- Early chemists like Döbereiner and Mendeleev organized the chemical elements and noticed periodic trends in their properties.
- The modern periodic table arranges elements in columns and rows based on atomic structure and properties, with metals on the left, nonmetals on the right, and metalloids in between.
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
John Dalton developed atomic theory in 1808, proposing six main postulates: 1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms, 2) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties, 3) Atoms of different elements differ in mass and properties, 4) Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds, 5) In compounds the relative number and type of atoms is fixed, and 6) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided in chemical reactions. Dalton's theory did not account for isotopes or allotropes which have atoms of varying masses or properties within an element.
The document discusses the periodic table and how elements are organized on it. It explains that elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number from left to right and in groups with similar properties from top to bottom. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. The periodic table is divided into blocks of metals, nonmetals, and noble gases based on their chemical properties and ability to gain or lose electrons. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds are formed based on how elements share or transfer electrons.
- The document discusses atomic structure and the development of atomic models.
- Early experiments showed atoms were divisible, with Thomson discovering electrons and Rutherford discovering protons.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's "plum pudding" atomic model and led Rutherford to propose a nuclear model with electrons in empty space around a tiny, dense nucleus.
The document outlines the evolution of atomic structure models from early ideas to modern understanding. It discusses early thinkers like Democritus who proposed atoms as fundamental units of matter. John Dalton later proposed his atomic theory which stated that atoms are indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed. J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron through deflection experiments in a cathode ray tube provided evidence that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles, contradicting Dalton's ideas. This led to proposals of early atomic structure models like the plum pudding model.
The document provides information about atomic structure and radioactivity. It begins by discussing early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus. It then summarizes key developments in atomic theory, including Dalton's atomic theory and the experiments of Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick that led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. The document also discusses isotopes, radioactive decay, and the different types of nuclear radiation.
1. John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments showing atoms combine and separate in whole number ratios during chemical reactions.
2. Atoms are made up of a tiny, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
3. Unstable atoms emit radiation like alpha, beta, or gamma particles to become stable. This process is called radioactive decay.
- Early chemists like Döbereiner and Mendeleev organized the chemical elements and noticed periodic trends in their properties.
- The modern periodic table arranges elements in columns and rows based on atomic structure and properties, with metals on the left, nonmetals on the right, and metalloids in between.
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
John Dalton developed atomic theory in 1808, proposing six main postulates: 1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms, 2) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties, 3) Atoms of different elements differ in mass and properties, 4) Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds, 5) In compounds the relative number and type of atoms is fixed, and 6) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided in chemical reactions. Dalton's theory did not account for isotopes or allotropes which have atoms of varying masses or properties within an element.
The document discusses the periodic table and how elements are organized on it. It explains that elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number from left to right and in groups with similar properties from top to bottom. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. The periodic table is divided into blocks of metals, nonmetals, and noble gases based on their chemical properties and ability to gain or lose electrons. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds are formed based on how elements share or transfer electrons.
- The document discusses atomic structure and the development of atomic models.
- Early experiments showed atoms were divisible, with Thomson discovering electrons and Rutherford discovering protons.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's "plum pudding" atomic model and led Rutherford to propose a nuclear model with electrons in empty space around a tiny, dense nucleus.
The document outlines the evolution of atomic structure models from early ideas to modern understanding. It discusses early thinkers like Democritus who proposed atoms as fundamental units of matter. John Dalton later proposed his atomic theory which stated that atoms are indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed. J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron through deflection experiments in a cathode ray tube provided evidence that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles, contradicting Dalton's ideas. This led to proposals of early atomic structure models like the plum pudding model.
The document provides information about atomic structure and radioactivity. It begins by discussing early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus. It then summarizes key developments in atomic theory, including Dalton's atomic theory and the experiments of Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick that led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. The document also discusses isotopes, radioactive decay, and the different types of nuclear radiation.
1. John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments showing atoms combine and separate in whole number ratios during chemical reactions.
2. Atoms are made up of a tiny, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
3. Unstable atoms emit radiation like alpha, beta, or gamma particles to become stable. This process is called radioactive decay.
