells take place followed by cellularization and
gastrulation. During gastrulation, extension of germ band takes place driving the posterior trunk
regions around the posterior end and the dorsal side, here the first signs of segmentation are seen.
At the syncitial blastoderm stage anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes get fully established.
Maternal factors in the form of mRNAs and proteins specify the anterior-posterior axis of the
embryo and the dorso-ventral aspect is governed by the localization of maternal proteins within
the envelope of egg vitelline and the positional information.
Even skipped acts as a transcriptional repressor of numerous genes.There is a combination of
maternal factors, transcription activators, and repressors, which defines each stripe of eve already
patterned in the egg either prior to fertilization or prior to cellularization.There are regional
specific enhancers which governs the stripe pattern of eve transcription.A stripe-specific
enhancer regulate each stripe. As seen in the case of eve stripe 2,in the range of -1.5 and -1.0 kb
upstream from the eve start site a minimal stripe 2 enhancer has been identified which assures
eve transcription in the second pair rule stripe.
Reference
1. Wolpert,L., Tickle, C., & Arias, A,M. (2015).Principles of development. Oxford: Oxford
university press.
2. Jiang, P., Ludwig, M. Z., Kreitman, M. and Reinitz, J. (2015). Natural variation of the
expression pattern of the segmentation gene even-skipped in melanogaster. Dev Biol [Epub
ahead of print]. PubMed ID: 26129990.
Cuckoo Search Optimization of Blebs in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this project is to segment the bleb from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The behavior of bleb can be used to distinguish apoptotic bleb from the healthy bleb. The health of the human embryonic stem cells can be determined using the portion of bleb formed on the surface of the stem cells. The complete bleb formation contains bleb extraction and retraction. This paper uses the active contour algorithm for the segmentation of bleb from human embryonic stem cells. The output of the segmentation, input video and area of bleb can be used as an input to the optimization process. The cuckoo search algorithm is utilized for optimization, which inspired from the brooding parasitism will enhance the segmentation result. The proposed method attains the quick and accurate analysis in the bleb extraction process
What are cytoplasmic determinants What is the relevance of the yell.pdf
we are interested in comparing the mean costs of electrical energy produced by nuclear and coal
powered electrical power plants. Pilot studies have indicated the variation in the costs associated
with the two types of plants are sn= $.224 and sc= $ .20.How many plants of each type should be
sampled in order to estimate the difference mean costs with a 95% confidence interval to within
$.01?
Solution
sn = 0.224 and sc = 0.20
Let sample sizes be n1 and n2
SE = 0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2
Margin of error = z alpha/2 (SE)
For 95% z = 1.96
Hence 1.96(0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2) = 0.01
As there is one equation and two variables assume n1 = n2
Then we have
0.424/rtn1 = 0.01/1.96 = 0.0051
Or rt n1 = 8.313
n1 =69.111
or n >70 for each sample..
Cell fate (fate maps)
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of stud.pdf
1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of study within Biology.What
types of questions can be asked about Development?
2.Describe a technique that would allow a developmental biologist to visualize the expression of
developmental genes in space and time. Be sure to describe how it works in as much information
as you can remember or give an example.
3.Describe (briefly) ONE historical experiment provided by Hans Driesch which refuted the
most accepted cell specification mechanism of the time period (1800s).
4.In developmental biology researchers often want to ‘drive’ gene expression within developing
tissues – sometimes expressing genes in different locations or at different times of development
so as to demonstrate the gene’s role during normal development. What research tools could you
use to ‘drive’ gene expression of Your Gene of Interest (YGI)? Explain.
5.What does it mean to be genetically equivalent? Describe how cloning demonstrates this?
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ
layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be
“biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment
that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other.
7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration.
How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one
another?
please help...
Solution
1.How biological discoveries and their applications can be shaped by social prejudices of the
time.
About The significance and conceptual value of a particular discovery.
What are theories involved in the development and what are the controversies regarding these
theories.
Studies of persistence of unicellular stages in life histories and studies of divergence in durations
of cell cycles.
