1. Radioactivity can be detected using photographic film or a Geiger-Muller detector. Background radiation comes from natural sources like radon gas emanating from rocks and internal radiation from radioactive elements inside our bodies.
2. The activity of a radioactive source is measured in becquerels and refers to the number of decays per second. It decreases over time as the radioactive material decays. Half-life refers to the time it takes for half the radioactive material or nuclei to decay and is different for each isotope.
3. Calculating half-lives involves determining the amount of radioactive material or activity remaining after set time periods equal to the half-life. Graphing the decay of an isotope over time can also
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
The document discusses various topics related to radioactivity including its sources, types of radiation emitted, units of radioactivity, applications in medicine, and examples of nuclear disasters. It provides background on radioactivity and its discovery. Key points include that radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei, the three main types of radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma, and applications of radioactivity include uses in medicine such as medical imaging and carbon dating. Nuclear disasters discussed include Chernobyl and Fukushima.
This document discusses radioactivity and its applications. It begins with an introduction to radioactivity, sources of radionuclides, and background radiation. It then discusses several applications of radioactivity including medical uses in diagnosis and treatment, food preservation, crop improvement, and space exploration. The document also summarizes several nuclear disasters and accidents involving radioactivity. It concludes with information on radiation dose limits and additional references.
This document discusses nuclear chemistry and applications of radioactivity. It begins by defining radioactivity and the types of radioactive emissions. It then discusses natural and artificial radioactivity, describing the processes. It describes the three main types of radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - and their properties. The document also covers the causes of radioactivity, units of measurement, nuclear reactions of fission and fusion, and applications of radioactivity in nuclear power, weapons, industry, and medicine. It concludes by discussing radiocarbon dating and the harmful effects of nuclear radiation.
1. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 while studying materials that glow under ultraviolet light.
2. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Half-lives can range from fractions of a second to billions of years.
3. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical applications like cancer treatment, tracing metabolic processes, and food preservation through irradiation.
The document discusses the nature of radioactivity including the three main types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. It describes different types of nuclear decay including alpha emission, beta emission, gamma emission, electron capture, and positron emission. Examples of radioactive isotopes used in dating and medicine are provided along with information on half-life, units of radiation measurement, and applications of radioisotopes. Review questions at the end assess understanding of nuclear equations, half-life calculations, and the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
The document discusses various topics related to radioactivity including its sources, types of radiation emitted, units of radioactivity, applications in medicine, and examples of nuclear disasters. It provides background on radioactivity and its discovery. Key points include that radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei, the three main types of radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma, and applications of radioactivity include uses in medicine such as medical imaging and carbon dating. Nuclear disasters discussed include Chernobyl and Fukushima.
This document discusses radioactivity and its applications. It begins with an introduction to radioactivity, sources of radionuclides, and background radiation. It then discusses several applications of radioactivity including medical uses in diagnosis and treatment, food preservation, crop improvement, and space exploration. The document also summarizes several nuclear disasters and accidents involving radioactivity. It concludes with information on radiation dose limits and additional references.
This document discusses nuclear chemistry and applications of radioactivity. It begins by defining radioactivity and the types of radioactive emissions. It then discusses natural and artificial radioactivity, describing the processes. It describes the three main types of radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - and their properties. The document also covers the causes of radioactivity, units of measurement, nuclear reactions of fission and fusion, and applications of radioactivity in nuclear power, weapons, industry, and medicine. It concludes by discussing radiocarbon dating and the harmful effects of nuclear radiation.
1. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 while studying materials that glow under ultraviolet light.
2. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Half-lives can range from fractions of a second to billions of years.
3. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical applications like cancer treatment, tracing metabolic processes, and food preservation through irradiation.
The document discusses the nature of radioactivity including the three main types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. It describes different types of nuclear decay including alpha emission, beta emission, gamma emission, electron capture, and positron emission. Examples of radioactive isotopes used in dating and medicine are provided along with information on half-life, units of radiation measurement, and applications of radioisotopes. Review questions at the end assess understanding of nuclear equations, half-life calculations, and the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Radioactivity occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation such as particles or electromagnetic waves. There are three main types of radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The rate of radioactive decay is described by half-lives, which is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Radioactivity has many uses including cancer treatment, measuring thickness of materials, smoke detectors, and generating electricity through nuclear fission. Radiation can be detected using instruments like Geiger-Muller counters.
