The document provides an overview of the history, development, and types of computers, starting from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern computers designed with artificial intelligence. It outlines five generations of computing technology, highlighting key advancements such as transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. Additionally, it categorizes computers into analog, digital, and hybrid types based on the nature of the data they process.

1. Introduction to Information
and Communication
Technology
BY
NAJEEB SAFI
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NAJEEB SAFI

2. NAJEEB SAFI
Basic Concept
For thousand of years, mathematicians, scientists and businessmen have
searched for computing machines that could perform calculations
quickly and efficiently.
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3. NAJEEB SAFI
Abacus
• The first thing used to express numbers
was the “Abacus”
• It was developed 5000 years ago in
“Babylonia” (Currently Iraq)
• It was built out of wood and beads.
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4. NAJEEB SAFI
Napier’s Bone
• In the early 1600 a mathematician
invented a calculating rods, called
“Napier’s Bone”.
• This device allowed quick and accurate
multiplication of large numbers.
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5. NAJEEB SAFI
Pascaline
• Pascaline was developed by “Blaise
Pascal” in about 1642.
• This machine could add and subtract
multiplication of large numbers.
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6. NAJEEB SAFI
Difference Engine
• The man who conceived of the computer
was the British inventor “Charles
Babbage”. He is considered the father of
modern digital computer.
• He invented “Difference Engine” for
mathematical calculations.
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7. NAJEEB SAFI
Analytical Engine
• In 1823, Babbage planned to complete
another calculating machine “Analytical
Engine”, but he failed, because
technology of that time was not so high.
But he succeeded in establishing the basic
principles on which the modern
computers are constructed.
• It would be able to perform any
calculation set before it.
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8. NAJEEB SAFI
Computer Definition
• Computer is an electronic device which store data and process data in
binary format.
• Computer deal every instruction in the form of current presence (1)
and current absence (0)
• Computer word is derived from Latin “Computare” which means to
compute, to calculate to process.
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9. NAJEEB SAFI
History & Generation of Computers
• Computer generation refers to the advancements of computer
technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation.
• As a result the efficiency, speed, power, and memory of computers
have increased.
• The history of computers is divided into five generations.
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10. NAJEEB SAFI
The First Generation:
1946-1958
(The Vacuum Tube Era)
• Vacuum tubes were used in the first
generation computers.
• They were slow, huge, expensive, and
unreliable
• It took up a lot of space and produced a
lot of heat.
• One of the common example of first
generation computer is ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
computer) that use thousands of vacuum
tubes.
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11. NAJEEB SAFI
The Second Generation:
1959-1964
(The Transistor Era)
• Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and
were used in the second generation
computers.
• Transistor are composed of
semiconductor material and was invented
at Bell Labs.
• Transistor was fast, reliable, smaller and
much cheaper to built than a vacuum tube.
• One transistor replaced about 40 vacuum
tubes.
• Second generation computers moved from
machine language to assembly languages.
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12. NAJEEB SAFI
The Third Generation:
1965-1970
(Integrated Circuits)
• The development of Integrated Circuits
are the identification of third generation
computers.
• IC placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductor and increase the speed and
efficiency of computer system.
• The invention of IC reduced the both the
size and cost of the computer system.
• The third generation computer could carry
out instructions in billionths of a second.
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13. NAJEEB SAFI
The Fourth Generation:
1971 - Today
(The Microprocessor)
• The 4th generation can be characterized by
both, the integrated circuits, and the
invention of microprocessor (a single chip
that could do all the processing of a full-
scale computer).
• Millions of transistors are placed in single
chip, move calculations and faster speed
could be achieved by computer.
• It led to the invention of personal
computers or microcomputers.
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14. NAJEEB SAFI
The Fifth Generation:
Present & Beyond
(The Microprocessor)
• The 5th generation computers are based on
artificial intelligence and are still in
development phase.
• Robots and such other intelligent systems
are major developments of this
generation.
• The main objective of fifth-generation
computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
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15. NAJEEB SAFI
Types Of Computers
Computers are categorized in deferent categories according to their nature of the
information or data provided to the system. These types of computers are listed
below.
Analog Computers
 Digital Computers
 Hybrid Computers
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16. NAJEEB SAFI
Analog Computer
• Analog computers are used to process and
represent continuous data.
• Analog data includes temperature,
pressure, voltage and weight etc.
• These computers/devices use an analog
quantities and produces analog values as
output.
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17. NAJEEB SAFI
Digital Computer
• Digital computers are used to process
discrete data.
• These computers basically works with
numbers. These numbers are used to
perform mathematic calculations and also
make logical decisions to reach a
conclusion.
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18. NAJEEB SAFI
Hybrid Computer
• Hybrid computer is a combination of
analog and digital technologies.
• Hybrid system provide good precision
that can be attained with analog
computers.
• Hybrid system provide greater control
that is possible with digital computers.
• Hybrid computer has the ability to accept
input data in either form.
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19. NAJEEB SAFI
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NAJEEB SAFI
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THANK YOU