TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx

Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subject Terms:
Abstract:
Full Text Word Count:
ISSN:
Accession Number:
Database:
Section:
Record: 1
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets. (cover story)
Tolson, Jay
U.S. News & World Report. 1/29/2007, Vol. 142 Issue 4, p64-
67. 2p. 3
Color Photographs.

Article
*HISTORY
*COLONIES
*ARCHAEOLOGY
JAMESTOWN (Va.)
GREAT Britain
AMERICA
UNITED States
The article discusses the work that archaeologist William Kelso
has
performed at the original site of the Jamestown colony. After
visiting the
site as a graduate student at the College of William and Mary in
the
1960s, Kelso formulated a theory that the original fortress in
the colony
was not in the low-lying stretch of ground now underwater. The
article
presents details concerning Kelso's theories about the
Jamestown
settlement.

1283
00415537
23828219
Academic Search Complete
Special Report - The Jamestown Story
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets
A DETERMINED ARCHAEOLOGIST CHALLENGES OLD
BELIEFS
On the south side of Jamestown Island stands an imposing
bronze statue of Capt. John Smith, put up in
1907 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the colony he
helped to found. For most of the past century,
a loose archaeological consensus held that the statue looked out
over the site of the original settlement, a
stretch of low-lying ground long ago eaten away by the swiftly
flowing currents of the James River.
The loss of that land, and the stories that its subterranean
contents might have told, became a kind of coda
to the standard historical interpretation of the colony itself: that
Jamestown had been a largely unsuccessful
venture, carried out by genteel adventurers and military men ill-
suited to the task of wresting a livelihood

from a rugged wilderness. That they had failed to build their
palisaded encampment on higher ground was
further proof of their ineptitude. No wonder Jamestown took a
back seat to Plymouth Rock in American
history textbooks.
Lingering doubts. But one man who had doubts about the
established consensus has been almost single-
handedly responsible for overturning it-and with it, much of the
older thinking about the first years of the
Virginia Company's colony. Since 1993, as chief archaeologist
of the Association for the Preservation of
EBSCOhost
http://ezproxy.wpunj.edu:2654/ehost/delivery?sid=3fefb1bd-
1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
Virginia Antiquities, William Kelso has been directing the
Jamestown Rediscovery Project, pursuing a hunch
born exactly 30 years before. A graduate student at the nearby
College of William and Mary when he first
visited the island, he was unconvinced by the park ranger's
spiel. Why, Kelso wondered, would those first
settlers not have put their base on higher ground where later,

during the Civil War, Confederate soldiers had
thrown up an artillery earthwork? Kelso knew that desultory
digs in and around the Civil War mound in the
1950s had failed to find traces of the original James Fort. Yet
his suspicions were reinforced by a book,
Here Lies Virginia, that he read a few months after his visit to
the island. The author, Ivor Noel Hume, a
British archaeologist at Colonial Williamsburg, had argued that
burial grounds discovered near the
earthwork suggested that the original fortress stood nearby.
Noel Hume later changed his mind, but the idea continued to tug
at Kelso, even as he went on to do
"rescue" archaeology along the James River, a large-scale
excavation of a colonial site on the Georgia
coast, and further graduate study at Emory University.
Eventually becoming director of archaeology at
Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, he worked extensively on the
plantation's slave quarters. Kelso, a
weathered but exceptionally fit 65, describes slavery as "one of
the two great undocumented stories of early
America." Yet as absorbed as he was in his work at Monticello,
he never lost interest in what he calls "the
forgotten century of American history." So when the APVA
offered him a chance to tackle one of the 17th

century's enduring mysteries, he jumped. "The main goal was to
find evidence of the original 1607
settlement," he says. "It seemed like a good idea to find out
what was really going to be commemorated in
2007."
Previous archaeological work on Jamestown Island had barely
explored that question. While the APVA had
purchased 22.5 acres in 1893, including the Confederate
earthwork, the earliest excavations focused on the
ground beneath the tower of the 1617 church and the adjacent
cemetery. In 1903, an Army Corps of
Engineers officer tasked with building a sea wall came across
several important structures to the west of the
earthwork, including foundations of the third and fourth
statehouses. (After the statehouse complex burned
down in 1698, the capital moved to Williamsburg and
Jamestown slowly died, much of its land reverting to
agricultural use.) In the '30s, the National Park Service acquired
the some 1,500 acres of the island not
owned by the APVA, sponsoring digs that revealed the grid of
the town, which had spread eastward from
the original fort. But apart from the brief foray into the
Confederate mound in the '50s, no effort had been put