Nuclear physics involves understanding atoms through experiments like Rutherford's gold foil experiment which showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by empty space. Radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays is used in applications such as cancer treatment, electricity generation, and radiocarbon dating which relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14 to determine the age of ancient materials.
A Chain Of Chain Reaction In A Nuclear Poormrmeredith
ย
The document discusses nuclear power and nuclear waste. It explains how a nuclear chain reaction works in a power plant, with neutrons splitting uranium atoms and releasing energy. This powers turbines and generates electricity. It also discusses how nuclear waste is stored and some of the safety considerations around deep underground storage. It poses questions about radioactive decay rates, the effects of different types of radiation, and calculating plutonium levels over time.
There are two main types of radioactivity: natural and induced. Natural radioactivity occurs in nature from unstable nuclei and can occur through alpha, beta, or gamma decay, each resulting in the emission of different particles or energy from the nucleus. Radioactive decay occurs at a predictable rate and can be used to determine the age of materials through calculation of half-lives. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical tracers, pollution detection, cancer treatment, food preservation, and providing nuclear fuel for power plants.
The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes atomic number and mass number, isotopes, radioactive decay, and different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma). It explains how radiation can be detected and some uses and biological effects of radiation including cancer risks from ionizing radiation. The concept of half-life is introduced with examples of how radioactive materials decay over time in a predictable pattern.
Nuclear engineering harnesses the power of the atom to do work. It involves understanding nuclear physics principles like fission and fusion, designing and operating nuclear reactors, developing nuclear medicine applications, ensuring nuclear non-proliferation, and managing radioactive waste. Some key areas of nuclear engineering include power generation, weapons development, space applications, medical imaging and treatment, food irradiation, and more. Nuclear engineers work in government, national labs, power companies, the military, medicine, and academia developing and overseeing applications of nuclear technology.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in nuclear chemistry, including:
1) Nuclear stability and radioactive decay involve the emission of particles like alpha and beta from unstable nuclei. Different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) require different shielding methods.
2) Radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics and half-life is used to describe the rate of decay. Carbon-14 dating and lead-uranium dating use radioactive half-lives to determine the age of materials.
3) Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion release large amounts of energy. Fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei like uranium-235 and is used in nuclear power reactors. Fusion combines light nuclei and occurs in
1) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different atomic masses but the same atomic number. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable isotopes seek stability by changing their nucleus and releasing particles and energy.
2) Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay. It is constant for a given isotope and can be used to calculate how much of a sample will remain over time.
3) Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion involve changes in atomic nuclei through gaining or releasing particles or energy. Nuclear fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and is a source of energy, while fusion combines small nuclei into larger ones and occurs in
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
This document discusses a university course on nuclear physics and its goals of educating the public on basic nuclear concepts and issues. It outlines the course schedule which includes lectures on radiation properties, nuclear creation in the cosmos, applications of nuclear physics, and modern research frontiers. Laboratory sessions are planned to demonstrate radiation detection, half-life measurement, shielding, and source identification. The document also provides information on alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation, and examples of isotope half-lives and their applications.
Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat disease. Tracers are injected into patients and accumulate in organs, with uptake indicating healthy or diseased tissue. Imaging modalities like PET and SPECT detect radiation from tracers to create functional images of the inside of the body. Nuclear medicine provides high sensitivity to detect conditions like cancer and heart disease. It differs from CT and MRI which show anatomical structure.
L10 datta lecture on industrial radiation sourcesMahbubul Hassan
ย
1. The document discusses various industrial practices that utilize radiation sources, including non-destructive testing (NDT), well logging, irradiators, and nucleonic gauge practices.
2. It describes different types of equipment used in NDT, such as gamma radiography sources and containers, x-ray radiography equipment, accelerators, pipe crawler equipment, and real time radiography.