How the evolution of development and dispersal differ in terrestrial and marine environments.
How organisms survive and reproduce in their environments
Regarding genetic heterogeneity within and among cells,Methods of studying gene action in
development,Genetic diversity in different organisms .
How reproduction takes place? How does the fertilized egg give rise to the adult body,and how
does that adult body produce yet another body?
How is the development of an organism integrated into the larger context of its habitat?.
Recommended
1 In early cell cycles there are only two phases M and S.pdf
1. In early cell cycles there are only two phases (M and S). Name the protein complex used for cell
cycle phase progression. When is it inactive and active? How is it regulated? 2. How does the
amount and distribution of yolk influence embryonic cleavage patterns? 3. How is the direction of
shell coiling determined? What experiments demonstrate the cellular and molecular bases of this
phenotype? 4. In snails, a left coiling shell phenotype is recessive and right coiling is dominant.
Explain how it is possible for a cross between a left coiling snail and a right coiling snail to yield
100% left coiling progeny. In this scenario, which parent (mom or dad) must be left coiling and
which must be right coiling. 5. What is the polar lobe? What is it importance to snail development?
Design an experiment to identify the cytoplasmic determinants located in the polar lobe..
What data indicate that all three germ layers are specified in the b.pdf
What data indicate that all three germ layers are specified in the blastula? What are the
differences between dorsal and ventral mesodermal derivatives and what cellular interactions are
required for their specification?
Solution
Three germ layers of amphibians are specified in the blastula is determined by isolating these
tissues in vitro, and they are able to form into specific germ layers. The animal pole cap cells
make ectoderm, marginal region cells make mesoderm, and vegetal cells make endoderm.
Theyare specified but not determined. It is also interesting to note that if animal cap cells are
place co-cultured with vegetal cells, the animal cap cells with become mesoderm. This indicates
that vegetal cells induce other cells to form mesoderm. Experiment paired animal cap cells in 4
different sections of vegetal blastomeres to see if they induce different dorsal-ventral
mesodermal fates. Result showed that different sections of vegetal blastomere have specific
inductive capacities, which is crucial for dorsal-ventral mesoderm determination. Difference
between dorsal and ventral mesoderm derivatives: dorsal mesoderm is the notochord and somite.
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early
embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with
the mesoderm as the middle layer between them.
The mesoderm forms mesenchyme, mesothelium, non-epithelial blood cells and coelomocytes.
Some of the mesoderm derivatives include the muscle (smooth, cardiac and skeletal), the
muscles of the tongue (occipital somites), the pharyngeal arches muscle (muscles of mastication,
muscles of facial expressions), connective tissue, dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin
At mid-blastula two signaling centers are present on the dorsal side: The prospective
neuroectoderm expresses bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, and the future dorsal
endoderm secretes Nodal-related mesoderm-inducing factors. When dorsal mesoderm is formed
at gastrula, a cocktail of growth factor antagonists is secreted by the Spemann organizer and
further patterns the embryo. A ventral gastrula signaling center opposes the actions of the dorsal
organizer, and another set of secreted antagonists is produced ventrally under the control of
BMP4. The early dorsal -Catenin signal inhibits BMP expression at the transcriptional level and
promotes expression of secreted BMP antagonists in the prospective central nervous system
(CNS). In the absence of mesoderm, expression of Chordin and Noggin in ectoderm is required
for anterior CNS formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor)
signals are also potent neural inducers. Neural induction by anti-BMPs such as Chordin requires
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation mediated by FGF and IGF. These multiple
signals can be integrated at the level of Smad1. Phosphorylation by BMP receptor stimulates
Smad1 transcrip.
How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes How is the .pdf
How does the Drosophila embryo get its pair-rule stripes? How is the evenskipped enhancer
build to ensure transcription of even-skipped in stripes? Use the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer
as an example. Describe in general terms the inputs of transcription factors, and how the
embryonic expression domains of these factors are generated in the Drosophila embryo.