into finding the remains of the settlement that most believed the
river had swallowed.
Inch by inch. Working alone at first, Kelso started to dig his
first 10-foot-square "quilt" of ground at a slight
depression between the 1617 church tower and the river,
working toward the earthwork. Immediately finding
17th-century ceramics, he and visiting archaeologists soon
located something even more important: a
straight line of darkly stained circular patches of earth, varying
from 5 to 12 inches in diameter, dimensions
consistent with reports of the size of posts used to build the
palisade walls. Years of further work with a
growing permanent staff would find traces of all three "skirts"
of the palisade plus the outlines of the circular
bulwarks that were built at each corner as gun emplacements.
While the river had eaten away the west
bulwark, half of the south bulwark, and most of the south wall,
roughly 90 percent of the 1.1-acre interior of
the original fort remained on terra firma. (Skirts extending from
the east wall might have been added early
on to protect houses built just beyond the original triangle,
creating a shape closer to Smith's description of
a pentagon.)
As Kelso's crews continued, the excavations yielded an ever

growing trove of evidence: shadowy traces of
some of the first structures (from primitive lean-tos built
against the palisade walls to the more sophisticated
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
2 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
"mud and stud" barracks and factory), as well as cellars, pits,
wells, and graves whose contents would
contribute to the nearly 1 million artifacts so far discovered.
The objects, many of which are now on display
in the APVA on-site Archaearium, include tools, weapons,
medical implements, human remains, religious
paraphernalia, and even a tobacco seed that might have been
among those that John Rolfe imported from
the Caribbean and started planting in 1613. But what is the
larger story that all these findings tell?
For his part, Kelso hopes the take-away lesson of the 400th
anniversary is that Jamestown was anything
but a botched enterprise. "I won't overstate that there weren't
losers sent over here," he says, "but there
were more good people who made this colony work than there
were inadequate ones." Doubt the colonists'

savvy? The siting of the fortress itself was testament to their
military sense, enabling their artillery to
dominate river traffic while sitting beyond the range of ship-
borne guns. Question their grit? The
construction of the fort in a mere 19 days amid fierce heat and
sniping from local Indians was a feat
unequaled even by the much better equipped builders of the set
of the recent movie The New World. Think
the colonists lacked entrepreneurial zeal? Artifacts indicate a
rich diversity of industrial and craft ventures,
ample proof that those men (and, soon, women) quickly set to
work trying to make a profit for their
company. Other findings fill in details about life in the first
successful English colony in America, showing,
for instance, even more interaction and, possibly, intermarriage
with Indians than once was thought.
"For so long, Jamestown was more like a myth than reality,"
says Kelso. "But to find it-this three-
dimensional thing-pulls it all together and breathes life into it.
It makes it credible and real. And the myth just
sort of evaporates."
PHOTO (COLOR): Archaeologist William Kelso, at the
Jamestown fort, never gave up on his theory.