3. Guidelines for gamma radiography sources include requirements for marking, labeling, and documentation of exposure containers. Maximum permissible dose rates and inverse square law calculations are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear physics, covering topics such as radioactive decay, nuclear properties, and nuclear reactions. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of radioactivity and then discusses alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It also covers the properties of nuclei such as atomic number, mass number, radius, density, and forces within the nucleus. The document explains radioactive decay, decay rates, half-lives, and activity. It concludes by discussing natural radioactive decay series, nuclear fusion, and nuclear fission.
Physics in the news: Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Nuclear PowerDaniel Stillman
ย
This document discusses various topics in physics including nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, stellar nucleosynthesis, nuclear fission and fusion, atomic structure, nuclear power and energy, plate tectonics, earthquakes, tsunamis, and wave mechanics. It provides explanations of physical phenomena like alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, conservation of nucleons, and conservation of energy. It also discusses choices and tradeoffs around different energy sources.
The kilogram has been redefined based on fundamental constants rather than a physical artifact. It is now defined as the mass of a specific number of photons based on their frequency. This makes the kilogram definition independent of physical objects and valid for all cultures. The kilogram, along with other SI units, are now defined by fundamental particles and constants like the Planck constant. The new definition was adopted on World Metrology Day and makes measurements more precise and reproducible without reliance on physical prototypes.
Radiopharmacy involves the compounding and dispensing of radioactive materials for use in nuclear medicine procedures. Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They consist of radioactive isotopes attached to other molecules to allow for localization within the body. Radiopharmaceuticals are prepared following stringent quality control procedures to ensure safety, purity and sterility prior to administration. Effective shielding is also required to protect personnel from radiation exposure during preparation and handling.
Radiopharmaceuticals and all about radioactivitym.pdfsy6000217
ย
The document provides information about radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals. It discusses radioisotopes and defines them as elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Some key radioisotopes used in medicine like calcium-44 and calcium-45 are mentioned. The document then covers various topics related to radioactivity including radioactive decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma emissions), units of radioactivity like curie and becquerel, half-life, and methods of detecting and measuring radiation like ionization chambers and Geiger-Mรผller counters.
This document discusses the structure of atoms, radioactivity, and uses evidence about radiation and the universe to support the Big Bang theory. It describes:
1) The basic structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, and radioisotopes.
2) Different types of radiation including alpha, beta, and gamma rays and how they are produced and can be blocked.
3) How radioisotopes are used in medical tracers and carbon dating to measure material ages based on half-life decay.
4) Evidence from light spectroscopy showing redshift of spectra from distant galaxies, which suggests everything is moving away from a single point supporting the Big Bang theory of an expanding universe.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
ย
Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Radioactivity occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation such as particles or electromagnetic waves. There are three main types of radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The rate of radioactive decay is described by half-lives, which is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Radioactivity has many uses including cancer treatment, measuring thickness of materials, smoke detectors, and generating electricity through nuclear fission. Radiation can be detected using instruments like Geiger-Muller counters.
Nuclear physics involves understanding atoms through experiments like Rutherford's gold foil experiment which showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by empty space. Radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays is used in applications such as cancer treatment, electricity generation, and radiocarbon dating which relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14 to determine the age of ancient materials.
A Chain Of Chain Reaction In A Nuclear Poormrmeredith
ย
The document discusses nuclear power and nuclear waste. It explains how a nuclear chain reaction works in a power plant, with neutrons splitting uranium atoms and releasing energy. This powers turbines and generates electricity. It also discusses how nuclear waste is stored and some of the safety considerations around deep underground storage. It poses questions about radioactive decay rates, the effects of different types of radiation, and calculating plutonium levels over time.
There are two main types of radioactivity: natural and induced. Natural radioactivity occurs in nature from unstable nuclei and can occur through alpha, beta, or gamma decay, each resulting in the emission of different particles or energy from the nucleus. Radioactive decay occurs at a predictable rate and can be used to determine the age of materials through calculation of half-lives. Radioisotopes have many uses including medical tracers, pollution detection, cancer treatment, food preservation, and providing nuclear fuel for power plants.