This document discusses periodic trends in atomic properties such as size, ionization energy, and electron affinity. It explains how these properties vary across and down the periodic table based on factors like effective nuclear charge. Specific trends are also described for different groups of elements like the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens.
- John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments observing chemical reactions. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The number of protons defines the identity of the atom as a particular chemical element.
- Atoms of the same element can differ in the number of neutrons, forming isotopes. Unstable isotopes decay through emission of radiation like alpha or beta particles to become stable.
This document provides a timeline of the development of atomic theory from Democritus in 400 BCE to James Chadwick in 1932. It outlines the key contributors to atomic theory and their discoveries, including: Democritus' early idea of atoms; Lavoisier distinguishing elements from compounds; Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of indivisible atoms; discoveries of cathode rays, electrons, and the plum pudding model; and Rutherford's nuclear model showing atoms are mostly empty space with a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Atomic Theory, Electron Orbitals, Molecules, Physical Science Lesson PowerPointwww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This document appears to be a series of slides from a science lesson on atomic structure and chemistry. It includes definitions and explanations of key concepts such as atoms, elements, atomic number, mass number, protons, neutrons, electrons, valence electrons, and electron orbitals. It provides examples of how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for different elements. It also includes activities like having students fill in a periodic table and identify atoms based on their electron configuration. The overall document covers fundamental topics in atomic theory and structure.
- Democritus and Leucippus were ancient Greek philosophers who proposed the idea of atoms as indivisible and indestructible particles that all matter is composed of. They hypothesized that atoms come in different shapes and sizes and exist in empty space between them.
- John Dalton further developed atomic theory in 1804, proposing that atoms of a given element are identical and have fixed properties, while atoms of different elements have different properties and combine in simple whole number ratios.
- In the late 19th/early 20th century, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Einstein, and Moseley revealed the internal structure of atoms, including the existence of electrons, photons, and that atoms have a
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit around it.
- Elements are substances made of only one type of atom. Compounds are formed when elements combine via ionic or covalent bonds.
- Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with creating the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, which organized elements by atomic mass and predicted new elements.
- Chemical reactions involve changes in atoms or molecules and can be identified by physical changes like temperature, color, or bubbling. Reaction rates depend on factors like temperature, particle size, and stirring.
1. Johann Döbereiner noticed that the atomic weight of strontium fell between calcium and barium, elements with similar properties, proposing the Law of Triads.
2. John Newlands classified elements into groups and noted pairs differed by multiples of eight in atomic weight, proposing the Law of Octaves.
3. Dmitri Mendeleev developed the first recognizable periodic table, ordering elements by atomic mass and predicting undiscovered elements, though Henry Moseley later showed atomic number was fundamental.
Democritus and Leucippus were ancient Greek philosophers who first proposed the idea of atoms in the 5th century BC. They believed that all matter was made of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms. This was the first atomic theory, though it was not supported by experiments. Later, in the late 1700s, John Dalton revived the atomic theory with experimental evidence and proposed three main laws of atomic theory: the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions. Dalton proposed that atoms of different elements have different masses and that compounds are formed by atoms of different elements combining.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Atoms and Periodic Table of the Elements unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 15 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
The discovery of the atomic world and the constituents of matterRochelle Forrester
The discovery of the atomic world and the constituents of matter was written to investigate the order of discovery of the sub atomic particles. The discovery of these particles took place in a necessary and inevitable order with charged particles, such as electrons and protons, discovered before neutrons, and particles in the outer regions of the atom such as electrons being discovered before protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, and with quarks which exist within protons and neutrons being the last discovery. The order of discovery is from those particles closest to us to those further from us in the sense of being deeper in the atom. The order of discovery and the social and cultural consequences of the discoveries took place in a necessary and inevitable order and is consistent with the conclusions reached in my book How Change Happens: A Theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cultural Evolution.
The document discusses the history of ideas about the composition of matter from ancient Greek philosophers to early alchemists. It describes how Thales of Miletus first proposed matter was composed of water, while Empedocles suggested four elements of air, water, earth, and fire. Leucippus and Democritus introduced the first atomic theory that matter could be divided into indivisible fragments called atoms. Aristotle rejected atomism, believing matter was composed of earth, water, air, and fire with properties of hot, cold, dry, and wet. Alchemy emerged believing matter could be transformed, leading to early chemistry.