PHOTO (COLOR): TREASURES. An apothecary jar, a
candlestick, a jug fragment, lead shot, and a
fishhook are among colonial-era items recovered.
PHOTO (COLOR): Archaeologists expose postholes of the fort
~~~~~~~~
By Jay Tolson
Copyright 2007 the U.S. News & World Report, L.P. All rights
reserved.
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
3 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
Read the scenario below:
Mark sued a bank for injuries. He was not paying attention as
he entered the bank because he was looking at his phone. And
he fell suffering $10,000 in injuries. Prior to the fall, the janitor
had buffed the floor. The janitor had an IQ of 70. Normally, the
janitor was closely supervised. However, today his manager was
extremely tired, and the manager didn’t notice that the janitor
had carelessly used way too much floor wax that was extremely
slippery.
Answer the questions:
Is the bank liable for the janitor’s negligence? (Be sure to go
through all the elements.)
Additionally, note that under the doctrine of respondeat superior
the bank WILL be liable for any potential negligence of the
janitor employee?

What defenses will the bank assert?
Assume that the jurisdiction does not recognize assumption of
risk or contributory negligence. The jurisdiction does recognize
the defense of comparative negligence.
The requirements below must be met for your paper to be
accepted and graded:
· Write between 500 – 750 words (approximately 2 – 3 pages)
using Microsoft Word.
· Use APA format
· Use font size 12 and 1” margins.
· Include cover page and reference page.
· Use at least two references
· NO PLAGIARISM
Mark sued a bank for injuries.
He was not
paying attention as he entered the bank because he was
looking at his phone. And he fell suffering $10,000 in injuries.
Prior to the fall, the janitor had buffed the
floor. The janitor had an IQ of 70. Normally, the janitor was
closely supervised. However
, today his
manager was extremely tired, and the manager didn’t notice that
the janitor had carelessly used way
too much floor wax that was extremely slippery.
Is the bank liable for the janitor’s negligence

? (B
e sure to go through all the elements.)
Addit
ionally, note that under the doctrine of respondeat superior the
bank
WILL
be liable for any
potential negligence of the janitor employee?
risk or contributor
y negligence. The
jurisdiction does recognize the defense of comparative
negligence.
accepted and graded
:
·
Write between 500
–
750 words (approximately 2
–

3 pages) using Microsoft Word.
·
Use APA format
·
Use font size 12 and 1” margins.
·
Include cover page and reference page.
·
Use at least t
wo references
·
NO PLAGIARISM
Mark sued a bank for injuries. He was not paying attention as
he entered the bank because he was
looking at his phone. And he fell suffering $10,000 in injuries.
Prior to the fall, the janitor had buffed the
floor. The janitor had an IQ of 70. Normally, the janitor was
closely supervised. However, today his
manager was extremely tired, and the manager didn’t notice that
the janitor had carelessly used way
too much floor wax that was extremely slippery.

Is the bank liable for the janitor’s negligence? (Be sure to go
through all the elements.)
Additionally, note that under the doctrine of respondeat superior
the bank WILL be liable for any
potential negligence of the janitor employee?
risk or contributory negligence. The
jurisdiction does recognize the defense of comparative
negligence.
accepted and graded:
– 750 words (approximately 2 – 3 pages)
using Microsoft Word.
Briefs
Clara Barton's MIA Mission
The General Services Administration, after a
10-year search, has found a partner for a Clara
Barton museum in the former Washington, D.C,
boardinghouse where she tried to track down

missing Civil War soldiers.
The National Museum of
Civil War Medicine, based
in Frederick, Md., has
agreed to operate the site,
which may open in a semi-
restored state as early as
this year. 'There are still things in there that she
touched," says George Wunderlich, executive
director of the Maryland institution. "While we
are going to make this a modern museum,
we are going to try to disturb that space as little
as humanly possible."
Was Columbus Polish?
No, this isn't a joke. A Portuguese historian, in his
third book about Christopher Columbus, claims
that the explorer was a Polish prince—the son
of King Vladislav III, who is commonly thought
to have been killed in a 1444 battle. But author

Manuel Rosa puts forth a sequence of events
that seems worthy of an Errol Flynn movie:
Vladislav survived the battle, then migrated
to Madeira and fathered Columbus with a
Portuguese noblewoman.
Lifting the Lid on D.C.
A number of developers, architects and
urbanologists are questioning the 1910 act of
Congress that restricts the height of buildings in
Washington, D.C. A formula based on street
width means no new building can be higher than
160 feet. In addition to aesthetic sniffing about
"boring" architecture seen as boxy, there are those
who want to goose commercial and residential
development in order to boost tax revenue.
Pocahontas sat for a formal English portrait during a 1616 visit
to London.
Likely
Pocahontas
Wedding Site

Unearthed
POCAHONTAS, THE INDIAN PRINCESS who
married Englishman John Rolfe in April 1614,
is the most celebrated bride of the colonial era.
So the l'ecent discovery of postholes for the
Jamestovra church where the nuptials may
have occurred came with a light coating of
glamour. The daughter of Chief Powhatan, who headed a net-
vî ork of tribes in the Tidewater region of Virginia, Pocahontas
was a linchpin for the ne'er-do-well settlement at Jamestown.
Legend has it that she intervened to prevent the execution of the
colony's founder, Captain John Smith. She subsequently adapted
to English ways whue being held captive for ransom, converted
to Christianity and became a living-and-breathing bridge
between the Old World and the New, While there are no docu-
mented historical details on the wedding's site, William Kelso,
director of archaeological research and interpretation for
Historic Jamestowne, couldn't help but feel some of the buzz
Pocahontas has generated through the ages. "I can stand in the
place where she was married," he says. "It's pretty neat that you
can say that about somebody who had that status."
1 think I can say, and say with pride that we
have some legislatures that bring higher
prices than any in the world - Mark Twain (1873)
APRIL 2011 7
Copyright of American History is the property of Weider
History Group and its content may not be copied or

emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the
copyright holder's express written permission.
However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.
Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subject Terms:
Geographic Terms:
Abstract:
ISSN:
Accession Number:
Database:
Record: 1
A Native Take on Jamestown.
Scham, Sandra

Archaeology. Jan/Feb2006, Vol. 59 Issue 1, p24-29. 6p. 11
Color
Photographs.
Article
*ARCHAEOLOGY
*HISTORY
JAMESTOWN (Va.)
VIRGINIA
UNITED States
The article focuses on the historical significance of the colonial
settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. The "official" Jamestown
