Ramona Mercer developed the Maternal Role Attainment Theory, which posits that maternal role attainment is an interactive and developmental process that occurs over time. Some key concepts in the theory include maternal age, perception of birth experience, self-esteem, flexibility, childrearing attitudes, social support, attachment, and infant temperament. The theory is based on Mercer's 25 years of research and draws from other theorists like Mead, von Bertalanffy, Werner, Erikson, and Rubin. Major assumptions include that the mother's core self influences her perceptions and that the infant actively participates in the maternal role attainment process.
BIOGRAPHY OF FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH, AS AN EDUCATOR AND RESEARCHER, INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING, ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTION, CONCEPT, STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE CLIENT’S PROBLEM, 11 NURSING SKILLS, USE OF 21 PROBLEMS IN THE NURSING PROCESS AND LIMITATIONS
Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousnessحسين منصور
The theory of health as expanding consciousness stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible, (Newman, 2010).
The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease, (Newman, 2010).
The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness, (Newman, 2010).
Dr. Roy also had a opportunity to be a clinical nurse scholar two year post doctoral program in neuroscience Nursing at University of California.
she selected this field to develop her understanding of the holistic person especially as an adaptive system and because of her familiarity with this clinical area as the result of her own neurological illness.
Yes I am scrolling through the day and I know you are the best that I can get it is what it is what it is what it is what it has a lot of time on the other side
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
BIOGRAPHY OF FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH, AS AN EDUCATOR AND RESEARCHER, INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING, ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTION, CONCEPT, STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE CLIENT’S PROBLEM, 11 NURSING SKILLS, USE OF 21 PROBLEMS IN THE NURSING PROCESS AND LIMITATIONS
Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousnessحسين منصور
The theory of health as expanding consciousness stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible, (Newman, 2010).
The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease, (Newman, 2010).
The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness, (Newman, 2010).
Dr. Roy also had a opportunity to be a clinical nurse scholar two year post doctoral program in neuroscience Nursing at University of California.
she selected this field to develop her understanding of the holistic person especially as an adaptive system and because of her familiarity with this clinical area as the result of her own neurological illness.
Yes I am scrolling through the day and I know you are the best that I can get it is what it is what it is what it is what it has a lot of time on the other side
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
The role of a mother in a person's life is often considered to be of great importance. A mother is the first person who nurtures, loves and cares for a child from the very beginning of their life.
A mother's love is often seen as an unconditional love that is unmatched by any other relationship.
Mothers provide emotional and physical support to their children, which plays a crucial role in their development. They are a constant source of guidance, encouragement, and motivation, helping their children to navigate life's challenges and overcome obstacles.
Mothers also play a significant role in shaping their children's values, beliefs, and attitudes. They are often the primary caregivers and teachers, passing on important life skills and knowledge that help their children become responsible adults.
Furthermore, a mother's love and presence can have a positive impact on a child's mental and emotional well-being. Children who have a strong bond with their mother are more likely to have higher self-esteem, be more resilient, and have better mental health outcomes.
In summary, a mother's role in a person's life is significant and cannot be overstated. The love, care, and guidance that a mother provides are essential to a child's growth and development, and the impact of a mother's influence can be felt throughout a person's life.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 524 (2011), pp 368–3.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52:4 (2011), pp 368–397 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x
Annual Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences
Jennifer Barrett and Alison S. Fleming
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Quality of mothering relies on the integrity of multiple physiological and behavioral systems and on two maternal factors, one proximal and one distal, that have a great impact on how a mother mothers: postpartum depression and early experiences. To mother appropriately requires the action of systems that regulate sensation, perception, affect, reward, executive function, motor output and learning. When a mother is at risk to engage in less than optimal mothering, such as when she is depressed or has experienced adversity in childhood, the function of many or all of maternal and related systems may be affected. In this paper, we will review what is currently known about the biological basis of mothering, with attention to literature on hormones but with a particular focus on recent advances in the fields of functional neuroimaging. Instead of discussing strictly ‘maternal’ brain imaging studies, we instead use a systems approach to survey important findings relevant to brain systems integral to and/or strongly related to the mothering experience: (a) social behavior; (b) reward and affect; (c) executive function; and
(d) maternal behavior. We find that there are many commonalities in terms of the brain regions iden- tified across these systems and, as we would expect, all are sensitive to the influence of, or function differently in the context of, depression and adverse early experience. It is likely that the similarity and cross-talk between maternal, affect and stress systems, observed behaviorally, hormonally and in the context of brain function, allows for mood disturbance and early adverse experiences to have a signif- icant impact on the quality of mothering and the motivation to mother. Keywords: Adversity, maternal depression, brain imaging, parenting, mothers.