Lesson 3 Atomos, Aristotle and Alchemy (Chemistry Before Modern History)Simple ABbieC
Lesson 3 Atomos, Aristotle and Alchemy (Chemistry Before Modern History)
CONTENT:
How the idea of the atom, along with the idea of the elements evolved
CONTENT STANDARD
At the end of the lesson, you will have to describe:
1. how the concept of the atom evolved from Ancient Greek to the present; and
2. how the concept of the element evolved from Ancient Greek to the present
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the atom (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-5)
2. describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the elements (2 hours) (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-6)
3. describe the contributions of the alchemists to the science of chemistry (S11/12PS-IIIb-7)
This chemistry project document summarizes the properties and characteristics of different groups of elements on the periodic table. It describes the alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens, noble gases, and rare earth metals. It also discusses atomic properties such as atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
Interactive textbook ch. 11 introduction to atomstiffanysci
1) The atomic theory has changed over time as scientists gathered new evidence and information. John Dalton proposed the first scientific atomic theory in 1803, stating that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
2) In the late 19th century, scientists like J.J. Thomson discovered smaller particles called electrons within atoms. Thomson proposed the "plum pudding" model where electrons were scattered throughout the atom.
3) Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1909 showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at their center. This led to Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom. Niels Bohr later incorporated electron orbits into this model.
- Alchemy originated as an ancient practice of using symbols and experiments on metals in attempts to prolong life and transform metals like lead into gold.
- Over time, contributions from various civilizations like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Muslims, and Europeans advanced alchemical techniques and understanding.
- By the 16th century, alchemists had separated into two groups - one pursuing the pseudoscience of immortality and transmutation, while the other helped discover new compounds through scientific experimentation, contributing to the emergence of chemistry as a modern science.
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that:
1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.
2) Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and properties.
3) Atoms of different elements vary in size, mass and properties.
The theory had limitations such as not explaining Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes or the nature of atomic bonding.
Modern atomic theory has updated that:
1) Atoms can be subdivided into smaller particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are destructible through nuclear processes converting mass to energy.
3) Atoms of a given element can differ in mass and properties as
Alchemy, the art of fiction and science intertwined. Or is it? Alchemy is about as old as man himself. See for yourself what mysteries lie awaiting your gaze. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. GVLN. Visit us for all kinds of incredible works.
Materials science and engineering involves the study of atomic structure and bonding in materials. There are three primary types of atomic bonding - ionic, covalent, and metallic. Crystalline solids can have face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), or hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structures which influence material properties. Crystalline materials can assemble into either crystalline or amorphous structures, and material properties depend on crystal orientation in single crystals but are isotropic in polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented grains.
The document summarizes the classification and properties of elements on the periodic table. It describes how elements are arranged by period and group based on their atomic number and valence electrons. Metals are generally located on the left side of the periodic table, are solids, shiny, good conductors, malleable and ductile. Non-metals are usually located on the right side, can exist as solids, liquids or gases, are poor conductors and have many valence electrons. Metalloids border the zigzag line and have properties of both metals and non-metals.
This document discusses the development of atomic theory from Dalton's postulates to modern atomic structure. Some key points covered include:
- Dalton proposed atoms as the fundamental units of matter and that compounds are formed by combinations of atoms.
- Experiments by Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford and others led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and the nuclear model of the atom.
- Isotopes were discovered, and the periodic table was developed to organize elements based on atomic structure.
- Ions, ionic bonds, and nomenclature of inorganic compounds and acids are also summarized.
The document provides information about the periodic table, including its organization into periods and families. It describes the properties and composition of different types of elements such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Key figures who developed the periodic table, like Dmitri Mendeleev, are mentioned. Different areas of the periodic table are also summarized, including the alkali metals, transition metals, and noble gases. Basic chemistry concepts such as elements, compounds, and mixtures are defined.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of Nivaldo Tro's "Introductory Chemistry" textbook, including:
1) John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.
2) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and electrons determining an element's identity and charge.
3) Elements are arranged on the periodic table based on their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.