story is that
given by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
(APVA), which
has controlled most of the site on Jamestown Island since 1893.
King
James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company, London
entrepreneurs, to establish a settlement in the Chesapeake
region of
North America. When the ships landed on Jamestown Island in
1607, the
colonists were promptly met with a hail of Indian arrows.
Because of this,
a palisaded wooden fort was the first building project to be
undertaken by
the colonists. They picked an island far upstream to avoid the
Spanish,
who had previously attempted to establish a settlement in
Virginia.
Previous limited archaeological work at Jamestown had failed to
find

evidence of the remains of the James Fort, and most scholars
had
assumed the site had washed away into the river. Then the
Jamestown
Rediscovery Project was launched in 1994, under the direction
of William
Kelso, as an ambitious effort to recover the history of
Jamestown through
excavations of its primary structures, beginning with fort. Since
then, his
team has uncovered more than 250 feet of two palisade wall
lines, the
east cannon projection, three cellars, and a building--all part of
the
triangular fort. What will probably become very significant for
all of these
scholars over the next couple of years is the story that is told to
visitors
about Jamestown when they start to come there in the droves
expected
by the APVA for the settlement's 400th anniversary as well as a
result of
curiosity generated by The New World.
3250
00038113
19097572
A Native Take on Jamestown
Four centuries later, the colony still provokes debate (and just
what was the deal with Pocahontas?)

EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
WHEN THE SHIPS Of English colonists first dropped anchor
four centuries ago, the peninsula carved out
by the York and James Rivers in what is today the state of
Virginia was already densely settled by
prosperous farmers. For generations, the bounty from this land
had given the native peoples leisure from
the constant toil that had consumed their forebears--leisure to
engage in alliances and warfare and to trade
goods with neighbors up and down the East Coast. The colonists
found houses and gardens dotting the
floodplain and some of the native forests cleared for agriculture
to support these large settlements. They
also soon discovered that one powerful tribal group had come to
dominate as many as 30 others, ruling
several hundred towns and villages. The name of the paramount
chief of this impressive confederacy has
come down to us as simply that of the people he ruled--
Powhatan.
Thanks in no small part to Walt Disney, most people can
probably offer at least a sketchy outline of what
happened next: Powhatan's supposed "favorite" daughter,
Pocahontas, formed a close friendship with the
Englishman John Smith. In American mythology, Pocahontas
and the dashing Smith fall in love after she
saves his life. In reality, Smith was a crusty military man some
14 years her senior and, according to some

scholars, had a self-proclaimed habit of being "saved" by
women of all ages. Archaeologists who have been
working for most of their careers on or near the sites where this
event purportedly took place have been
both intrigued and plagued by the myth.
While the relationship between the chief's daughter and the
colonial captain has often been misconstrued
as a love story, few people are aware that the Smith-Pocahontas
encounter was only one small element in a
complex relationship between two peoples that may have been
pivotal in determining the fate of what was
to become the United States. Now with the 400th anniversary of
the establishment of Jamestown coming in
2007, and Hollywood revisiting the first meetings between the
English and the Powhatan in Terence
Malick's The New World, American popular culture seems to be
embracing the idea that the early events at
Jamestown did have an outcome of epic proportions.
The "official" Jamestown story is that given by the Association
for the Preservation of Virginia (APVA), which
has controlled most of the site on Jamestown Island since 1893.
(Today, it is operated jointly with the
National Park Service.) King James I granted a charter to the
Virginia Company, London entrepreneurs, to
establish a settlement in the Chesapeake region of North
America. When the ships landed on Jamestown
Island in 1607, the colonists were promptly met with a hail of
Indian arrows. Because of this, a palisaded
wooden fort was the first building project to be undertaken by
the colonists. They picked an island far
upstream to avoid the Spanish, who had previously attempted to
establish a settlement in Virginia. Their
fear in this case was well founded: the slaughter of 350
Frenchmen in 1565 by the Spanish, in order to

block the effort of the French to establish Fort Caroline on the
coast of Florida ("The Forgotten Fight for
America," January/February 2005), was well known to other
European nations that wanted to gain a
foothold in the New World. These ever-present international
conflicts between European nations may have
been more of a factor in the building and location of the fort
than hostile natives, but the Indian attacks that
continued sporadically decimated the colony's original
population. There were other times when the
Powhatan Indians, from their political and economic base of
Werowocomoco, enabled the colony to stave
off famine by providing them with food in exchange for metal
goods and implements. With the arrival of Lord
De La Ware and his supply ships in 1609, the colonists were
able to recover their numbers and bring the
colony back.
In the early days of unstable alliances between the Indians and
the colonists, there also seems to have
been a number of kidnappings, on both sides, of important
persons. Smith was saved from execution by
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
2 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
Pocahontas during his captivity among the Powhatans, and
Pocahontas herself was captured by colonists a
few years later and moved to a new settlement, Henrico, where
she was instructed in the Christian faith.
There is no doubt that Pocahontas respected John Smith, and he,

in turn, was very appreciative of her
qualities. He describes her as: "…a child of tenne yeares old,
which not only for feature, countenance, and
proportion much exceedeth any of the rest of his (Powhatan's)
people but for wit and spirit (is) the only
non-pariel of his countrie." Despite this mutual admiration,
most historians agree that there was never a
romantic link between the two. Pocahontas eventually married a
prosperous tobacco planter named John
Rolfe.
As expected, a general peace and a spirit of goodwill between
the English and the Indians resulted from this
marriage. But the Indians eventually abandoned their quiescent
attitude and attacked the settlement in
earnest, killing three hundred people in 1622. The result of this
event was the revocation of the Virginia
Company's charter, and Virginia became a crown colony.
Subsequently, Jamestown was the capital of
Virginia until its statehouse burned in 1698 and the capital
