The potassium hydroxide absorbs the carbon dioxide inside the bottle. Without carbon dioxide, the part of the leaf inside the bottle is unable to carry out photosynthesis and produce starch.
The document discusses how range shifts of species under climate change can impact genetic diversity through founder effects and local adaptation. Three key points are made:
1) Range shifts can cause maladaptation if specialist genotypes are shifted outside their optimal habitat.
2) Increased dispersal observed at range edges may be partly driven by founder effects from the range shift rather than solely by selection.
3) Founder effects during range shifts can lead to long-term genetic impoverishment if habitat becomes fragmented, potentially threatening species survival. Prioritizing collection of populations predicted to go extinct could help conserve genetic diversity.
Effects of density on spacing patterns and habitat associations of a Neotropi...Nicole Angeli
Presentation at Ecological Society of America, August 2013. Minneapolis, USA. –Oral Paper
Angeli, N. F., K. Lips, G. V. DiRenzo, and A. Cunha. “Effects of density on spacing patterns
and habitat associations in the Neotropical Glassfrog Espadarana prosoblepon.”
1) The document discusses different life history strategies in organisms, including trade-offs between offspring number and size. It also discusses variation in life histories based on factors like adult survival rates.
2) Organisms are classified based on their life histories as either r-selected or K-selected. R-selected organisms thrive in unpredictable environments while K-selected organisms do better in predictable environments.
3) Competition, both intra-specific and inter-specific, is examined through mathematical models like Lotka-Volterra and laboratory experiments. The models and experiments demonstrate how competition affects population growth and can restrict species to their realized niches over time.
Wind & Wildlife: Management implications of individual variability in noise s...Acoustic Ecology Institute
A detailed poster introducing what is known about individual variability to noise within animal populations, summarizing some impacts of moderate noise on wildlife, explaining noise levels around wind farms, and suggesting several situations in which noise impacts on a more-sensitive subset of the local population could be a factor in wind farm impact planning.
Saving High Quality Acoustic Habitat: Identifying areas of relative natural q...Acoustic Ecology Institute
Presentation from the 2016 Ecoacoustics Congress, held at Michigan State University.
Research overview of soundscape modeling and monitoring, both terrestrial and oceanic, with a focus on beginning to identify areas for protection from new sources of human-generated noise.
Charles Darwin developed the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how species change over time through descent with modification from common ancestors. His theory states that genetic variation within species leads to different traits, which are acted on by environmental pressures like competition for resources and predation. Traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in populations over many generations, resulting in evolution of new species. Darwin provided extensive evidence from biogeography, fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy to support his theory.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment, which determine species distribution and abundance.
2) All environments include biotic factors like living organisms and abiotic non-living chemical and physical factors that also influence species.
3) Population ecology examines factors like birth, death, and migration that influence population size and growth patterns in relation to environmental carrying capacity.
4) Community ecology looks at interspecies interactions like competition, predation, and symbiosis that structure ecological communities.
This document discusses techniques for ecological monitoring. It begins by listing "sins" or mistakes that commonly occur in ecological monitoring like not having a clear purpose, not storing data properly, or changing methodologies. It then defines ecological monitoring as the systematic collection of ecological data over time related to a specific problem. Key areas where monitoring is needed are described. The document uses the example of monitoring amphibians in the Sharavathi River basin to illustrate how to plan a monitoring study, including setting objectives, understanding the study species, reviewing literature, determining sampling methods, and statistical analysis. Details are provided on amphibian biology and their importance as ecosystem and environmental indicators. The study area and sampling methods used are described.
The document discusses how range shifts of species under climate change can impact genetic diversity through founder effects and local adaptation. Three key points are made:
1) Range shifts can cause maladaptation if specialist genotypes are shifted outside their optimal habitat.
2) Increased dispersal observed at range edges may be partly driven by founder effects from the range shift rather than solely by selection.
3) Founder effects during range shifts can lead to long-term genetic impoverishment if habitat becomes fragmented, potentially threatening species survival. Prioritizing collection of populations predicted to go extinct could help conserve genetic diversity.
Effects of density on spacing patterns and habitat associations of a Neotropi...Nicole Angeli
Presentation at Ecological Society of America, August 2013. Minneapolis, USA. –Oral Paper
Angeli, N. F., K. Lips, G. V. DiRenzo, and A. Cunha. “Effects of density on spacing patterns
and habitat associations in the Neotropical Glassfrog Espadarana prosoblepon.”
1) The document discusses different life history strategies in organisms, including trade-offs between offspring number and size. It also discusses variation in life histories based on factors like adult survival rates.