The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes atomic number and mass number, isotopes, radioactive decay, and different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma). It explains how radiation can be detected and some uses and biological effects of radiation including cancer risks from ionizing radiation. The concept of half-life is introduced with examples of how radioactive materials decay over time in a predictable pattern.
Nuclear engineering harnesses the power of the atom to do work. It involves understanding nuclear physics principles like fission and fusion, designing and operating nuclear reactors, developing nuclear medicine applications, ensuring nuclear non-proliferation, and managing radioactive waste. Some key areas of nuclear engineering include power generation, weapons development, space applications, medical imaging and treatment, food irradiation, and more. Nuclear engineers work in government, national labs, power companies, the military, medicine, and academia developing and overseeing applications of nuclear technology.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in nuclear chemistry, including:
1) Nuclear stability and radioactive decay involve the emission of particles like alpha and beta from unstable nuclei. Different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) require different shielding methods.
2) Radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics and half-life is used to describe the rate of decay. Carbon-14 dating and lead-uranium dating use radioactive half-lives to determine the age of materials.
3) Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion release large amounts of energy. Fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei like uranium-235 and is used in nuclear power reactors. Fusion combines light nuclei and occurs in
1) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different atomic masses but the same atomic number. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable isotopes seek stability by changing their nucleus and releasing particles and energy.
2) Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay. It is constant for a given isotope and can be used to calculate how much of a sample will remain over time.
3) Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion involve changes in atomic nuclei through gaining or releasing particles or energy. Nuclear fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and is a source of energy, while fusion combines small nuclei into larger ones and occurs in
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
This document discusses a university course on nuclear physics and its goals of educating the public on basic nuclear concepts and issues. It outlines the course schedule which includes lectures on radiation properties, nuclear creation in the cosmos, applications of nuclear physics, and modern research frontiers. Laboratory sessions are planned to demonstrate radiation detection, half-life measurement, shielding, and source identification. The document also provides information on alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation, and examples of isotope half-lives and their applications.
Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat disease. Tracers are injected into patients and accumulate in organs, with uptake indicating healthy or diseased tissue. Imaging modalities like PET and SPECT detect radiation from tracers to create functional images of the inside of the body. Nuclear medicine provides high sensitivity to detect conditions like cancer and heart disease. It differs from CT and MRI which show anatomical structure.
L10 datta lecture on industrial radiation sourcesMahbubul Hassan
ย
1. The document discusses various industrial practices that utilize radiation sources, including non-destructive testing (NDT), well logging, irradiators, and nucleonic gauge practices.
2. It describes different types of equipment used in NDT, such as gamma radiography sources and containers, x-ray radiography equipment, accelerators, pipe crawler equipment, and real time radiography.
3. Guidelines for gamma radiography sources include requirements for marking, labeling, and documentation of exposure containers. Maximum permissible dose rates and inverse square law calculations are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear physics, covering topics such as radioactive decay, nuclear properties, and nuclear reactions. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of radioactivity and then discusses alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It also covers the properties of nuclei such as atomic number, mass number, radius, density, and forces within the nucleus. The document explains radioactive decay, decay rates, half-lives, and activity. It concludes by discussing natural radioactive decay series, nuclear fusion, and nuclear fission.
Physics in the news: Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Nuclear PowerDaniel Stillman
ย
This document discusses various topics in physics including nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, stellar nucleosynthesis, nuclear fission and fusion, atomic structure, nuclear power and energy, plate tectonics, earthquakes, tsunamis, and wave mechanics. It provides explanations of physical phenomena like alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, conservation of nucleons, and conservation of energy. It also discusses choices and tradeoffs around different energy sources.
The kilogram has been redefined based on fundamental constants rather than a physical artifact. It is now defined as the mass of a specific number of photons based on their frequency. This makes the kilogram definition independent of physical objects and valid for all cultures. The kilogram, along with other SI units, are now defined by fundamental particles and constants like the Planck constant. The new definition was adopted on World Metrology Day and makes measurements more precise and reproducible without reliance on physical prototypes.