moved to Williamsburg. After that, the
Jamestown settlement began to die out. There were later
military posts on the island during the American
Revolution and the Civil War, but no town emerged to replace
the earliest settlement, and the site reverted
to farmland.
Previous limited archaeological work at Jamestown had failed to
find evidence of the remains of the James
Fort, and most scholars had assumed the site had washed away
into the river. Then the Jamestown
Rediscovery Project was launched in 1994, under the direction
of William Kelso, as an ambitious effort to
recover the history of Jamestown through excavations of its
primary structures, beginning with fort. Since
then, his team has uncovered more than 250 feet of two palisade

wall lines, the east cannon projection,
three cellars, and a building--all part of the triangular fort.
Kelso is justifiably proud of this achievement, but is also quick
to credit his erstwhile mentor and colleague,
Ivor Noel Hume, a Briton who has spent a career studying his
native country's early colonization of his
adopted homeland: Noel Hume pointed him in the right
direction in looking for the elusive fort. Noel gave me
Here Lies Virginia [one of Noel Hume's many books on Virginia
archaeology], and there was a section in
there suggesting that [the fort] was in the vicinity of the
Confederate earthwork."
Although there is no doubt that the colony of Jamestown was a
failure economically, as Kelso declares, this
fact has become overshadowed by its prominence as the first
permanent English settlement in the
Americas. Indeed, Jamestown was the site of a number of other
historical firsts as well. The first
representative assembly in the Americas took place in the
Jamestown church on July 30, 1619, and the
colony also inadvertently began another American historical
institution with a far more tragic legacy. A Dutch
slave trader exchanged its "cargo" of Africans for food at the
settlement in 1619, although in this case the
Africans became indentured servants, the American slave
system developed only 60 years later. In spite of
all of this, Kelso is not certain that the significance of
Jamestown is fully understood. Jamestown, he says,
has seen the genesis of America's basic institutions. "Right
here: the first trial. If you care about where
everything started, it's right here: the rule of law, the beginning
of representative government. For better or
worse, it started here."

Noel Hume would place the American genesis a bit further
back, about two decades, to the time of Thomas
Harlot, whose book Briefe and True Report of the New Found
Land of Virginia is described in detail in Noel
Hume's book The Virginia Adventure. Hariot's vivid images of
the natural treasures to be found in the New
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
3 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
World convinced his audience that the land was ripe for
colonization. Speaking about his excavation of the
site of Hariot's workshop on Roanoke Island, Noel Hume says,
"It was in this structure where… it was
determined that America was a viable investment. So one can go
to this small piece of ground, about 4 or 5
meters square, and say, 'Here, this is the place, this is the site
that started it all,' and had the decision not
been made we would all be talking in Spanish."
There are scholars who would go back further still to find the
beginnings of today's America. Martin
Gallivan--the William and Mary professor who has found the
principal residence of chief Powhatan from
1607 to 1609, Werowocomoco--is one of these. "Native actors
were powerful players," says Gallivan. "In the
opening days it was the Powhatans that supported the
colonists." It was that support that the colonists
came to depend upon so much that James I eventually arranged
for an absurd ceremony to "crown"
Powhatan and invest him with dominion over the lands he and

his family had possessed for generations.
Werowocomoco, often translated as "king's house," was the
central village of Powhatan's chiefdom, a
complex political entity of as many as 15,000 people spread
across most of coastal Virginia. Although
publicly known as the "village where Pocahontas lived,"
archaeological exploration of the site is unlikely to
give us any more details about the events in her life. What it has
told us, however, is no less surprising and
may eventually help to answer an even more important question
than the nature of Pocahontas' love life.
Combined with the discoveries at the James Fort by Kelso,
Werowocomoco may yet reveal why the Indians
at Jamestown were so willing to enable English settlement in
the area.
The village was documented by a number of seventeenth-
century mapmakers (including John Smith in
1612). When English colonists showed up in the New World,
their view was that "the first thing you do is
produce a map," says Gallivan, who relied on some fairly
detailed maps from the period to pinpoint the
location of the site in 2001. In terms of Powhatan, it is solely
documentary sources that tell us about the
number of people and the number of paramount chiefs over
which he had power, says Gallivan. The
challenge for the archaeological record is to correlate this
material with the range of burial practices found at
the site--the number of secondary burials in pits, for example,
as opposed to primary interments in mounds
with elaborate; grave goods that might indicate that chiefs were
treated differently in death.
According to Gallivan, by the time of the colonists' arrival,
Werowocomoco was a "enormously powerful and
complex" society with a social hierarchy and a political

economy. So why would such a powerful society
permit--facilitate, in fact--the interlopers? Some scholars,
Gallivan says, have looked to the resources that
could be obtained from the settlers in trade. Powhatan may have
allowed colonists to survive because he
saw them as a source of worked copper, for example. Although
there were many native copper sources, the
English brought metallurgical skills. Evidence from the James
Fort does demonstrate that people at the fort
made copper trade jewelry specifically designed to please the
local Indian populations and for which they
could trade food. (In fact, the crown that James I sent for
Powhatan's "coronation" was a copper one.)
Based on historical accounts, Kelso concludes that the
relationship was "on again, off again--it wasn't
consistent." He continues, "At one moment [the Indians] are
besieging the fort, and the next they're friendly."
As to why Powhatan did not make a serious effort to rout the
colonists, Kelso says, "I don't know. Powhatan
may have been a realist." Obviously the technology possessed
by the colonists strengthened their odds of
survival." And then, "there's Pocahontas--there isn't a lot of
warfare after she assumes a role. Whether
Powhatan could not or would not get rid of these immigrants is
a mystery, but I think the archaeologists
have filled in a lot."
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
4 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM

The real surprise at the fort for the archaeologists was its great
collection of contact period material. The
classic stories of Indians on one side of the fence and colonists