2) Organisms are classified based on their life histories as either r-selected or K-selected. R-selected organisms thrive in unpredictable environments while K-selected organisms do better in predictable environments.
3) Competition, both intra-specific and inter-specific, is examined through mathematical models like Lotka-Volterra and laboratory experiments. The models and experiments demonstrate how competition affects population growth and can restrict species to their realized niches over time.
Wind & Wildlife: Management implications of individual variability in noise s...Acoustic Ecology Institute
A detailed poster introducing what is known about individual variability to noise within animal populations, summarizing some impacts of moderate noise on wildlife, explaining noise levels around wind farms, and suggesting several situations in which noise impacts on a more-sensitive subset of the local population could be a factor in wind farm impact planning.
Saving High Quality Acoustic Habitat: Identifying areas of relative natural q...Acoustic Ecology Institute
Presentation from the 2016 Ecoacoustics Congress, held at Michigan State University.
Research overview of soundscape modeling and monitoring, both terrestrial and oceanic, with a focus on beginning to identify areas for protection from new sources of human-generated noise.
Charles Darwin developed the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how species change over time through descent with modification from common ancestors. His theory states that genetic variation within species leads to different traits, which are acted on by environmental pressures like competition for resources and predation. Traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in populations over many generations, resulting in evolution of new species. Darwin provided extensive evidence from biogeography, fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy to support his theory.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment, which determine species distribution and abundance.
2) All environments include biotic factors like living organisms and abiotic non-living chemical and physical factors that also influence species.
3) Population ecology examines factors like birth, death, and migration that influence population size and growth patterns in relation to environmental carrying capacity.
4) Community ecology looks at interspecies interactions like competition, predation, and symbiosis that structure ecological communities.
This document discusses techniques for ecological monitoring. It begins by listing "sins" or mistakes that commonly occur in ecological monitoring like not having a clear purpose, not storing data properly, or changing methodologies. It then defines ecological monitoring as the systematic collection of ecological data over time related to a specific problem. Key areas where monitoring is needed are described. The document uses the example of monitoring amphibians in the Sharavathi River basin to illustrate how to plan a monitoring study, including setting objectives, understanding the study species, reviewing literature, determining sampling methods, and statistical analysis. Details are provided on amphibian biology and their importance as ecosystem and environmental indicators. The study area and sampling methods used are described.
R-selection refers to species that live in unstable environments and produce many cheap offspring, while K-selection refers to species that live in stable environments and produce few expensive offspring. Key differences are that r-selected species have highly variable populations with early reproduction and many offspring, while K-selected species have small populations with a higher risk of inbreeding and later reproduction after parental care. Characteristics of r-strategists include small size, low energy per offspring, short lifespan and multiple reproduction, while K-strategists have the opposite traits. The terms r and k come from the logistic growth equation.
This document discusses r and K selection theory, which seeks to explain how traits evolve in response to environmental variation and mortality. It examines how traits are interrelated and constrained by ecology. R and K selection theory predicts demographic responses to disturbances at different spatial and temporal scales. The most notable example is MacArthur and Wilson's theory of r and K selection based on island biogeography. R-selected species thrive in variable environments and have high fecundity, while K-selected species exist in stable environments and invest more in parental care and fewer offspring. The r and K classification represents ends of a continuum, with most species falling somewhere in between.
GBM has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to combat deforestation. The study analyzed spatial data on population density, poverty levels, charcoal production, and biodiversity in GBM's target watersheds versus control watersheds to determine suitability for reforestation. The results showed GBM watersheds had higher average tree cover than control watersheds, indicating GBM is operating in areas most suitable for replanting efforts given lower human pressures and higher biodiversity. While data gaps remain, the analysis suggests GBM's reforestation work effectively targets regions with conditions best poised for forest regeneration.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across three Kenyan watersheds to combat deforestation and environmental degradation. A spatial analysis found these watersheds had higher forest cover compared to control watersheds, indicating GBM's reforestation efforts are effective. However, the analysis also found GBM operates in areas already most suitable for replanting due to lower population densities and poverty levels. For reforestation to be most impactful, projects should focus on areas with higher human pressures like population where trees can benefit communities. This suggests GBM's approach of empowering local communities could be effective in other countries facing similar environmental and humanitarian issues.
The document describes an experiment that established laboratory microcosms to test the effects of primary productivity and dispersal rate on the dynamics of communities with omnivory. Replicate bottles containing bacteria, the protist Chilomonas sp., and the omnivore Blepharisma sp. served as "mainlands" supplying smaller "islands" that received colonists at varying frequencies. Productivity in the islands was manipulated by altering bacteria levels. Data on protist densities was collected every other day from each bottle to analyze the interaction between productivity and dispersal rate on community structure and dynamics in systems with omnivory.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1) Population density and patterns of dispersion can be clustered, uniform, or random depending on environmental factors.