This document discusses periodic trends in atomic properties such as size, ionization energy, and electron affinity. It explains how these properties vary across and down the periodic table based on factors like effective nuclear charge. Specific trends are also described for different groups of elements like the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens.
- John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments observing chemical reactions. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The number of protons defines the identity of the atom as a particular chemical element.
- Atoms of the same element can differ in the number of neutrons, forming isotopes. Unstable isotopes decay through emission of radiation like alpha or beta particles to become stable.
This document provides a timeline of the development of atomic theory from Democritus in 400 BCE to James Chadwick in 1932. It outlines the key contributors to atomic theory and their discoveries, including: Democritus' early idea of atoms; Lavoisier distinguishing elements from compounds; Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of indivisible atoms; discoveries of cathode rays, electrons, and the plum pudding model; and Rutherford's nuclear model showing atoms are mostly empty space with a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Atomic Theory, Electron Orbitals, Molecules, Physical Science Lesson PowerPointwww.sciencepowerpoint.com
This document appears to be a series of slides from a science lesson on atomic structure and chemistry. It includes definitions and explanations of key concepts such as atoms, elements, atomic number, mass number, protons, neutrons, electrons, valence electrons, and electron orbitals. It provides examples of how to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for different elements. It also includes activities like having students fill in a periodic table and identify atoms based on their electron configuration. The overall document covers fundamental topics in atomic theory and structure.
- Democritus and Leucippus were ancient Greek philosophers who proposed the idea of atoms as indivisible and indestructible particles that all matter is composed of. They hypothesized that atoms come in different shapes and sizes and exist in empty space between them.
- John Dalton further developed atomic theory in 1804, proposing that atoms of a given element are identical and have fixed properties, while atoms of different elements have different properties and combine in simple whole number ratios.
- In the late 19th/early 20th century, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Einstein, and Moseley revealed the internal structure of atoms, including the existence of electrons, photons, and that atoms have a
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit around it.
- Elements are substances made of only one type of atom. Compounds are formed when elements combine via ionic or covalent bonds.
- Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with creating the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, which organized elements by atomic mass and predicted new elements.
- Chemical reactions involve changes in atoms or molecules and can be identified by physical changes like temperature, color, or bubbling. Reaction rates depend on factors like temperature, particle size, and stirring.
1. Johann Döbereiner noticed that the atomic weight of strontium fell between calcium and barium, elements with similar properties, proposing the Law of Triads.
2. John Newlands classified elements into groups and noted pairs differed by multiples of eight in atomic weight, proposing the Law of Octaves.
3. Dmitri Mendeleev developed the first recognizable periodic table, ordering elements by atomic mass and predicting undiscovered elements, though Henry Moseley later showed atomic number was fundamental.
Democritus and Leucippus were ancient Greek philosophers who first proposed the idea of atoms in the 5th century BC. They believed that all matter was made of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms. This was the first atomic theory, though it was not supported by experiments. Later, in the late 1700s, John Dalton revived the atomic theory with experimental evidence and proposed three main laws of atomic theory: the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions. Dalton proposed that atoms of different elements have different masses and that compounds are formed by atoms of different elements combining.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Atoms and Periodic Table of the Elements unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 15 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
The discovery of the atomic world and the constituents of matterRochelle Forrester
The discovery of the atomic world and the constituents of matter was written to investigate the order of discovery of the sub atomic particles. The discovery of these particles took place in a necessary and inevitable order with charged particles, such as electrons and protons, discovered before neutrons, and particles in the outer regions of the atom such as electrons being discovered before protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, and with quarks which exist within protons and neutrons being the last discovery. The order of discovery is from those particles closest to us to those further from us in the sense of being deeper in the atom. The order of discovery and the social and cultural consequences of the discoveries took place in a necessary and inevitable order and is consistent with the conclusions reached in my book How Change Happens: A Theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cultural Evolution.
The document discusses the history of ideas about the composition of matter from ancient Greek philosophers to early alchemists. It describes how Thales of Miletus first proposed matter was composed of water, while Empedocles suggested four elements of air, water, earth, and fire. Leucippus and Democritus introduced the first atomic theory that matter could be divided into indivisible fragments called atoms. Aristotle rejected atomism, believing matter was composed of earth, water, air, and fire with properties of hot, cold, dry, and wet. Alchemy emerged believing matter could be transformed, leading to early chemistry.