on the other, whether it was during times of
friendly or unfriendly relations, is disproved by the
archaeological finds. From all periods, according to
Kelso, there were Powhatans on both sides of the palisades.
There is, in fact, a great deal of evidence of
Indians actually making stone tools inside the fort. Analysis of
artifacts and documentary sources has
conclusively demonstrated that "40 or 50 colonists 'married
with' the Indians. We look at all of this material
and say… there was more interaction than we think."
One point upon which the three archaeologists appear to agree
is that the nature of the Indian-colonist
relationship has never been fully understood. While Kelso feels
that neither the colonists nor the Indians
have been given sufficient credit for their mark on history,
Gallivan sees that the Indians have been placed
in the background. "With the exception of a few places, there is
little opportunity for the general public to
appreciate Native American culture of the region."
Kelso adds, "The two civilizations were really close in their
development--one wasn't savage and one wasn't
civilized. I think that comes out in our work.'"
Noel Hume has gone even further in suggesting in his most
recent historical work, Civilized Men, that "the
Indians were [the] civilized men and the English were [the]
barbarians." The book, Noel Hume says, is
"based on the documentary history and is an attempt to show the
relationships between the grand
civilization of the Indians in conflict with the English
civilization," suggesting that the typical view of the

Indian and colonist relationship was, in reality, reversed. He
continues, "I would prefer to see a greater
understanding of what the Indian culture was and why it came
sword to bow with the colonists." Captain
John Smith's reports, to some extent, corroborate this rather
jaundiced view of the colonists. He writes that
whenever he left the fort to explore or barter for food, the inept
and slothful colonists he left behind allowed
the place to deteriorate. With respect to these sources, however,
Kelso cautions. "Most of the literature had
an axe to grind. Yes, people were dying and the company failed,
but when they failed, there were 132
people in the colony."
What will probably become very significant for all of these
scholars over the next couple of years is the story
that is told to visitors about Jamestown when they start to come
there in the droves expected by the APVA
for the settlement's 400th anniversary as well as a result of
curiosity generated by The New World. For
Gallivan, the film, whether accurate or not, seems to be
basically irrelevant. While he thinks it would be fine
if the Jamestown commemoration sparked an interest in the
Indian past of the area, he has a broader
purpose in mind. The history of Indian and colonist at
Jamestown is complicated, in his view, by the general
history of disease and violence attendant to most of these
relationships. Because he knew there were still
descendants of the Powhatan and related tribes in the vicinity of
the site, he and his team "recognized from
the beginning that this was a great opportunity to involve these
communities." Consequently, they invited
chiefs of all tribes to the site and solicited their support by
keeping them updated about the findings, in some
cases having people from the tribes participating in the
excavations. Although the land that his site is on is

privately owned, he says that the property owners were quick to
recognize that the living descendants of
these historic tribes "feel a real connection to the place."
Noel Hume, who began his career in theater, is quick to
acknowledge the dramatic aspects of exploring the
past; his latest book is based on an original screenplay that
might well have served as a prototype for the
movie--had the filmmakers been interested in making the story
itself historically accurate, rather than just
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
5 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
the sets and costumes. He is less than enthusiastic about
Hollywood treatments of the history he knows so
well in general. "I do not have much to say about the film other
than that the basic premise of a love affair
between Smith and Pocahontas does not serve history well," he
says. Noel Hume, like most scholars, is
quite certain that the relationship between John Smith and
Pocahontas was not of a romantic nature and
has even suggested (in The Virginia Adventure) that the
legendary story of the young Indian woman saving
Smith's life was a dramatic episode carefully orchestrated by
her father in order to save face while at the
same time recruiting Smith as a future ally.
A phase of a new marketing plan for Jamestown entitled
"Windows to the New World," takes a more
pragmatic view: any publicity is good publicity. Kelso is

similarly direct about his participation in Terence
Malick's Hollywood epic. When asked whether he was
concerned about being associated with The New
World, he replied, "I don't care if it's a bad movie. Good or bad-
-anything that helps Jamestown, helps
people come to Jamestown, is fine. With the Pocahontas Disney
movie, we had this huge spike in
visitation." He mentions the reconstruction of the fort for the
new movie and says, "they came and talked to
us about what we think the fort looked like. They did research--
they had the greatest designer. Then one
day they called and said, 'Come up and see what you think.' We
walked in and said, 'Yes, that's what James
Fort was like.' I'm telling you--the fort looks totally authentic.
The story--that's Hollywood."
PHOTO (COLOR): Archaeologists are discovering that the
relationship between Native Americans and
English colonists was more complex than history books would
have us think.
PHOTO (COLOR): Most scholars had assumed the original
James Fort had been washed away into the
river, but since 2004 a significant amount of the structure,
including more than 250 feet of palisade wall, has
been discovered.
PHOTO (COLOR): Despite their power, the Powahatan may
have accepted an English presence in their
territory in exchange for metallurgical skills the colonists
brought with them. This copper material was found
in the James Fort.
PHOTO (COLOR): William Kelso, director of the Jamestown
Rediscovery Project, excavates a cellar in the
James Fort.

PHOTO (COLOR): While the colonists' advanced metallurgical
skills, which enabled them to manufacture
metal armor, strengthened their odds of survival, Pocahontas
may have also protected them.
PHOTO (COLOR): Martin Gallivan was able to locate
Werowocomoco, the seat of chief Powhatan, with the
help of 17th-century maps.
PHOTO (COLOR): The challenge at the site is to correlate
archaeological material with documentary
sources.
PHOTO (COLOR): Pocahontas and John Smith may have felt
nothing more than admiration for each other,
but their mythologized romance continues to serve as a vehicle
for countless retellings of the Jamestown
story, most recently in The New World (with Q'Orianka Kilcher
and Colin Farrell).
PHOTO (COLOR)
PHOTO (COLOR)
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
6 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
PHOTO (COLOR)
~~~~~~~~