2) Survivorship curves illustrate variations in mortality rates over the lifespan. Reproductive strategies include semelparity with one-time reproduction or iteroparity with repeated reproduction.
3) Population growth can follow exponential, logistic, or S-shaped curves but is ultimately limited by environmental carrying capacity due to factors like food, water, shelter, and disease.
Long-Term Patterns of Vegetation Change Following FireRoger Blew
This document summarizes research on long-term patterns of vegetation change following wildfires in sagebrush steppe ecosystems. The research found that following fires, native perennial grasses and forbs recovered quickly within two growing seasons, with limited invasion by non-native species. Over longer time periods of 20+ years, big sagebrush recovery was limited but diversity changed little. Recovery trajectories did not follow linear or predictable patterns and were influenced by local site factors more than time since fire. State-and-transition models of vegetation change need to be updated based on these long-term findings to better represent fire's role in maintaining healthy sagebrush steppe communities.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 17 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides from a lecture on metagenomics given by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The lecture discusses shotgun metagenomics and analyzing metagenomic functions and gene content from environmental samples without genome assemblies. It provides an example of a comparative metagenomics study of various microbial communities that identified habitat-specific genes and metabolic profiles reflecting the different environments. The slides include figures and references from a 2005 Science paper on this topic. Problem set 4 for the class involves selecting a relevant paper for presentation the following week.
Biology And Conservation Of The California Tiger Salamander Revised 2009debmontana
The document summarizes a workshop on the biology and conservation of the California tiger salamander. It provides details on the salamander's life cycle, habitat requirements, threats, and strategies for conservation. It also describes activities at the workshop including a field trip, aquatic sampling techniques, and an introduction to monitoring methods. The document highlights the overlap between the salamander's range and PG&E's service territory and facilities.
Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, from producers to various consumers in food chains and webs. This energy transfer is inefficient, with about 90% of energy lost at each trophic level. Various models like pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy are used to quantify and visualize this energy flow. Ecological efficiency describes the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels, taking into account factors like consumption, assimilation, respiration, egestion, and production rates. While concepts are theoretically straightforward, real-world measurements are challenging and approximations are often used.
Biology (pattern distribution of organismsAtikahYsf
This document discusses population distribution patterns of organisms. It identifies three main types of dispersion: clumped, uniform, and random. Clumped dispersion occurs when individuals are concentrated in specific habitat areas, such as family groups or limited seed dispersal. Uniform dispersion happens when individuals are evenly spaced due to competition, like seabirds nesting or plants producing toxins. Random dispersion is the least common and hardest to observe, with individuals spaced unrelated to each other.
Chapter 8 dynamic ecosystem Form 4 BiologyYee Sing Ong
This document describes the process of ecological succession in ecosystems. It provides the example of succession in a mangrove swamp ecosystem, where pioneer species like Avicennia help build soil conditions over time through their root systems to allow later successor species like Rhizophora and Bruguiera to colonize. The document also outlines the five stages of succession that occur as a pond gradually shallows over time, from pioneer aquatic plants to eventual colonization by woody plants as the pond transforms into land.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between living things and their environment. It describes abiotic and biotic factors and how they affect organisms. It explains the levels of ecological organization from organisms to populations to communities to ecosystems to the biosphere. It also covers concepts like competition, symbiosis, energy flow through food chains and webs, nutrient cycling, ecological succession, and factors that influence ecosystem maintenance and change.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystems and sustainability including reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient cycling. It provides statistics on the distribution of species, describing that insects make up 53% of species. It also outlines the structure of communities including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Finally, it discusses important biogeochemical cycles like nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and how human activities can impact these cycles.
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that a food chain traces the flow of energy from producers like plants through various consumer levels. Typically, food chains only have 3-4 trophic levels because only about 10% of energy is transferred between each level. A food web shows more complex trophic interactions, with many organisms consuming and being consumed by multiple other species. The document also notes that harmful chemicals can biomagnify and accumulate at higher trophic levels like humans, as they are absorbed throughout the food chain.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including food chains, food webs, energy transfer between trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It begins with definitions of important terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, and food chains. It then explains that food webs represent complex feeding relationships between multiple interconnected food chains. Energy is lost at each trophic level, so food chains rarely exceed 3-4 levels. Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of numbers and biomass between trophic levels, with pyramids of numbers sometimes being inverted. Predator-prey relationships and population fluctuations over time are also summarized.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, its size will decline back down.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, it is considered overpopulated.