Solution
Initially,12 nuclear divisions take place which result in a multinucleate syncitium which is an
early drosophilla embryo; formation of pole cells take place followed by cellularization and
gastrulation. During gastrulation, extension of germ band takes place driving the posterior trunk
regions around the posterior end and the dorsal side, here the first signs of segmentation are seen.
At the syncitial blastoderm stage anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes get fully established.
Maternal factors in the form of mRNAs and proteins specify the anterior-posterior axis of the
embryo and the dorso-ventral aspect is governed by the localization of maternal proteins within
the envelope of egg vitelline and the positional information.
Even skipped acts as a transcriptional repressor of numerous genes.There is a combination of
maternal factors, transcription activators, and repressors, which defines each stripe of eve already
patterned in the egg either prior to fertilization or prior to cellularization.There are regional
specific enhancers which governs the stripe pattern of eve transcription.A stripe-specific
enhancer regulate each stripe. As seen in the case of eve stripe 2,in the range of -1.5 and -1.0 kb
upstream from the eve start site a minimal stripe 2 enhancer has been identified which assures
eve transcription in the second pair rule stripe.
Reference
1. Wolpert,L., Tickle, C., & Arias, A,M. (2015).Principles of development. Oxford: Oxford
university press.
2. Jiang, P., Ludwig, M. Z., Kreitman, M. and Reinitz, J. (2015). Natural variation of the
expression pattern of the segmentation gene even-skipped in melanogaster. Dev Biol [Epub
ahead of print]. PubMed ID: 26129990.
Cuckoo Search Optimization of Blebs in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this project is to segment the bleb from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The behavior of bleb can be used to distinguish apoptotic bleb from the healthy bleb. The health of the human embryonic stem cells can be determined using the portion of bleb formed on the surface of the stem cells. The complete bleb formation contains bleb extraction and retraction. This paper uses the active contour algorithm for the segmentation of bleb from human embryonic stem cells. The output of the segmentation, input video and area of bleb can be used as an input to the optimization process. The cuckoo search algorithm is utilized for optimization, which inspired from the brooding parasitism will enhance the segmentation result. The proposed method attains the quick and accurate analysis in the bleb extraction process
What are cytoplasmic determinants What is the relevance of the yell.pdf
we are interested in comparing the mean costs of electrical energy produced by nuclear and coal
powered electrical power plants. Pilot studies have indicated the variation in the costs associated
with the two types of plants are sn= $.224 and sc= $ .20.How many plants of each type should be
sampled in order to estimate the difference mean costs with a 95% confidence interval to within
$.01?
Solution
sn = 0.224 and sc = 0.20
Let sample sizes be n1 and n2
SE = 0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2
Margin of error = z alpha/2 (SE)
For 95% z = 1.96
Hence 1.96(0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2) = 0.01
As there is one equation and two variables assume n1 = n2
Then we have
0.424/rtn1 = 0.01/1.96 = 0.0051
Or rt n1 = 8.313
n1 =69.111
or n >70 for each sample..
Cell fate (fate maps)
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of stud.pdf
1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of study within Biology.What
types of questions can be asked about Development?
2.Describe a technique that would allow a developmental biologist to visualize the expression of
developmental genes in space and time. Be sure to describe how it works in as much information
as you can remember or give an example.
3.Describe (briefly) ONE historical experiment provided by Hans Driesch which refuted the
most accepted cell specification mechanism of the time period (1800s).
4.In developmental biology researchers often want to ‘drive’ gene expression within developing
tissues – sometimes expressing genes in different locations or at different times of development
so as to demonstrate the gene’s role during normal development. What research tools could you
use to ‘drive’ gene expression of Your Gene of Interest (YGI)? Explain.
5.What does it mean to be genetically equivalent? Describe how cloning demonstrates this?
6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ
layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be
“biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment
that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other.
7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration.
How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one
another?
please help...
Solution
1.How biological discoveries and their applications can be shaped by social prejudices of the
time.
About The significance and conceptual value of a particular discovery.
What are theories involved in the development and what are the controversies regarding these
theories.
Studies of persistence of unicellular stages in life histories and studies of divergence in durations
of cell cycles.