By Sandra Scham
SANDRA SCHAM is a contributing editor as well as the editor
of Near Eastern Archaeology. Her interest in
archaeology began with a visit to Jamestown when she was ten
years old.
Copyright of Archaeology is the property of Archaeological
Institute of America and its content may not be
copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv
without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
7 of 7 3/13/2013 4:57 PM
Title:
Source:
Document Type:
Subject Terms:
Abstract:
ISSN:

Accession Number:
Database:
Record: 1
Is that a fact?
British Heritage. Feb97, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p71. 2/3p. 1 Black and
White
Photograph.
Article
*POWHATAN Indians
*LEGENDS
Provides information on the legend of Pocohontas, a 17th
century
Powhatan Indian Princess. How the Walt Disney film
`Pocohontas,'
sought to clear up misconception about the princess; Difference
between
the film and Pocohontas' real life.
377
01952633
9701211111

IS THAT A FACT?
Thanks to the talents of the Wait Disney animators, the name of
the 17th-century Powhatan Indian
Princess, Pocohontas, is a household word. Critics of the Disney
film are quick to list historical inaccuracies
in the newest version of the story-:--some glaring, others more
subtle. The most fundamental difference
between film and reality, however, may be less due to modern
creative licence than to generations of faulty
history.
The centrepiece of the legend of Pocohontas and the English
colonist John Smith is the tale of how she
supposedly intervened in Smith's execution, thereby saving his
life. Some historians now believe, based on
Smith's description of the event, that his life was never in
danger, and that he had simply misinterpreted an
Indian ritual intended to initiate him into the tribe.
Also in contrast to the film, the real Pocohontas chose to visit
England, although not to be with Smith, but in
the company of John Rolfe, whom she had married. (The real
Pocohontas never showed any romantic