Here are the key points about the relationship between the lynx and snowshoe hare populations:
1. The populations move in opposite cycles - when one is high, the other is low, and vice versa. This is known as a predator-prey relationship.
2. The lynx population follows the hare population with a time lag. When hare numbers are high, there is plenty of food for lynx, so the lynx population grows. However, as lynx numbers increase, they consume more hares. Eventually hare numbers crash from overpredation, then the lynx population crashes due to lack of food.
3. The lynx are clearly the
This document provides information about food webs and energy transfer between organisms in an ecosystem. It discusses producers like plants that obtain energy from the sun or chemicals and consumers that obtain energy from eating other organisms. Producers and consumers are organized into trophic levels within food chains and food webs. Food webs illustrate the complex interconnected feeding relationships between multiple species in an ecosystem. Disruptions to lower trophic levels can impact higher levels and introducing non-native species could disturb the entire food web. The document includes an example food web for the Kamloops Bunchgrass plant community.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It discusses how biology is the study of life across many levels of organization, from molecules to the biosphere. The three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - are introduced. Eukarya includes multicellular kingdoms like plants, fungi and animals. Evolution is presented as biology's unifying theme, with Darwin's theory of natural selection explained. The scientific process and hypothesis-driven experimentation are also overviewed.
R-selection refers to species that live in unstable environments and produce many cheap offspring, while K-selection refers to species that live in stable environments and produce few expensive offspring. Key differences are that r-selected species have highly variable populations with early reproduction and many offspring, while K-selected species have small populations with a higher risk of inbreeding and later reproduction after parental care. Characteristics of r-strategists include small size, low energy per offspring, short lifespan and multiple reproduction, while K-strategists have the opposite traits. The terms r and k come from the logistic growth equation.
This document discusses r and K selection theory, which seeks to explain how traits evolve in response to environmental variation and mortality. It examines how traits are interrelated and constrained by ecology. R and K selection theory predicts demographic responses to disturbances at different spatial and temporal scales. The most notable example is MacArthur and Wilson's theory of r and K selection based on island biogeography. R-selected species thrive in variable environments and have high fecundity, while K-selected species exist in stable environments and invest more in parental care and fewer offspring. The r and K classification represents ends of a continuum, with most species falling somewhere in between.
GBM has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to combat deforestation. The study analyzed spatial data on population density, poverty levels, charcoal production, and biodiversity in GBM's target watersheds versus control watersheds to determine suitability for reforestation. The results showed GBM watersheds had higher average tree cover than control watersheds, indicating GBM is operating in areas most suitable for replanting efforts given lower human pressures and higher biodiversity. While data gaps remain, the analysis suggests GBM's reforestation work effectively targets regions with conditions best poised for forest regeneration.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across three Kenyan watersheds to combat deforestation and environmental degradation. A spatial analysis found these watersheds had higher forest cover compared to control watersheds, indicating GBM's reforestation efforts are effective. However, the analysis also found GBM operates in areas already most suitable for replanting due to lower population densities and poverty levels. For reforestation to be most impactful, projects should focus on areas with higher human pressures like population where trees can benefit communities. This suggests GBM's approach of empowering local communities could be effective in other countries facing similar environmental and humanitarian issues.
The document describes an experiment that established laboratory microcosms to test the effects of primary productivity and dispersal rate on the dynamics of communities with omnivory. Replicate bottles containing bacteria, the protist Chilomonas sp., and the omnivore Blepharisma sp. served as "mainlands" supplying smaller "islands" that received colonists at varying frequencies. Productivity in the islands was manipulated by altering bacteria levels. Data on protist densities was collected every other day from each bottle to analyze the interaction between productivity and dispersal rate on community structure and dynamics in systems with omnivory.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1) Population density and patterns of dispersion can be clustered, uniform, or random depending on environmental factors.
2) Survivorship curves illustrate variations in mortality rates over the lifespan. Reproductive strategies include semelparity with one-time reproduction or iteroparity with repeated reproduction.
3) Population growth can follow exponential, logistic, or S-shaped curves but is ultimately limited by environmental carrying capacity due to factors like food, water, shelter, and disease.
Long-Term Patterns of Vegetation Change Following FireRoger Blew
This document summarizes research on long-term patterns of vegetation change following wildfires in sagebrush steppe ecosystems. The research found that following fires, native perennial grasses and forbs recovered quickly within two growing seasons, with limited invasion by non-native species. Over longer time periods of 20+ years, big sagebrush recovery was limited but diversity changed little. Recovery trajectories did not follow linear or predictable patterns and were influenced by local site factors more than time since fire. State-and-transition models of vegetation change need to be updated based on these long-term findings to better represent fire's role in maintaining healthy sagebrush steppe communities.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 17 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides from a lecture on metagenomics given by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The lecture discusses shotgun metagenomics and analyzing metagenomic functions and gene content from environmental samples without genome assemblies. It provides an example of a comparative metagenomics study of various microbial communities that identified habitat-specific genes and metabolic profiles reflecting the different environments. The slides include figures and references from a 2005 Science paper on this topic. Problem set 4 for the class involves selecting a relevant paper for presentation the following week.