Radiopharmacy involves the compounding and dispensing of radioactive materials for use in nuclear medicine procedures. Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They consist of radioactive isotopes attached to other molecules to allow for localization within the body. Radiopharmaceuticals are prepared following stringent quality control procedures to ensure safety, purity and sterility prior to administration. Effective shielding is also required to protect personnel from radiation exposure during preparation and handling.
Radiopharmaceuticals and all about radioactivitym.pdfsy6000217
ย
The document provides information about radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals. It discusses radioisotopes and defines them as elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Some key radioisotopes used in medicine like calcium-44 and calcium-45 are mentioned. The document then covers various topics related to radioactivity including radioactive decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma emissions), units of radioactivity like curie and becquerel, half-life, and methods of detecting and measuring radiation like ionization chambers and Geiger-Mรผller counters.
This document discusses the structure of atoms, radioactivity, and uses evidence about radiation and the universe to support the Big Bang theory. It describes:
1) The basic structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, and radioisotopes.
2) Different types of radiation including alpha, beta, and gamma rays and how they are produced and can be blocked.
3) How radioisotopes are used in medical tracers and carbon dating to measure material ages based on half-life decay.
4) Evidence from light spectroscopy showing redshift of spectra from distant galaxies, which suggests everything is moving away from a single point supporting the Big Bang theory of an expanding universe.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
ย
Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
1. Radiation and Half life
Radioactivity and particles
Radioactivity
understand that ionising radiations can be detected using
a photographic film or a Geiger-Muller detector
explain the sources of background radiation
understand that the activity of a radioactive source
decreases over a period of time and is measured in
becquerels
understand the term โhalf-lifeโ and understand that it is
different for different radioactive isotopes
use the concept of half-life to carry out simple calculations
on activity
2. Detecting radioactivity
Radioactivity can be
detected using
photographic film
or a Geiger counter.
Geiger tube and counter
Radiation badge containing
photographic film
3. Radiation badges
Photographic film
darkens on exposure
to radiation and light.
Light cannot
penetrate the badge
but ionising radiation
can.
Darkening of the film
indicates that a
person has been
exposed to too much
radiation.
Engineer at CERN
wearing a radiation badge
4. The Geiger tube
Radiation produces ions in a low pressure gas between
a central positively charged electrode and the outer
negatively charged tube. A pulse of current then flows
that is registered by the counter.
The thin mica window allows the least penetrating
radiation (alpha) to enter the tube. Gamma radiation and
most beta can enter through the sides of the metal tube.
5. Activity
The activity of a radioactive
source is equal to the number
of decays per second.
Activity is measured
in bequerels (Bq)
1 becquerel
= 1 decay per second
Henri Becquerel
discovered
radioactivity in 1896
6. Question 1
A radioactive source undergoes 72 000 decays over a
ten minute period.
What is its average activity in becquerels?
Activity in becquerels equals decays per second.
72 000 per 10 minutes
= 72 000 / 10 per minute
= 72 000 / (10 x 60) per second
= 72 000 / 600
= 120 per second
Activity = 120 becquerel
7. Question 2
A radioactive source has an activity of 25 Bq.
How many decays would be expected over a 3 hour
period?
Activity is 25 Bq
= 25 decays per second
= (25 x 60) = 1500 decays in one minute
= (1500 x 60) = 90 000 decays in one hour
= (90 000 x 3) decays in 3 hours
Number of decays in 3 hours = 270 000
8. Background radiation
Background radiation is
low-level ionising radiation
that is produced all of the
time.
Most of this radiation
occurs naturally but a small
amount is due to man-
made sources such as
nuclear weapon testing.
9. Radon gas
Radon gas accounts for about 50% of
natural background radiation.
Two isotopes of radon, radon 222 and
radon 220 (also known as thoron) are
produced by the radioactive decay of
uranium and thorium in the Earthโs crust
.
This gas seeps into the atmosphere
sometimes building up first inside the
basements and foundations of buildings.
Areas containing granite and other
igneous rocks, for example Cornwall,
have a higher than average amount of
background radiation due to radon gas.
Background radiation map of
England and Wales
10. Cosmic rays
Cosmic rays are a form of natural
background radiation produced by the
nuclear reactions occurring in stars
and exploding stars called
supernovae.