Lesson 3 Atomos, Aristotle and Alchemy (Chemistry Before Modern History)Simple ABbieC
Lesson 3 Atomos, Aristotle and Alchemy (Chemistry Before Modern History)
CONTENT:
How the idea of the atom, along with the idea of the elements evolved
CONTENT STANDARD
At the end of the lesson, you will have to describe:
1. how the concept of the atom evolved from Ancient Greek to the present; and
2. how the concept of the element evolved from Ancient Greek to the present
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the atom (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-5)
2. describe the ideas of the Ancient Greeks on the elements (2 hours) (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-6)
3. describe the contributions of the alchemists to the science of chemistry (S11/12PS-IIIb-7)
This chemistry project document summarizes the properties and characteristics of different groups of elements on the periodic table. It describes the alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens, noble gases, and rare earth metals. It also discusses atomic properties such as atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
Interactive textbook ch. 11 introduction to atomstiffanysci
1) The atomic theory has changed over time as scientists gathered new evidence and information. John Dalton proposed the first scientific atomic theory in 1803, stating that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
2) In the late 19th century, scientists like J.J. Thomson discovered smaller particles called electrons within atoms. Thomson proposed the "plum pudding" model where electrons were scattered throughout the atom.
3) Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1909 showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at their center. This led to Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom. Niels Bohr later incorporated electron orbits into this model.
- Alchemy originated as an ancient practice of using symbols and experiments on metals in attempts to prolong life and transform metals like lead into gold.
- Over time, contributions from various civilizations like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Muslims, and Europeans advanced alchemical techniques and understanding.
- By the 16th century, alchemists had separated into two groups - one pursuing the pseudoscience of immortality and transmutation, while the other helped discover new compounds through scientific experimentation, contributing to the emergence of chemistry as a modern science.
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that:
1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.
2) Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and properties.
3) Atoms of different elements vary in size, mass and properties.
The theory had limitations such as not explaining Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes or the nature of atomic bonding.
Modern atomic theory has updated that:
1) Atoms can be subdivided into smaller particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are destructible through nuclear processes converting mass to energy.
3) Atoms of a given element can differ in mass and properties as
Alchemy, the art of fiction and science intertwined. Or is it? Alchemy is about as old as man himself. See for yourself what mysteries lie awaiting your gaze. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. GVLN. Visit us for all kinds of incredible works.
Materials science and engineering involves the study of atomic structure and bonding in materials. There are three primary types of atomic bonding - ionic, covalent, and metallic. Crystalline solids can have face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), or hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structures which influence material properties. Crystalline materials can assemble into either crystalline or amorphous structures, and material properties depend on crystal orientation in single crystals but are isotropic in polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented grains.
The document summarizes the classification and properties of elements on the periodic table. It describes how elements are arranged by period and group based on their atomic number and valence electrons. Metals are generally located on the left side of the periodic table, are solids, shiny, good conductors, malleable and ductile. Non-metals are usually located on the right side, can exist as solids, liquids or gases, are poor conductors and have many valence electrons. Metalloids border the zigzag line and have properties of both metals and non-metals.
This document discusses the development of atomic theory from Dalton's postulates to modern atomic structure. Some key points covered include:
- Dalton proposed atoms as the fundamental units of matter and that compounds are formed by combinations of atoms.
- Experiments by Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford and others led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and the nuclear model of the atom.
- Isotopes were discovered, and the periodic table was developed to organize elements based on atomic structure.
- Ions, ionic bonds, and nomenclature of inorganic compounds and acids are also summarized.
The document provides information about the periodic table, including its organization into periods and families. It describes the properties and composition of different types of elements such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Key figures who developed the periodic table, like Dmitri Mendeleev, are mentioned. Different areas of the periodic table are also summarized, including the alkali metals, transition metals, and noble gases. Basic chemistry concepts such as elements, compounds, and mixtures are defined.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of Nivaldo Tro's "Introductory Chemistry" textbook, including:
1) John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.
2) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and electrons determining an element's identity and charge.
