The document is an introduction to computer science, covering its definition, history, and evolution through various generations, from early mechanical calculators to modern artificial intelligence. It outlines key developments in computing technology, including the invention of the first electronic computer and the rise of microprocessors. Additionally, it classifies computers into analog, digital, and hybrid categories based on their operational methods.

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Lecture No.1: Introduction to Computer
Lecturer: Dr. Mazin Alkathiri
Department of Information Technology
,
College of Computers
Seiyun University
September , 2024

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 Marks calculates as bellow:
 First Month exam 15
 Second Month exam 15
 Total 30
 Final Exam 70
 Final Result (Mark) 100
Good luck all of you

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What is a computer ?
A computer is an electronic device capable of
performing arithmetic and logical operations able to
process data to information
• Arithmetic operations involve the general mathematical calculations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• Logical operations involve comparisons like > < = etc.

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• DATA is described as some raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.
• For example : MARKS in individual subjects
• ----------------------------------------------------------------
• INFORMATION is a manipulated data to create information which help us in
decision making. Generally information is the result of data processing.
• For example : PERCENTAGE & GRADE
DATA & INFORMATION

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History of Computers
A brief overview of the major milestones in computer history
.
From early mechanical calculators to modern-day computers
.
Key figures: Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and others
.

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Early Mechanical Devices
• 1600s: Blaise Pascal invents Pascaline, a mechanical calculator.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improves on Pascal's design.
• These early devices could perform basic arithmetic but were limited.

8. Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine
• 1830s: Charles Babbage designs the Analytical Engine.
• It was the first concept of a general-purpose computing
machine.
• Ada Lovelace, Babbage's colleague, is considered the first
programmer.
• The machine was never completed, but its design had many
features of modern computers.
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Alan Turing and the Turing Machine
• 1936: Alan Turing introduces the concept of the Turing Machine.
• A theoretical framework for computers capable of simulating any algorithm.
• Turing's work laid the foundation for modern computer science and artificial intelligence.
• He is often referred to as the father of computer science.

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ENIAC: The First Electronic Computer
• 1945: The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is
completed.
• Built by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
• It was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
• Used primarily for military calculations during World War II.

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The Microprocessor Revolution
• 1971: Intel releases the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
• Microprocessors significantly reduced the size and cost of computers.
• Led to the development of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.
• Companies like Apple, Microsoft, and IBM helped popularize home computers.

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The Modern Computer Era
• Advances in processing power, storage, and communication technology.
• The rise of the internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices.
• Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum computing are shaping the future.
• Computers have become essential in every aspect of modern life, from work to
entertainment.

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Generations of Computers
Computers have evolved through different generations
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Each generation represents significant technological advancements
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There are five distinct generations of computers
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First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes
• Used vacuum tubes for circuitry.
• Bulky and expensive, consumed a lot of electricity.
• Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape; output was displayed on printouts.

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Second Generation (1956-1963):Transistors
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller,
faster, and cheaper.
• Generated less heat and consumed less power.
• Introduced assembly language for programming.
• Examples: IBM 7090, IBM 1401.
• Magnetic core memory was used, and the input/output was similar
to the first generation.

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Third Generation (1964-1971):
Integrated Circuits
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) replaced transistors, further reducing the size of computers.
• ICs combined multiple transistors into a single chip.
• Allowed for more complex and faster systems.
• Introduced keyboards and monitors for input/output.
• Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8.
1. Its components can
not be separated
2. Can’t be fixed.

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Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors
• Microprocessors brought thousands of ICs onto a single chip.
• Enabled the development of personal computers.
• Marked the rise of computer networks and the internet.
• Examples: Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh, IBM PCs.
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and the mouse were introduced.

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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):
Artificial Intelligence
• Fifth generation focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning.
• Use of parallel processing and quantum computing.
• Examples include advanced AI systems, self-learning systems, and robotics.
• Development of natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, and autonomous
systems.

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1. Vacuum Tubes (1950s) - one bit on the size of a thumb;
2. Transistors (1950s and 1960s) - one bit on the size of a fingernail;
3. Integrated Circuits (1960s and 70s) - thousands of bits on the size of a hand
4. Silicon computer chips (1970s and on) - millions of bits on the size of a finger nail.
The progression in hardware representation of a bit of data:

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Classifications of Computer
Computers can be divided into three main categories
based on their working methods:
1. Analog Computers:
2. Digital Computers:
3. Hybrid Computers:

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Analog Computers:
•Definition: Analog computers process continuous data, representing information as
physical quantities like voltage, current, or mechanical motion.
•Working Principle: They use physical components to perform calculations directly on the
analog data.
•Examples:
•Slide rules: A mechanical analog computer used for mathematical calculations.
•Differential analyzers: Early analog computers used for solving differential equations.
•Analog synthesizers: Electronic analog computers used for creating sound effects and music.

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Digital Computers:
•Definition: Digital computers process discrete data, representing information as a series
of 0s and 1s (binary code).
•Working Principle: They use electronic circuits to perform calculations on binary data.
•Examples:
•Personal computers (PCs): Used for various tasks like word processing, browsing the internet, and
playing games.
•Servers: Powerful computers used to store and distribute data over networks.
•Supercomputers: High-performance computers used for complex calculations, such as scientific
simulations and weather forecasting.
•Embedded systems: Small, specialized computers found in various devices, including smartphones,
appliances, and cars.

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Hybrid Computers:
•Definition: Hybrid computers combine elements of both analog and digital
computers.
•Working Principle: They can process both continuous and discrete data, often
using analog components for specific tasks and digital components for others.
•Examples:
•Hybrid flight simulators: Combine analog flight controls with digital computer simulations for
realistic flight training.
•Industrial process control systems: Use analog sensors to measure physical quantities and
digital computers to control processes.
•Hybrid medical imaging devices: Combine analog signal acquisition with digital image
processing for tasks like CT scans and MRIs.