Biology And Conservation Of The California Tiger Salamander Revised 2009debmontana
The document summarizes a workshop on the biology and conservation of the California tiger salamander. It provides details on the salamander's life cycle, habitat requirements, threats, and strategies for conservation. It also describes activities at the workshop including a field trip, aquatic sampling techniques, and an introduction to monitoring methods. The document highlights the overlap between the salamander's range and PG&E's service territory and facilities.
Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, from producers to various consumers in food chains and webs. This energy transfer is inefficient, with about 90% of energy lost at each trophic level. Various models like pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy are used to quantify and visualize this energy flow. Ecological efficiency describes the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels, taking into account factors like consumption, assimilation, respiration, egestion, and production rates. While concepts are theoretically straightforward, real-world measurements are challenging and approximations are often used.
Biology (pattern distribution of organismsAtikahYsf
This document discusses population distribution patterns of organisms. It identifies three main types of dispersion: clumped, uniform, and random. Clumped dispersion occurs when individuals are concentrated in specific habitat areas, such as family groups or limited seed dispersal. Uniform dispersion happens when individuals are evenly spaced due to competition, like seabirds nesting or plants producing toxins. Random dispersion is the least common and hardest to observe, with individuals spaced unrelated to each other.
Chapter 8 dynamic ecosystem Form 4 BiologyYee Sing Ong
This document describes the process of ecological succession in ecosystems. It provides the example of succession in a mangrove swamp ecosystem, where pioneer species like Avicennia help build soil conditions over time through their root systems to allow later successor species like Rhizophora and Bruguiera to colonize. The document also outlines the five stages of succession that occur as a pond gradually shallows over time, from pioneer aquatic plants to eventual colonization by woody plants as the pond transforms into land.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between living things and their environment. It describes abiotic and biotic factors and how they affect organisms. It explains the levels of ecological organization from organisms to populations to communities to ecosystems to the biosphere. It also covers concepts like competition, symbiosis, energy flow through food chains and webs, nutrient cycling, ecological succession, and factors that influence ecosystem maintenance and change.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystems and sustainability including reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient cycling. It provides statistics on the distribution of species, describing that insects make up 53% of species. It also outlines the structure of communities including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Finally, it discusses important biogeochemical cycles like nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and how human activities can impact these cycles.
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that a food chain traces the flow of energy from producers like plants through various consumer levels. Typically, food chains only have 3-4 trophic levels because only about 10% of energy is transferred between each level. A food web shows more complex trophic interactions, with many organisms consuming and being consumed by multiple other species. The document also notes that harmful chemicals can biomagnify and accumulate at higher trophic levels like humans, as they are absorbed throughout the food chain.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including food chains, food webs, energy transfer between trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It begins with definitions of important terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, and food chains. It then explains that food webs represent complex feeding relationships between multiple interconnected food chains. Energy is lost at each trophic level, so food chains rarely exceed 3-4 levels. Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of numbers and biomass between trophic levels, with pyramids of numbers sometimes being inverted. Predator-prey relationships and population fluctuations over time are also summarized.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, its size will decline back down.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, it is considered overpopulated.
Here are the key points about the relationship between the lynx and snowshoe hare populations:
1. The populations move in opposite cycles - when one is high, the other is low, and vice versa. This is known as a predator-prey relationship.
2. The lynx population follows the hare population with a time lag. When hare numbers are high, there is plenty of food for lynx, so the lynx population grows. However, as lynx numbers increase, they consume more hares. Eventually hare numbers crash from overpredation, then the lynx population crashes due to lack of food.
3. The lynx are clearly the
This document provides information about food webs and energy transfer between organisms in an ecosystem. It discusses producers like plants that obtain energy from the sun or chemicals and consumers that obtain energy from eating other organisms. Producers and consumers are organized into trophic levels within food chains and food webs. Food webs illustrate the complex interconnected feeding relationships between multiple species in an ecosystem. Disruptions to lower trophic levels can impact higher levels and introducing non-native species could disturb the entire food web. The document includes an example food web for the Kamloops Bunchgrass plant community.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It discusses how biology is the study of life across many levels of organization, from molecules to the biosphere. The three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - are introduced. Eukarya includes multicellular kingdoms like plants, fungi and animals. Evolution is presented as biology's unifying theme, with Darwin's theory of natural selection explained. The scientific process and hypothesis-driven experimentation are also overviewed.