The interaction between a mother and her infant can be like a dance. There are routines, standards and missteps, there is give and take, there is unparalleled intimacy, there are often vast differences in skill level and motivation, there is learning. A mother must learn to be an adept partner, being sensitive to the needs of her offspring while ultimately guiding the quality and nature of care to ensure normal growth and development. This dance can beautiful, it can be tender, it can be awkward, it can be difficult. And sometimes it just does not occur!
Romanticism aside, the mother–offspring dance is influenced by and interacts with many factors, including mothers’ physiology, cultural and family context, maternal cognitions, maternal affect and stress and the early environment, n ...
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 524 (2011), pp 368–3.docxdonnajames55
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52:4 (2011), pp 368–397 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x
Annual Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences
Jennifer Barrett and Alison S. Fleming
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Quality of mothering relies on the integrity of multiple physiological and behavioral systems and on two maternal factors, one proximal and one distal, that have a great impact on how a mother mothers: postpartum depression and early experiences. To mother appropriately requires the action of systems that regulate sensation, perception, affect, reward, executive function, motor output and learning. When a mother is at risk to engage in less than optimal mothering, such as when she is depressed or has experienced adversity in childhood, the function of many or all of maternal and related systems may be affected. In this paper, we will review what is currently known about the biological basis of mothering, with attention to literature on hormones but with a particular focus on recent advances in the fields of functional neuroimaging. Instead of discussing strictly ‘maternal’ brain imaging studies, we instead use a systems approach to survey important findings relevant to brain systems integral to and/or strongly related to the mothering experience: (a) social behavior; (b) reward and affect; (c) executive function; and
(d) maternal behavior. We find that there are many commonalities in terms of the brain regions iden- tified across these systems and, as we would expect, all are sensitive to the influence of, or function differently in the context of, depression and adverse early experience. It is likely that the similarity and cross-talk between maternal, affect and stress systems, observed behaviorally, hormonally and in the context of brain function, allows for mood disturbance and early adverse experiences to have a signif- icant impact on the quality of mothering and the motivation to mother. Keywords: Adversity, maternal depression, brain imaging, parenting, mothers.
The interaction between a mother and her infant can be like a dance. There are routines, standards and missteps, there is give and take, there is unparalleled intimacy, there are often vast differences in skill level and motivation, there is learning. A mother must learn to be an adept partner, being sensitive to the needs of her offspring while ultimately guiding the quality and nature of care to ensure normal growth and development. This dance can beautiful, it can be tender, it can be awkward, it can be difficult. And sometimes it just does not occur!
Romanticism aside, the mother–offspring dance is influenced by and interacts with many factors, including mothers’ physiology, cultural and family context, maternal cognitions, maternal affect and stress and the early environment, n.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
2. Ramona T. Mercer
• She was the Nahm Lecturer
1984 at the University of
California.
• earned a diploma from St.
Margaret’s School of Nursing
in Montgomery, Alabama. She
earned an undergraduate
degree in nursing with
distinction from the University
of New Mexico in 1962,
followed by a master’s degree
in maternal child nursing from
Emory University in 1964.