How the evolution of development and dispersal differ in terrestrial and marine environments.
How organisms survive and reproduce in their environments
Regarding genetic heterogeneity within and among cells,Methods of studying gene action in
development,Genetic diversity in different organisms .
How reproduction takes place? How does the fertilized egg give rise to the adult body,and how
does that adult body produce yet another body?
How is the development of an organism integrated into the larger context of its habitat?.
1- The type of cleavage strategy used by an embryo can have an impact.pdf
1. The type of cleavage strategy used by an embryo can have an impact in how cells within that
embryo specify its cells. Give one example. Use drawings to illustrate your points. 2. All the
cells within an embryo have the exact same genome. Describe two strategies that an embryo uses
to establish different cell fates. 3. Describe a typical signaling cascade. Include the key
components. You can draw if it helps you illustrate this point. 4. What does this diagram
illustrate? Give an example of when this is important in a developmental context. A single cell
produces a multicellular organism through multiple stages of embryonic and postnatal
development Patterns of cleavage can impact how cells within the embryo specify its cells (F)
Gastrulation gives rise to the three germ layers through cell fate determination Different cell
types are made through differentially expressed genes which can be regulated by various
mechanisms Pioneer transcription factors are thought to significantly alter chromatin
accessibility and impact cell fate determination Cell fate can be regulated by communicating
with other cells or the environment through direct or indirect mechanisms Paracrine factors can
activate cascades of intracellular signaling to induce changes in gene expression Sry and Sox9
(testis) and -catenin (ovary) pathway is necessary and sufficient for mammalian sex
determination.
HIDDEN CELL TYPES REVEALED: NEW METHOD IMPROVES SINGLE-CELL GENOMICS ANALYSES...
Molecular studies of cells are leading to discover the more complex structure and function of tissues, and how this intervenes in the pathophysiology of diseases. During years scientists have made a laborious job to understand the origin of diseases that in our society are being more prevalent than some decades ago, such as cancer and congenital malformations
Quantitative and cytoplasmic inheritance
Concept of quantitative inheritance, Difference between qualitative and quantitative
Traits, Inheritance of quantitative trait in Maize (Cob length),
Cytoplasmic inheritance: Definition and concept, Chloroplast- Variation in Four O’clock plants,
Mitochondria- Petite mutants in yeast
El epicentro de un terremoto es la ubicacin aproximada en l.pdf
El epicentro de un terremoto es la ubicacin aproximada en la superficie de la tierra donde ocurre
el terremoto debajo de la superficie. Proponga una hiptesis de por qu los epicentros poco
profundos no caen a lo largo de una sola lnea suave. (Sugerencia, piense en el tipo de lmite
donde ocurren la mayora de los terremotos)..
El sndrome de Hurler es una condicin gentica muy rara cau.pdf
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enfermedad hace que se acumulen desechos metablicos en el cuerpo, lo que lleva a la
incapacitacin, el retraso y la muerte antes de la pubertad. Si la seleccin natural elimina los alelos
dainos y aquellos con la enfermedad nunca pueden producir descendencia, por qu el sndrome de
Hurler no ha desaparecido de la poblacin?.
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cells within an embryo have the exact same genome. Describe two strategies that an embryo uses
to establish different cell fates. 3. Describe a typical signaling cascade. Include the key
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Gastrulation gives rise to the three germ layers through cell fate determination Different cell
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accessibility and impact cell fate determination Cell fate can be regulated by communicating
with other cells or the environment through direct or indirect mechanisms Paracrine factors can
activate cascades of intracellular signaling to induce changes in gene expression Sry and Sox9
(testis) and -catenin (ovary) pathway is necessary and sufficient for mammalian sex
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Molecular studies of cells are leading to discover the more complex structure and function of tissues, and how this intervenes in the pathophysiology of diseases. During years scientists have made a laborious job to understand the origin of diseases that in our society are being more prevalent than some decades ago, such as cancer and congenital malformations
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Cytoplasmic inheritance: Definition and concept, Chloroplast- Variation in Four O’clock plants,
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profundos no caen a lo largo de una sola lnea suave. (Sugerencia, piense en el tipo de lmite
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en comparacin con el Homo sapiens D. Sus rasgos faciales eran tpicamente ms pequeos y
menos pronunciados E. A y BF Todo lo anterior.