The document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems, including trophic relationships and energy flow. It discusses primary producers, consumers, food chains and webs. It also covers primary productivity, trophic efficiency, and nutrient cycling. Finally, it addresses the human impact on ecosystems through habitat destruction, pollution, overpopulation, and the biodiversity crisis. Major threats to biodiversity are listed as habitat destruction, invasive species, and overexploitation.
The document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems, including trophic relationships and energy flow. It discusses primary producers, consumers, food chains, food webs, primary productivity, trophic efficiency, and nutrient cycles. It then covers the impacts of human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution, overpopulation, greenhouse effect, and overfishing. The document concludes by addressing the biodiversity crisis, major threats to biodiversity, endangered species conservation, and the goals of restoration ecology.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, their genetic diversity, and the variety of ecosystems. It includes the number of different species, the population of each species, and their genetic diversity. High biodiversity is found in places like rainforests and coral reefs. While scientists have named over 1.5 million species, estimates suggest millions more remain undiscovered. Loss of biodiversity through habitat destruction poses risks to species and ecosystems that benefit humans.
Flow of energy in ecosystems is unidirectional, from producers like plants through various consumer trophic levels in a food chain. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain energy by consuming plants or other animals. Food chains interconnect to form complex food webs within an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids graphically represent the structure of ecosystems by depicting numbers, biomass, or productivity at each trophic level, with producers forming the base and top predators the tip. Disturbances like bioaccumulation of chemicals and extinction of species can disrupt the balance between trophic levels in a food web.
The undisturbed tall grass prairie would have the greatest number of species because it has not been disturbed by human activities like agriculture or heavy grazing which can reduce biodiversity.
* Algae are the primary producers, with 100 million kg of biomass
* According to the 10% rule, only 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels
* So the biomass at the next trophic level (water fleas) would be 10 million kg (10% of 100 million kg)
* Repeating for each trophic level:
- Water fleas (10 million kg) → Minnows (1 million kg)
- Minnows (1 million kg) → Fish (100,000 kg)
* Assuming an average human weighs 100 kg, 100,000 kg of fish biomass could support 100,000/100 = 1,000 humans.
Therefore, the number of
This course introduces students to ecology, biodiversity, and evolution. It covers topics such as ecosystems, ecological pyramids, environmental impacts on organisms, population ecology, community ecology, atmospheric composition, pollution, climate change, biodiversity, habitats, niches, food webs, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. Key concepts studied are ecosystems, trophic levels, food webs, ecological pyramids, biodiversity, habitats, niches, environmental effects on phenotypes through epigenetics and phenotypic plasticity.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecologist studies ecology. Key concepts in ecology include biotic and abiotic factors, the 5 levels of ecological organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere), producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, populations, communities, limiting factors, and carrying capacity.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, objectives, content, and assessment of the course. The aims are to provide students with an understanding of biology, scientific skills, and interests in further study. Students can take AS exams after 1 year or complete the full A Level after 2 years. Assessment includes multiple choice, structured questions, practical exams, and essays. The content covers core biological principles and applications.
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa and have evolved several times as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations throughout hominid evolution include bipedal locomotion, increasing brain size, facial structure changes, decreasing jaw and tooth size, opposable thumbs, and tool usage. The earliest known hominid genus is Australopithecus, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis, with modern humans emerging in the last 10,000 years.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
Water is a vital resource that sustains life. Freshwater sources include groundwater, which infiltrates underground, and surface water. Groundwater depletion can occur when withdrawals exceed recharge, causing water tables to fall and land to subside. Increasing supplies involves desalination or reverse osmosis. Water pollution reduces water quality and harms organisms. Major pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, sediments and heat. Pollution can be from point sources like factories or nonpoint sources like runoff. Treating sewage reduces pollution levels. Large-scale water diversions for uses like irrigation and cities can deplete rivers and harm ecosystems.
The document provides information about aquatic biodiversity including definitions of key terms like plankton, nekton, benthos, and decomposers. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems like coastal zones, wetlands, and intertidal zones. Multiple choice questions test comprehension of topics like ocean acidification, plankton types, eutrophic lakes, and aquaculture. A free response question asks why aquatic plants tend to be smaller while some marine mammals are extremely large.
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Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
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Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
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3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
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The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
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#2 villalobos brain, heart, reproductive syste and embryo developmentMaria Donohue
The document discusses the nervous system and its major divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and controls the body's functions. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions. The document also discusses the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation.