3. Ramona T. Mercer
• For ten years, she worked as a staff
nurse, head nurse and instructor.
• a faculty member at Emory
University for five years until she
left to pursue doctoral studies in
maternity nursing at the University
of Pittsburgh.
• 1988: Distinguished Research
Lectureship Award, Western
Society for Research in Nursing
(inaugural award)
• 2003: Living Legend, American
Academy of Nursing
• 2004: Distinguished Alumni Award,
University of New Mexico College
of Nursing
5. Theoretical Sources
• Mead’s Interactionist Theory of Self
• Von Bertalanffy’s General Systems Theory
• As her research developed into attainment of the
maternal role, she also combined the work of Werner
and Erikson with Burr and associates’ theory to
develop a theoretical framework of role theory from an
interactionist approach.
• Reva Rubin’s research on maternal role attainment and
Mercer’s own research conducted on the different
variable affecting the maternal role ere also major
theoretical sources.
6. Empirical Evidence
• Mercer’s theory is based on the evidence of her research
spanning 25 years. Many other researchers’ findings were
also used in the formulation of the Maternal Role
Attainment Theory.
• Rubin dealt with role attainment from the point of
acceptance of the pregnancy to 1-month postpartum;
Mercer looked beyond that period to 12 months
postpartum.
8. Major Concepts and Definitions
• MATERNAL ROLE ATTAINMENT
- an interactional and developmental process occurring
over a period of time, during which the mother
becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence
in the care-taking tasks involved in the role, and
expresses pleasure and gratification in the role.
- “The movement to the personal state in which the
mother experiences a sense of harmony, confidence,
and competence in how she performs the role is the
end point of maternal role attainment – maternal
identity.”
9. Major Concepts and Definitions
• MATERNAL AGE - chronological and
developmental
• PERCEPTION OF BIRTH EXPERIENCE – a
woman’s perception of her performance
during labor and birth.
• EARLY MATERNAL-INFANT SEPARATION –
separation from the mother after birth due to
illness and/or prematurity
10. Major Concepts and Definitions
• SELF-ESTEEM – an individual’s perception of how others view
ones and self-acceptance of the perception
• SELF-CONCEPT (SELF-REGARD) – “The overall perception of
self that includes self-satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-esteem,
and congruence of discrepancy between self and ideal self.”
• FLEXIBILITY – Roles are not rigidly fixed. Therefore, who fills the
roles is not important. “Flexibility of childrearing attitudes
increases with increased development…older mothers have the
potential to respond less rigidly to their infants and to view
each situation in respect to the unique nuances.”
11. Major Concepts and Definitions
• CHILDREARING ATTITUDES – maternal attitudes or beliefs about
childrearing.
• HEALTH STATUS – “The mother’s and father’s perception of their
prior health, current health, health outlook, resistance-
susceptibility to illness, health worry concern, sickness
orientation and rejection of the sick role.”
• ANXIETY – a trait in which there is specific proneness to prceive
stressful situations as dangerous or threatening, and as situation-
specific state.
• DEPRESSION - “Having a group of depressive symptoms, and in
particular, the affective component of the depressed mood.”
12. Major Concepts and Definitions
• ROLE STRAIN - the conflict and difficulty felt by the women
in fulfilling the maternal role obligation.
• GRATIFICATION – the satisfaction, enjoyment, reward, or
pleasure that a woman experiences in interacting with her
infant, and in fulfilling the usual tasks inherent in
mothering.
• ATTACHMENT – a component of the parental role and
identity. Attachment is viewed as a process in which an
enduring affectional and emotional commitment to an
individual is formed.
13. Major Concepts and Definitions
• INFANT TEMPERAMENT – an easy versus a difficult
temperament, it is related to whether the infant sends
hard-to-read cues, leading to feelings of incompetence
and frustration in the mother.
• INFANT HEALTH STATUS – Illness causing maternal-infant
separation, interfering with the attachment process.
