09_electronics (1).ppt
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This document provides an overview of diodes and rectification components. It discusses how diodes allow current to flow in only one direction and how their circuit symbols represent this. The document then explains how diodes are made from semiconductors like silicon and how LEDs work. It describes how full-wave diode bridges can be used to rectify AC current into DC and how capacitors and voltage regulators can further smooth the output. Finally, it briefly introduces transistors and operational amplifiers.
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DIODES.ppt
This document discusses diodes and rectification. It explains that diodes allow current to flow in only one direction and are made of semiconductor materials like silicon. Diodes are used in circuits like full-wave bridge rectifiers to convert alternating current into direct current by only allowing the current to flow in one direction. Smoothing circuits with capacitors and voltage regulators are then used to produce a steady direct current from the rectified output. The document also briefly introduces transistors and operational amplifiers.
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It is very useful for medical entrance exams civil services exam SSC exams which is one of the best for your exams which is one shot of my own fault in our English Hindi dictionary is se jyada bhartiyan ki jayengi to nhi
basic electronics
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3) An introduction to diodes and their usage in half-wave and full-wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC, as well as smoothing the output with capacitors.
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- Power supplies and voltage regulation including diode bridges, smoothing capacitors, zener regulators, and voltage regulator ICs.
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Computer : is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own memory unit.
A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output.
An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as Information).
Explanations;
A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of electronic components and uses electric energy (such as electricity) to operate.
A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions temporarily awaiting processing, and even holds the intermediate result (information) before it is communicated to the recipients through the Output devices.
It works on the data using the instructions issued, means that, the computer cannot do any useful job on its own. It can only work as per the set of instructions issued.
A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is normally held within the computer as it is being processed.
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The document provides an overview of basic electronics concepts including:
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- Power supplies including diode bridges to convert AC to DC, smoothing capacitors, voltage regulators like zener diodes and voltage regulator ICs, and switching power supplies.
- Semiconductor devices like diodes, LEDs, transistors and how they can be used as switches or amplifiers.
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Diode data sheet for alarm type project
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DIODES.ppt
This document discusses diodes and rectification. It explains that diodes allow current to flow in only one direction and are made of semiconductor materials like silicon. Diodes are used in circuits like full-wave bridge rectifiers to convert alternating current into direct current by only allowing the current to flow in one direction. Smoothing circuits with capacitors and voltage regulators are then used to produce a steady direct current from the rectified output. The document also briefly introduces transistors and operational amplifiers.
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The document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics concepts and components. It begins with definitions of key terms like electricity, voltage, current and atomic structure. It then explains components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they work. Different circuit applications using these components are discussed, including rectifiers, amplifiers and oscillators. The document serves as training material for an introductory workshop on circuit design and analysis.
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2) Examples of fundamental circuits like voltage dividers and the impact of output impedance on power supplies.
3) An introduction to diodes and their usage in half-wave and full-wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC, as well as smoothing the output with capacitors.
4) Voltage regulation using zener diodes or voltage regulator ICs to provide a stable output voltage regardless of load or input variations.
5) An overview of transistor operation and
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The document provides an overview of basic electronics concepts including:
- Basic circuit analysis including Ohm's law, resistors and capacitors in series/parallel, and voltage dividers.
- Power supplies and voltage regulation including diode bridges, smoothing capacitors, zener regulators, and voltage regulator ICs.
- Semiconductor devices like diodes, LEDs, and transistors and their usage in rectification, switching, and amplification applications.
- Concepts of impedance, output impedance, and buffering are discussed in the context of driving loads from power supplies and transistors.
08_electronics.ppt
Computer : is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own memory unit.
A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output.
An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as Information).
Explanations;
A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of electronic components and uses electric energy (such as electricity) to operate.
A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions temporarily awaiting processing, and even holds the intermediate result (information) before it is communicated to the recipients through the Output devices.
It works on the data using the instructions issued, means that, the computer cannot do any useful job on its own. It can only work as per the set of instructions issued.
A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is normally held within the computer as it is being processed.
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The document provides an overview of basic electronics concepts including:
- Basic circuit analysis including Ohm's law, resistors and capacitors in series/parallel, and voltage dividers.
- Power supplies including diode bridges to convert AC to DC, smoothing capacitors, voltage regulators like zener diodes and voltage regulator ICs, and switching power supplies.
- Semiconductor devices like diodes, LEDs, transistors and how they can be used as switches or amplifiers.
The document examines these concepts through examples and diagrams to explain fundamental electronics topics at a high level.
