Ussher calculated that the Earth was created on October 23, 4004 BC based on biblical chronology. He also dated other biblical events like Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden on Monday, October 10, 4004 BC and Noah's ark landing on Mount Ararat on Wednesday, May 5, 2348 BC. The document then discusses various dating techniques used in geology like stratigraphy, fluorine analysis, pollen analysis, and radioactive carbon dating to determine the absolute and relative age of geological features and fossils. It provides examples of evidence for past ice ages like erratic boulders, moraines, U-shaped valleys, and drowned river valleys.

1. Time and Western Weltanschauung
Attenuatedof Time: the past (4004BC)
The Abyss view of Unraveling the
Mystery of the Earth’s AgeTo
James Ussher (1581-1656), Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland, and
Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin. Of his many works, his treatise on
chronology has proved the most durable. Based on an intricate correlation of Middle
by Claude C. Albritton
Eastern and Mediterranean histories and Holy writ, it was incorporated into an
authorized version of the Bible printed in 1701, and thus came to be regarded with
almost as muchfor the American Book Award in Science in Having established the
Nominated unquestioning reverence as the Bible itself. 1981, "The Abyss of
first day of creation as Sunday 23 Octobergeological sciences: How old setthe in the
Time tackles the primary question of the 4004 BC, by the arguments is forth
passage below, accessible and entertaining to nonscientific readers, concluding, for
Earth? Easily Ussher calculated the dates of other biblical events, it reflects the
example, that Adam thinking were driven from Paradise andMonday about the
passionate, lifelong and Eve of a distinguished scientist on teacher 10 November
metaphor and reality of time.
4004 BC, and that the ark touched down on Mt Ararat on 5 May 2348 BC `on a
Wednesday'.

2. Dating Techniques
Relative
Absolute

3. Dating Techniques
Relative
Stratigraphy
Fluorine analysis Nicholas Steno’s (1638-1686) Law
William Smith (1769-1839) 1911 - first skull fossils found
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/03/piltdown_man/html/default.stm
Pollen analysis found in a 1912 - discoveries publicised
observed that the fossils
of Superposition
section of sedimentary rock were 1915 - Charles Dawson dies
Seriation order from the 1949 -- Piltdown ages queried
always in a certain
1953 Fossil fakes unmasked
bottom to the top of the section.

4. 5,450+/-500BP (TX97)
Dating Techniques
Absolute
Radioactive Carbon (C-14, Carbon 14)
Potassium-Argon (K-Ar)
Dendrochronology
Varve Analysis

5. THE PLEISTOCENE
Evidence for the Ice Age
Louis Agassiz - Swiss/American Naturalist.
Charles Lyell - English Geologist.
Principles of Geology
The Doctrine of Uniformity….the
processes we can see shaping the
earth today are the same ones that
worked in the past.

6. THE PLEISTOCENE
Evidence for the Ice
Age
Erratic Boulders.
Moraines.
U-Shaped Mountain Valleys.
Eskers, Drumlins.
Scratched and Polished Bedrock.
Dry Lakes and Drowned River Valleys

7. Erratic Boulder
THE PLEISTOCENE
Along the road to Inspiration Point in Yellowstone
National Park there are many erratics. One is this
house-sized granite boulder sitting in the pine forest
alongside the road. It was plucked from the Beartooth
Mountains by a glacier and dropped on the north rim
of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone nearly 80,000
years ago.

8. Glacial Moraine
When a glacier moves down a drainage or a valley, it pushes ahead of itself
a large burden of debris, known as glacial till. This debris is completely
unsorted by the long term geological processes that usually separate
materials and is composed of gravels, dirt and clay, and large and small
boulders call glacial erratics.
The maximum advance of a glacier is marked by a terminal moraine. Later
stages in the recession of the glacier are marked by end moraines. Lateral
moraines may mark the height reached by the glacier up the sides of the
glacier's path. These moraines hold more water than the surrounding
glacial gravels in their soil and are therefore more heavily timbered than
the surrounding area.
In Grand Teton National Park a number of lakes, including Jenny and
Jackson Lakes, are formed by glacial moraines.

9. U-Shaped Mountain
Canyons
The “Beartooth” North of Inspiration Point. The U-
Shaped canyon walls indicate a glacier once flowed in
this valley and carried debris creating erratic boulders
and moraines.

10. A Drowned River Valley
Chesapeake Bay on the eastern seaboard of the United
States is an excellent example of a drowned river
valley. (Image courtesy of NASA.)

11. Pleistocene Sequence
Years Ago
10,000 - End of most recent glacial episode.
Upper Paleolithic
100,000 - Wurm, Wisconsonian
Middle Paleolithic
300,000 - Riss, Illinoian
Lower Paleolithic
1 MBP - Elster, Kansan
2 MBP - Tiglian, Jersian
Villafranchian (pre-Pleistocene)