• INFANT CHARACTERISTICS – temperament, appearance,
and health status.
14. Major Concepts and Definitions
• FAMILY – a dynamic system which includes subsystems –
individuals (mother, father, fetus/infant) and dyads
(mother-father, mother-fetus/infant, and father-
fetus/infant) within the overall family system.
• FAMILY FUNCTIONING – the individual’s view of the
activities and relationships between the family and its
subsystems and broader social units.
• STRESS – positively and negatively perceived life events
and environmental variables.
15. Major Concepts and Definitions
• SOCIAL SUPPORT – the amount of help actually received,
satisfaction with that help, and the persons (network)
providing that help.
4 AREAS:
1. Emotional – feeling loved, cared for, understood.
2. Informational - helps the individual help herself by providing
information that is useful in dealing with the problem and/or
situation.
3. Physical - a direct kind of help.
4. Appraisal – a support that tells the role taker how she is performing in
the role; it enables the individual to evaluate herself in relationship to
other’s performance in the role.
16. Major Concepts and Definitions
• MOTHER-FATHER RELATIONSHIP – perception of the
mate relationship that includes intended and actual
values, goals, and agreements between the two.
• CULTURE – the total way of life learned and passed
on from generation to generation.
18. Major Assumptions
1.A relatively stable core self, acquired through life long
socialization, determines how a mother defines and
perceives events; her perceptions of her infant's and
others' responses to her mothering, with her life
situation, are the real world to which she responds.
2.The mother's developmental level and innate
personality characteristics also influence her
behavioral responses.
3.The mother's role partner, her infant, will reflect the
mother's competence in the mothering role through
growth and development.
19. Major Assumptions
4.The infant is considered an active partner in the
maternal role-taking process, affecting and being
affected by the role enactment.
5.The father or mother's intimate partner contributes to
role attainment in a way that can't be duplicated by
any other supportive persons.
6.Maternal identity develops with maternal attachment
and each depends on the other.
20. NURSING
• Mercer does not define nursing but
refers to nursing as a science
emerging from a “turbulent
adolescence to adulthood”
• Nurses are the health professionals
having the most “sustained and
intense interaction with women in
the maternity cycle.”
• Obstetric Nursing is the diagnosis
and treatment of women’s and
men’s responses to actual or
potential health problems during
pregnancy, childbirth, and the
postpartum period.
21. PERSON
• Mercer does not specifically define
person but refers to the “self” or
“core-self”. She views the self as
separate from the roles that are
played.
• Through maternal individuation, a
woman may regain her own
“personhood” as she extrapolates
her “self” from the mother-infant
dyad.
• The core self evolves from a culture
context and determines how
situations are defined and shaped.
22. HEALTH
• Mercer stresses the importance of health
care during the child bearing and child-
rearing process.
• The health status is an important indirect
influence on satisfaction with
relationships in childbearing families. She
defines health status as the mother and
father's perception of their prior health,
current health, health outlook, resistance-
susceptibility to illness, health worry or
concerns, sickness orientation and
rejection to sick role
• Health status of the newborn is the
extent of disease present and infant
health status by parental rating of overall
health.th relationships in childbearing
families.
23. ENVIRONMENT
• Mercer's definition on environment is taken from
Bronfrenbenner's definition of the ecological
environment in which maternal role attainment
develops.
• Development of role/person can't be considered apart
from the environment: there is a mutual
accommodation between the settings, relationships
between settings are embedded.‘
• Mercer's model shows nesting of the mother and
infant with the microsytem, mesosystem and
macrosystem. The model indicates the environmental
factors such a social support, stress, and family
functioning within the microsystem and environmental
factors such as work setting, school, and daycare
impact role attainment. Stresses within the
environment therefore, influence both maternal and
parental role attainment and the developing child.
26. 1.) The microsystemis the immediate
environment where maternal role attainment occurs. This
indicates the family and factors such as family functioning,
mother-father relationships, social support and stress. The
infant is an individual embedded within the family system.