Diode data sheet for alarm type project
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to pass in only one direction. It has low resistance to current in the forward direction and high resistance in the reverse direction. The most common use of diodes is for rectification, converting alternating current to direct current. When selecting a diode, its current handling capability, maximum reverse voltage, and forward voltage drop must be considered. Common types of diodes include silicon junction diodes, which have a p-n junction structure and exhibit asymmetric conduction. Diodes have applications in radio demodulation, power conversion, overvoltage protection, logic gates, and temperature measurement.
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
#artificialintelligence #softcomputing #machinelearning #technology #datascience #python #deeplearning #tech #robotics #innovation #bigdata #coding #iot #computerscience #data #dataanalytics #engineering #robot #datascientist #software #automation #analytics #ml #pythonprogramming #programmer #digitaltransformation #developer #promptengineering #generativeai #genai #chatgpt #artificial #intelligence #datamining #networkscommunications #robotics #callforsubmission #submissionsopen #deadline #opencall #virtual #conference
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
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09_electronics (1).ppt
- 1. Household Electronics Diodes & Rectification Component Identification
- 2. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 2 Diodes • Diodes are essentially one-way current gates • Symbolized by: • Current vs. voltage graphs: V I V I V I V I 0.6 V plain resistor diode idealized diode WAY idealized diode no current flows current flows the direction the arrow points in the diode symbol is the direction that current will flow acts just like a wire (will support arbitrary current) provided that voltage is positive
- 3. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 3 Diode Makeup • Diodes are made of semiconductors (usually silicon) • Essentially a stack of p-doped and n-doped silicon to form a p-n junction – doping means deliberate impurities that contribute extra electrons (n-doped) or “holes” for electrons (p-doped) • Transistors are n-p-n ir p-n-p arrangements of semiconductors (like oreo cookies) p-type n-type
- 4. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 4 LEDs: Light-Emitting Diodes • Main difference is material is more exotic than silicon used in ordinary diodes/transistors – typically 2-volt drop instead of 0.6 V drop • When electron flows through LED, loses energy by emitting a photon of light rather than vibrating lattice (heat) • Anything with an LED cares about the battery orientation (it’s still a diode, after all) • LED efficiency is 30% (compare to incandescent bulb at 10%)
- 5. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 5 Getting DC back out of AC • AC provides a means for us to distribute electrical power, but most devices actually want DC – bulbs, toasters, heaters, fans don’t care: plug straight in – sophisticated devices care because they have diodes and transistors that require a certain polarity • rather than oscillating polarity derived from AC • this is why battery orientation matters in most electronics • Use diodes to “rectify” AC signal • Simplest rectifier uses one diode: AC source load input voltage voltage seen by load diode only conducts when input voltage is positive
- 6. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 6 Doing Better: Full-wave Diode Bridge • The diode in the rectifying circuit simply prevented the negative swing of voltage from conducting – but this wastes half the available cycle – also very irregular (bumpy): far from a “good” DC source • By using four diodes, you can recover the negative swing: A C B D AC source load input voltage voltage seen by load B & C conduct A & D conduct
- 7. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 7 Smoothing out the Bumps • Still a bumpy ride, but we can smooth this out with a capacitor – capacitors have capacity for storing charge – acts like a reservoir to supply current during low spots – voltage regulator smoothes out remaining ripple A C B D AC source load capacitor
- 8. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 8 Voltage Regulator: Setting the Voltage • Can trim down ripply voltage to precise, rock-steady value • Now things get complicated! – We are now in the realm of integrated circuits (ICs) • ICs are whole circuits in small packages • ICs contain resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, etc.
- 9. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 9 Transistors: a brief glimpse • Transistors have made our modern world possible • Sort-of like diodes end-to-end (npn and pnp junctions – but the sandwiched junction is very thin, and this is important • A small current on the “base” can control a large current flowing from “collector” to “emitter” • Can be used as an amplifier – make a weak signal stronger • Or used as a switch – pedal-to-the-metal saturation regime • Both are incredibly useful
- 10. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 10 Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps) • In essence, an op-amp is an idealized transistor/amplifier • Has > 20 transistors inside • Idyllic properties: – linear amplification – temperature insensitivity – versatile • So useful that electronics builders have trays full of them, and use them like “jelly-beans”
- 11. Spring 2006 UCSD: Physics 8; 2006 11 Assignments/Announcements • Q/O #2 due tomorrow by 6 PM • Midterm 5/04 (next Thu.) 2PM WLH 2005 – will post study guide on course website – will have review session TBA – Use Green Scantron: Form No.: X-101864 – Bring #2 pencil, calculators okay
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