#1 donohue immune system, vaccines, and antibioticsMaria Donohue
The document summarizes the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens:
1. Barriers to infection like skin and mucous membranes that keep pathogens out of the body.
2. The inflammatory response that responds when pathogens enter, causing swelling and fever to fight the infection.
3. The immune response involving specialized white blood cells like macrophages, T cells, and B cells that mount a specific attack against the pathogen through antibodies and memory cells to prevent future infections.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
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3. DNA in
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
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- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
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- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
#1 pham-escobar cellular respiration and ecology
1. FOOD WEBS
WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM HOW ARE THE FOLLOWING
REPRESENT? RELATED?
• PRODUCER
• CONSUMER
• OMNIVORE, HERBIVORE,
CARNIVORE
• FOOD CHAIN
• FOOD WEB
• DECOMPOSER
• DETRITIVORE
• CARRYING CAPACITY
2. Food web in a mountain forest
• Which type of organism
is a decomposer in this
food web?
A. Earthworm
B. Grass
C. Mouse
D. Snake
4. Food web in a field
• Which of the following
changes would
decrease the carrying
capacity of the field for
all of the populations
that live there?
A. An introduction of wild cats to the field
B. A severe decrease in rainfall, resulting in drought
C. An outbreak of an often fatal viral infection among mice
D. A thinning of the shells of owls’ eggs, resulting in fewer births
5. Answer
A. An introduction of wild cats to the field
B. A severe decrease in rainfall, resulting in
drought
C. An outbreak of an often fatal viral infection
among mice
D. A thinning of the shells of owls’
eggs, resulting in fewer births
6. ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS
WHERE DO AUTOTROPHS GET
THERE ENERGY FROM? WHY IS ENERGY IMPORTANT?
• THE FLOW OF ENERGY IN A
FOOD CHAIN IS ONE
DIRECTION
• ENERGY FLOWS FROM THE
SUN OR INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS TO
AUTOTROPHS (PRODUCERS)
AND THEN TO VARIOUS
HETEROTROPHS
(CONSUMERS)
• REMOVING DECOMPOSERS
WOULD STOP THE CYCLING OF
MATTER IN NATURE.
7. Examine Food Web
• Which of the following
pairs of consumers in
this food web has the
greatest amount of
energy available for
them to consume?
a. Hawk and mountain lion
b. Rabbit and grasshopper
c. Snake and songbird
d. Trees and grass
8. Answer
a. Hawk and mountain lion
b. Rabbit and grasshopper
c. Snake and songbird
d. Trees and grass
9. Flow of energy through a food chain
and the cycling of matter in nature
• How would the absence
of decomposers most
significantly affect the
flowchart?
A. The flow of energy would be affected.
B. The dissipation of energy would be less.
C. It would stop the cycling of matter in nature.
D. The supply of nutrients for the producers would be less.
10. Answer
A. The flow of energy would be affected.
B. The dissipation of energy would be less.
C. It would stop the cycling of matter in nature.
D. The supply of nutrients for the producers
would be less.
11. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
WHAT ARE TROPHIC LEVELS? WHAT ARE ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID?
• THE PRODUCERS HAVE THE
HIGHEST ENERGY LEVEL
• ONLY 10% OF ENERGY IS
PASSED ON TO THE NEXT
TROPHIC LEVEL. WHY?
• WHO EATS SECOND LEVEL
CONSUMERS?
• WHO EATS PRODUCERS?
• WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES
WHAT TYPE OF PYRAMID IS THIS?
OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS?
12. Different trophic levels in food chain
• Which statement about
this diagram is true?
A. The biomass at a trophic level is less than the level above it.
B. The population at a trophic level is greater than the level
below it.
C. The amount of energy available at a trophic level is less than
the level below it.
D. The organism at each trophic level belongs to a different
kingdom than the level above it.
13. Answer
A. The biomass at a trophic level is less than the
level above it.
B. The population at a trophic level is greater
than the level below it.
C. The amount of energy available at a trophic
level is less than the level below it.
D. The organism at each trophic level belongs to
a different kingdom than the level above it.
14. ENERGY FLOW
• Which of these best
explains what happens
between trophic levels
as energy moves up a
food chain?
A. Energy is transferred completely from one organism to the next.
B. Energy is transferred but some of it is lost to the environment.
C. Energy is recycled uniformly throughout.
D. Energy is produced in greater quantities.
15. Answer
A. Energy is transferred completely from one
organism to the next.
B. Energy is transferred but some of it is lost to
the environment.