This system is the most influential on maternal role
attainment and attainment is achieved within the
microsystem through the interactions of father, mother and
infant.
27. 2.) The mesosystemencompasses, influences, and
delimits the microsystem. The mother-infant unit is not
contained within the mesosystem, but the mesosystem
may determine in part what happens to the developing
maternal role and the child. It includes extended family,
school, work church and other entities within the mother's
more immediate community. The exosystem, the previously
used term, is an extension of the mesosystem. It is the
interrelationships of two or more settings or subsystems
that more directly influences the mother such as
interactions between works setting, daycare, local laws and
rules, community and church.
28. 3.) The macrosystemrefers to the general
prototypes existing in a particular culture or transmitted
cultural consistencies which include the social, political and
cultural influences on other two systems. It is in the
macrosystem where the health care environment and the
impact of current health care system on maternal role
attainment originate.
• Maternal role attainment is a process that follows four
stages of role acquisition; these stages have been adapted
from Thornton and Nardi's 1975 research. These four
stages are indicated as microsystem within the evolving
model of Maternal Role Attainment.
29.
30. a. Anticipatory Stage: Begins ion the pregnancy and includes the
initial social and psychological adjustments to pregnancy. The mother
learns the expectations of the role, fantasizes about the role, related to
the fetus in the uterus, and begins role play.
b. Formal Stage: Begins with the birth of the infant and includes
learning and taking of the role of the mother. Role behaviors are guided
by formal, consensual expectations and others in the mother's social
system.
c. Informal Stage: Begins as the mother develops unique way of
dealing with the role not conveyed by the social system. The woman
makes her new role fit within her existing lifestyle based on past
experiences and future goals.
d. Personal Stage: Role Identity Stage occurs as the woman
internalizes her role. The mother experiences harmony, confidence and
competence in the way she performs the role and the maternal role is
achieved.
31. • These four stages of role acquisition overlap
and are altered as the infant grows as and
develops. The final stage of maternal role
identity may be achieved in many period of
time. The stages are influenced by social
support, stress, family functioning, and the
relationship between the mother and father
or significant others.
32. • Traits and behaviors of both the mother and the infant
may influence maternal role identity and child outcome.
• Maternal traits and behaviors included Mercer's model are
empathy, sensitivity to infant cues, self-esteem and self-
concept,
• parenting received as a child, maturity and flexibility,
attitude, pregnancy and birth experience, health,
depression and role conflict.
• Infant traits having an impact on maternal role identity
include temperament, ability to send cues, appearance,
general characteristics, responsiveness and stress.
34. Practice and Education
• The concepts theorized by Mercer have been
used by nursing in multiple obstetrical
textbooks.
• Her theory is extremely practice-oriented.
35. Research
• Mercer has tested factors that she theorized and/or
hypothesized have an impact on maternal
attainment. She has reviewed the literature
extensively and formulated questions and models
that guided researches.
36. Critique
• Clarity - the concepts, variables, and relationships are not
explicitly defined but rather are described and implied.
They are, however, theoretically defined and
operationalized.
• Simplicity – in spite of numerous concepts and
relationships, the theory organizes a rather complex
phenomenon into an easily understood and useful form.
37. • Generality – theory specific to parent-child nursing; can
be generalized to all women during pregnancy through the
first year of birth, regardless of age, parity, or
environment.
• Empirical Precision – the concepts, assumptions, and
relationships are predominantly in empirical observations
and are congruent.
• Derivable Consequences - The theoretical framework
for Maternal Role Attainment has proved to be
useful,practical, and valuable to nursing. Mercer's work is
repeatedly used in research, practice, and education. It is
also readily applicable to any discipline that works with
mothers and children in the first year of motherhood.
38. References
• www.currenrnursing.com
• Tomey, A.M., (1994). Nursing Theorists and Their Work.
3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby
• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NursingTheories/message
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