interest in Smith.) She would have done better to have stayed in
Virginia, as she decides in Disney's version
of the story. In London, she was the toast of society, travelling
under the new name of Lady Rebecca Rolfe,
and attending a reception at the Palace of Whitehall. But the
damp climate of England was as unfamiliar to
her as the heat of Virginia had been to the English colonists.
She became seriously ill and Rolfe made plans
to return with her to Virginia. Their ship got only as far as
Gravesend before it became apparent that
Pocohontas would not survive. She was buried in London.
IS THAT A FACT? brings you little-known and offbeat facts
about the people, places, and events that make
ups. Britain's heritage. We invite readers to share their own
favourite historical and cultural titbits with us. If
we use yours, we'll send you a small girl from our products
inventory as a token of our thanks. Send all
correspondence to: IS THAT A FACT? British Heritage
magazine, P.O. Box 8200, Harrisburg, PA
171058200. U.S.A. All submissions must include a source that
can be used to verify the facts provided.
PHOTO (BLACK & WHITE): Pocohontas
Copyright of British Heritage is the property of Weider History
Group and its content may not be copied or

EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 2 3/13/2013 5:01 PM
emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the
copyright holder's express written permission.
However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.
EBSCOhost
1c57-4e9c-...
2 of 2 3/13/2013 5:01 PM
Critical Thinking Assignment #2
Our Disney Version (1995)
Plot
In 1607, a ship of British settlers of the Virginia Company sets
sail to the "New World". On
board the ship are Captain John Smith and the voyage's leader

Governor Ratcliffe, who seeks to
find large amounts of gold in the New World to assure a strong
a position at the British court.
The ship gets caught in a storm, and Smith saves a young,
inexperienced man named Thomas
from drowning. In the Powhatan Tribe in the New World,
Pocahontas, daughter of Chief
Powhatan, dreads being possibly wed to Kocoum, a brave
warrior whom she sees as too
"serious" when conflicting with her spirited personality. Chief
Powhatan gives Pocahontas her
deceased mother's necklace as a present. Pocahontas, along with
her friends, the gluttonous
raccoon Meeko and hummingbird Flit, visit Grandmother
Willow, a spiritual talking willow tree,
and talks with her of a possibly prophetic dream involving a
spinning arrow, and her confusion
regarding what her "path" in life should be. Grandmother
Willow then alerts Pocahontas to the
presence of the arriving Englishmen.
Governor Ratcliffe has a fortress built in a wooded clearing,
naming it Jamestown, and
immediately has the crewmen begin digging for gold. Smith
departs to explore the wilderness,
and eventually encounters Pocahontas. They quickly bond,
fascinated by each other's worlds.
The two end up falling in love, countermanding Chief
Powhatan's orders to keep away from the
Englishmen after Kocoum and other warriors engage them in a
fight. Meanwhile, Meeko meets
Percy, Ratcliffe's spoilt dog, and becomes the bane of his
existence. Pocahontas introduces Smith
to Grandmother Willow and avoids two other crewmen;
however, Pocahontas' friend Nakoma
discovers her relationship with Smith and warns Kocoum.

Thomas also follows Smith, and both
he and Kocoum witness the two kissing. In a jealous rage,
Kocoum attacks and tries to kill Smith
but is himself killed by Thomas. An enraged Chief Powhatan
declares war on the crewmen, and
Smith is to be executed at sunrise.
Thomas warns the crewmen of Smith's capture, and Ratcliffe
rallies the men to battle as an
excuse to annihilate the tribe and find their non-existent gold. A
guilt-ridden Pocahontas visits
Grandmother Willow's tree, where Meeko hands her John
Smith's compass. Realizing Smith's
compass was the spinning arrow from her prophetic dream, she
is pointed in the direction of
Smith, leading to her destiny. She successfully stops Smith's
execution and convinces her father
to cease the hostilities between the two groups. All parties
accept gracefully, but Ratcliffe tries to
shoot Chief Powhatan in anger with Smith taking the bullet. The
governor is captured and
arrested by the crewmen. In the end, Smith is forced to return
home to receive medical treatment,
with Pocahontas and Chief Powhatan's blessing to return in the
future.
Critical Thinking Assignment #2
History v. Archaeology
Who would win?
A notable historian (he who shall not be named) once noted that

the pen is mightier than the
trowel and went on to say that since we already “know” what
happened with historic sites, there
is no need to excavate such sites. Follow the directions below
and on a separate sheet of paper,
provide your answers, thoughts, understandings, etc. with
respect to the questions and
information provided along the way.
1. What are your initial thoughts on this comment?
2. Now off the top of your head, tell me the story of the
Jamestown settlement. No
cheating…don’t look anything up….just tell me what you can.
3. Now, off the top of your head, tell me the story of
Pocahontas.
Now read “Reading 1” in the Critical Thinking Assignment
folder #2.
4. Now summarize what you learned about Jamestown &
Pocahontas that you didn’t know
before.
Now read “Reading 2” in the same folder.
5. Now tell me how you feel about the relationship between
Smith and Pocahontas.
Now
6. Tell me what you know about the Native Americans who
lived in the area at the time of
the arrival of the Jamestown settlers. Again, no
cheating…anything off the top of your head and

from where you think you might know it. As many facts you
can think of…
7. Tell me your thoughts on the relationship (positive &
negative) between the Colonists
and the Native Americans.
Now read “Reading 3.”
8. How has this article changed any of your
views/understandings?
Finally, read “Reading 5” and “Reading6” and list all the new
things that you know and how you
feel about the initial statement way up at the beginning of this
assignment.

TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx

Similar to TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx (11)

More from herthalearmont

More from herthalearmont (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

TitleAuthorsSourceDocument TypeSubject Ter.docx