C. Energy is recycled uniformly throughout.
D. Energy is produced in greater quantities.
16. Feeding Patterns Observed
• Which of the following
best explains the
difference in the
amount of available
energy in the trophic
levels of the desert
ecosystem?
A. There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than
those at higher trophic levels.
B. There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed
for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.
C. There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass
for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.
D. There is less available energy in the fouth trophic level because of the loss of energy
through metaoblism in each of the lower trophic levels.
17. Answer
A. There is less energy available in the producers
because their tissues are less dense than those at
higher trophic levels.
B. There is more energy available in the second trophic
level because less energy is needed for hunting
compared to the higher trophic levels.
C. There is more available energy in the birds of prey
because they have greater muscle mass for storing
energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.
D. There is less available energy in the fourth trophic
level because of the loss of energy through
metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.
19. Ecological Succession
• A new island breaks
through the surface of
the sea near Iceland
after a long series of
volcanic eruptions.
Which of these
A. Birds organisms is most likely
B. Insects to be the first one to
C. Lichens colonize the island and
D. Flowering plants start a succession?
20. Answer
A. Birds
B. Insects
C. Lichens
D. Flowering plants
21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
WHAT EQUATION IS THIS?
WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU FLIP IT? EXPLAIN HOW THIS WORKS.
HOW DO ORGANISM RELEASE ENERGY?
WHERE DOES PHOTOSYTHESIS TAKE PLACE?
WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE?
22. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
• Which statement
describes how
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration are
interrelated?
A. Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration
and stored during photosynthesis
B. Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular
respiration are used in photosynthesis
C. Photosynthesis releases the energy that is
stored during the process of cellular respiration
D. Glucose is used during cellular respiration to
produce food that is broken down during
photosynthesis.
23. Answer
A.Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration
and stored during photosynthesis
B. Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular
respiration are used in photosynthesis
C. Photosynthesis releases the energy that is stored
during the process of cellular respiration
D.Glucose is used during cellular respiration to
produce food that is broken down during
photosynthesis.
24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• How are photosynthesis
and cellular respiration
interrelated?
A. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the same
process.
B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce the
same chemical compounds.
C. Photosynthesis uses energy to produce glucose, and
cellular respiration uses glucose to generate energy.
D. Photosynthesis uses glucose to generate energy, and
cellular respiration uses energy to produce glucose.
25. Answer
A.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the
same process.
B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce
the same chemical compounds.
C. Photosynthesis uses energy to produce glucose,
and cellular respiration uses glucose to generate
energy.
D.Photosynthesis uses glucose to generate energy,
and cellular respiration uses energy to produce
glucose
26. Cellular Respiration
• In which type of
organism does the
following chemical
process take place?
A. All bacteria
B. Plants and yeast only
C. Yeast and bacteria only
D. All organisms except some bacteria
27. Answer
A. All bacteria
B. Plants and yeast only
C. Yeast and bacteria only
D. All organisms except some bacteria
28. Photosynthesis
• Sam places a small green plant inside
a test tube and seals the test tube
inside a flask. The flask has a glass
tube sticking out of the stopper, so
he can periodically analyze the gas in
the flask. He places the flask outside
in direct sunlight, and collects and
analyses the gas in the flask during
the day and at night to compare the
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
oxygen (O2). What will his analysis
most likely show?
A. During the night, the amount of both gases remain constant.
B. The amount of both gases in the flask remains constant over a 24-hr period.
C. The amount of both gases in the flask increases during the day and decreases at
night.
D. During the day, the amount of oxygen in the flask increases while the amount of
carbon dioxide decreases.
29. Answer
A. During the night, the amount of both gases
remain constant.
B. The amount of both gases in the flask remains
constant over a 24-hr period.
C. The amount of both gases in the flask increases
during the day and decreases at night.
D. During the day, the amount of oxygen in the
flask increases while the amount of carbon
dioxide decreases.
30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The figure below shows an
experiment on photosynthesis.
Rebecca observed that the part of
the leaf outside the bottle showed
the presence of starch in it. The part
of the leaf inside the bottle did not
show the presence of starch. When
the same experiment was repeated
A. It absorbs carbon dioxide without potassium hydroxide (KOH)
B. It releases oxygen in the bottle, the whole leaf showed
the presence of starch. What can
C. It produces water Rebecca correctly infer about the
D. It dissolves cells potassium hydroxide?
31. ANSWER
A. It absorbs carbon dioxide
B. It releases oxygen
C. It produces water
D. It dissolves cells
Editor's Notes
The other two types include number pyramids and biomass pyramids.
If you want to go into a little more detail explain to student the 3 stages of cellular respiration. For photosynthesis explain to students the difference between the light and dark independent reactions.