These produce high energy particles
which continually bombard the Earth.
Our atmosphere gives us good
protection from cosmic radiation.
Cosmic radiation is an issue that must
be considered in proposed manned
space exploration to Mars.
Exposure to cosmic radiation is
increased during jet travel
11. Internal radiation
Internal radiation is background
radiation due to radioactive sources
present inside our bodies.
Some of these are from naturally
occurring events. An example is
carbon 14 that is formed in the
atmosphere by the Sunโs radiation.
This behaves chemically and
biologically in the same way as non-
radioactive carbon 12.
Others such as strontium 90 are from
man-made events such as nuclear
weapons testing and accidents.
Strontium behaves like calcium in our
bodies.
We are all sources of
background radiation!
12. Artificial radiation
Artificial radiation is background
radiation due to man-made events or
procedures
Some is to due leakage and
accidents associated with the
generation of electricity using nuclear
energy. Some is due to fall-out from
nuclear weapon testing.
Radioactive tracers are used in
industry and medicine and
radioisotopes are used to treat
cancer.
Overall artificial radiation normally
accounts for only a small percentage
of background radiation.
The explosion of the
Chernobyl power plant in
the Ukraine in 1986 placed
significant radioactive
isotope into the
atmosphere.
14. Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Radioactivity was first discovered by Henri ___________ in
1896 when he noticed that the radiation emitted by an ore of
___________ caused the exposure of a _____________ plate.
Radioactivity can also be detected using a _________ tube
connected to an electronic _________ or rate meter.
Background radiation is mainly due to natural sources of
_________ radiation such as from ________ gas that seeps
out from rocks in the ground.
ionising
radon
counter
Becquerel uranium
Geiger
WORD SELECTION:
photographic
ionising radon
counter
Becquerel
uranium
Geiger
photographic
16. Half-life
The activity of a radioactive sample decreases over
time.
The half-life of a radioactive sample is the average time
taken for half of the original mass of the sample to
decay.
How fast a sample decays is proportional to the
amount of radioactive material/radioactive atoms
Doesnโt depend on the age of the atom
19. Half-lives of some radioactive isotopes
Uranium 238 = 4500 million years
Uranium 235 = 704 million years
Plutonium 239 = 24 100 years
Carbon 14 = 5600 years
Strontium 90 = 29 years
Hydrogen 3 (Tritium) = 12 years
Cobalt 60 = 5.2 years
Technetium 99m = 6 hours
Radon 224 = 60 seconds
Helium 5 = 1 x 10-20 seconds
20. Example 1 - The decay of
a sample of strontium 90
Strontium 90 has a half-life
of 29 years.
In 2012 a sample contains
19.2g of strontium 90
The mass of strontium 90
in the sample halves every
29 years.
Year Mass of
strontium 90 (g)
2012
2041
2070
2099
2128
2157 0.60
1.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
18.2
When will the mass have fall to 0.15 g? 2215
21. Question 1
At 10am in the morning a radioactive sample contains
80g of a radioactive isotope. If the isotope has a half-
life of 20 minutes calculate the mass of the isotope
remaining at 11am.
10am to 11am = 60 minutes
= 3 x 20 minutes
= 3 half-lives
mass of isotope = ยฝ x ยฝ x ยฝ x 80g
mass at 11 am = 10g
22. Question 2
Calculate the half-life of the radioactive isotope in a
source if its mass decreases from 24g to 6g over a
period of 60 days.
24g x ยฝ = 12g
12g x ยฝ = 6g
therefore TWO half-lives occur in 60 days
half-life = 30 days
23. Other ways of defining half-life
In terms of activity of a source:
The half-life of a radioactive source is the
average time taken for the activity of the
source to decrease to half of its initial value.
In terms of the number of nuclei:
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the
average time it takes for half of the nuclei of
the isotope to decay into some other isotope.
24. Example 2 โ The decay of source Z
Source Z decays with a
half-life of three hours.
At 9 am the source has
an activity of 16000 Bq
The activity halves every
three hours.