El poder se puede describir como ________________ A la e.pdf
El poder se puede describir como ________________.
A.
la energa que impulsa a la organizacin al xito
B.
la fuerza de las propias habilidades de liderazgo
C.
el derecho a dirigir el trabajo de otros
D.
la capacidad de un individuo para influir en las decisiones
MI.
un elemento en el concepto ms amplio de autoridad.
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El Nuevo Plan de Beneficios: El Caso Hotel Pars
La estrategia competitiva de Hotel Paris es utilizar un servicio superior al husped para diferenciar
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impresionar a los empleados del Hotel Paris, al menos el 60% de los cuales dijeron
constantemente que estaban profundamente insatisfechos con los beneficios que estaban
recibiendo. La preocupacin de Lisa (con la que coincidi el CFO) era que la insatisfaccin con los
beneficios contribua a que la moral y el compromiso estuvieran por debajo de lo que deberan
estar y, por lo tanto, impedan que el Hotel Paris alcanzara sus objetivos estratgicos. Lisa, por lo
tanto, se dio a la tarea de evaluar y redisear los planes de beneficios de la empresa. Mientras
revisaban los nmeros relacionados con su plan de beneficios, Lisa Cruz y el director financiero se
preocuparon cada vez ms. Calcularon varias mtricas relacionadas con los beneficios para su
empresa, incluidos los costos de los beneficios como porcentaje de los das de enfermedad de la
nmina por empleado equivalente a tiempo completo por ao; beneficios costo/beneficios de la
competencia relacin costo y calificaciones de experiencia de compensacin de trabajadores. Los
resultados, como dijo el director financiero, ofrecieron una situacin de buenas noticias y malas
noticias. En el lado positivo, las proporciones fueron generalmente similares a las de la mayora de
los hoteles de la competencia. La mala noticia fue que las medidas estaban notablemente por
debajo de lo que eran en comparacin con los resultados de las empresas orientadas a servicios
de alto rendimiento. El CFO autoriz a Lisa a disear y proponer un nuevo plan de beneficios. Lisa
saba que haba varias cosas que quera lograr con este plan. Quera un plan que contribuyera a
mejorar la moral y el compromiso de los empleados. Tambin quera que el plan incluyera
elementos que facilitaran el trabajo de sus empleados para que, como ella dijo, pudieran venir a
trabajar y dedicar toda su atencin a brindar un excelente servicio a nuestros huspedes, sin
preocuparse por el cuidado de los nios y otros. principales distracciones orientadas a la familia.
Una de las mtricas que Lisa y su equipo queran abordar especficamente era la tasa de ausencia
relativamente alta en el Hotel Paris. Deb.
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B 1/4
C 1/3
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Pregunta 21 opciones:
FALSO
Los puntos de vista culturales moldean las prcticas comerciales y las actitudes de las personas
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Pregunta 24 opciones:
Los gerentes japoneses se enfocan en maximizar la participacin de mercado en lugar de la
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Pregunta 26 opciones:
Verdadero
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Ekonomik bymenin frsat maliyeti,
A.
cari tketim mallar retimindeki azalma.
B.
retken faktrlerin mevcut retimindeki azalma.
C.
?0, nk retim olanaklarnn geniletilmesi anlamna gelir.
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Seleccione uno:
a. bienes que generan externalidades positivas.
b. bienes que generan externalidades negativas.
C. bienes de lujo que son consumidos principalmente por personas ricas.
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function Group of answer choices split between how the overall economy functions and how
individual sectors function ability of society to continually make technological breakthroughs and
increase production. the study of how consumers behave ability of society to employ all of its
resources..
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good and services for which they have a comparative advantage (and less of that for which a
country does not have a comparative advantage). However, countries rarely specialize completely.
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