Time Activity
(Bq)
9 am
12 noon
3 pm
6 pm
9 pm
midnight 500
1000
2000
4000
8000
16000
When will the activity have fallen to 125 Bq? 6 am
25. Example 3 โ The decay of isotope X
Isotope X decays to
Isotope Y with a half-
life of 2 hours.
At 2 pm there are
6400 nuclei of
isotope X.
Time Nuclei of
X
Nuclei of
Y
2 pm
4 pm
6 pm
8 pm
10 pm
midnight 200
400
800
1600
3200
6400
6200
6000
5600
4800
3200
0
When will the nuclei of isotope X fallen to 25? 6 am
26. Question 3
A radioactive source has a half-life of 3 hours.
At 8 am it has an activity of 600 Bq.
What will be its activity at 2 pm?
at 8 am activity = 600 Bq
2 pm is 6 hours later
this is 2 half-lives later
therefore the activity will halve twice
that is: 600 ๏ 300 ๏ 150
activity at 2 pm = 150 Bq
27. Question 1 โ The decay of substance P
Substance P decays
to substance Q with
a half-life of 15
minutes. At 9 am
there are 1280 nuclei
of substance P.
Complete the table.
Time Nuclei of
X
Nuclei of
Y
9 am
9:15
9:30
9:45
10 am
10:15 40
80
160
320
640
1280
1240
1200
1120
960
640
0
How many nuclei of substance X will be left at 11 am? 5
28. Question 4
A sample contains 8 billion nuclei of hydrogen 3
atoms. Hydrogen 3 has a half-life of 12 years. How
many nuclei should remain after a period 48 years?
48 years = 4 x 12 years
= FOUR half-lives
nuclei left = ยฝ x ยฝ x ยฝ x ยฝ x 8 billion
nuclei left = 500 million
29. Finding half-life from a graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (seconds)
number
of
nuclei
half-life
The half-life in this
example is about
30 seconds.
A more accurate
value can be
obtained be
repeating this
method for a other
initial nuclei
numbers and then
taking an average.
30. Question 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time (seconds)
activity
(Bq)
Estimate the half-life of
the substance whose
decay graph is shown
opposite.
The half-life is
approximately 20
seconds half-life
31. Question 2
The mass of a radioactive substance over a 8 hour period
is shown in the table below.
Draw a graph of mass against time and use it to determine
the half-life of the substance.
Time
(hours)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mass (g) 650 493 373 283 214 163 123 93 71
The half-life should be about 2 hours:
32. Choose appropriate words or numbers to fill in the gaps below:
The ________ of a radioactive substance is the average time
taken for half of the _______of the substance to decay. It is
also equal to the average time taken for the ________ of the
substance to halve.
The half-life of carbon 14 is about _______ years. If today a
sample of carbon 14 has an activity of 3400 Bq then in 5600
years time this should have fallen to ______ Bq. 11200 years
later the activity should have fallen to ____ Bq.
The number of carbon 14 nuclei would have also decreased
by ______ times.
eight half-life
5600 425 activity
1700
WORD & NUMBER SELECTION:
nuclei
eight
half-life
5600
425
activity
1700
nuclei
33. Radiation and Half-life
1. Describe two ways in which radioactivity can be detected.
2. What is meant by โbackground radiationโ Give and explain
three examples of this radiation.
3. What is meant by the activity of a radioactive source? In what
unit is it measured?
4. Define โhalf-lifeโ. Give three examples of half-life.
5. Sketch a graph showing how the mass of a radioactive isotope
of half-life two days would change from 160g over a period of
ten days.
34. Online Simulations
Radioactive decay law - half-life graph - NTNU
Radioactive decay and half-life - eChalk
Half-life with graph - Fendt
Half-life with graph - 7stones
Alpha Decay - PhET - Watch alpha particles escape from a Polonium
nucleus, causing radioactive alpha decay. See how random decay times
relate to the half life.
Half-Life - S-Cool section on half-life and uses of radioactivity including an on-
screen half-life calculation and an animation showing thickness control.
Hidden Pairs Game on Half Life - by KT - Microsoft WORD
Various Radioactive Materials in the Home - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip
(4:30mins)
BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision:
Detecting radiation
Natural sources of background radiation
Artificial radiation
Half life