3) Elements are arranged on the periodic table based on their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including how it organizes the 118 known elements according to their atomic structure and properties. Elements are arranged based on their atomic number and can be grouped into families that show similar traits. The periodic table provides a way to predict chemical behaviors and allows scientists to identify unknown elements based on trends in atomic structure.
The document summarizes the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes early atomic models including Dalton's theory that atoms are indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios, as well as Thomson's plum pudding model and Rutherford's nuclear model developed from his gold foil experiment. Later, Bohr incorporated quantized energy levels to explain atomic spectra, while quantum mechanics describes electrons as probabilistic clouds within orbitals and energy levels.
This document provides an overview of the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It summarizes key contributors and discoveries:
- Democritus proposed atoms as indivisible particles (5th century BC). John Dalton's atomic theory (1803) stated all matter is made of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
- J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron (1897) showed atoms can be divided. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment (1909) demonstrated atoms are mostly empty space with a dense nucleus.
- Niels Bohr's model (1913) showed electrons orbiting the nucleus in defined energy levels. Modern atomic theory describes electrons in
1. The document discusses periodic trends in atomic properties such as size, ionization energy, and electron affinity across the periodic table.
2. Key periodic trends described include decreasing atomic size and increasing ionization energy from left to right across a period, and decreasing ionization energy from top to bottom in a group.
3. Exceptions to trends are discussed, such as higher ionization energies for p-block versus s-block elements and for doubly-occupied versus singly-occupied orbitals.
This document provides information about the periodic table of elements. It defines key terms like atomic number, atomic mass, elements, compounds and mixtures. It explains how the periodic table is organized into periods and families and describes the common properties of metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Specific families like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens are outlined. The history and development of the periodic table by Mendeleev is also summarized.
periodic_table element chemistry pptx jjcriandyputra3
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes how the periodic table organizes 118 known elements according to their atomic structure and properties.
2) Key aspects that are organized in the table include the element's atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, number of valence electrons, and state of matter.
3) Understanding the periodic table allows one to predict an element's physical and chemical properties and reactions.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes how the periodic table organizes 118 known elements according to their atomic structure and properties.
2) Key aspects that are organized in the table include the element's atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, number of valence electrons, and state of matter.
3) Understanding the periodic table allows one to predict an element's physical and chemical properties and reactions.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes how the periodic table organizes 118 known elements according to their atomic structure and properties.
2) Key aspects that are organized in the table include the element's atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, number of valence electrons, and state of matter.
3) Understanding the periodic table allows one to predict an element's physical and chemical properties and reactions.
periodic table of elements power point presentationLEOPOLDOMALAAY1
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes how the periodic table organizes 118 known elements according to their atomic structure and properties.
2) Key aspects that are organized include the element's atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, number of valence electrons, and state of matter.
3) Understanding the periodic table allows one to predict an element's physical and chemical properties and reactions.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes the organization of the periodic table and the properties that can be determined from an element's position.
2) Key information included in each element square is discussed, such as atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, and valence electrons.
3) The properties of metals, non-metals, and metalloids are outlined.
4) The document explains the patterns in the periodic table, including periods and families (groups).
This document discusses several historical models of the atom. It begins with Dalton's atomic theory from the 1800s, then covers J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model from the 1890s, in which electrons were embedded in a uniform sphere of positive charge. In the early 1900s, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the positive charge and mass of atoms are concentrated in a small, dense nucleus. This led to Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom. However, this model was unable to explain the stability of atoms. Niels Bohr then proposed discrete, quantized electron orbits around the nucleus in 1913 to explain atomic stability.
The document discusses the periodic table and periodic trends in properties of elements. It defines key periodic table terms like groups, periods, atomic radius, ionization energy, and provides examples of how properties change within periods and groups. It also discusses Mendeleev's original periodic table and the modern periodic law.
This document provides information about the periodic table of elements. It defines key terms like atomic number, atomic mass, symbols, and properties of different types of elements such as metals and non-metals. It explains the organization of the periodic table and characteristics of different families of elements such as alkali metals, transition metals, and noble gases. It also discusses how elements can combine to form compounds and mixtures.
The periodic table organizes the 118 known chemical elements. It arranges them by atomic number and properties, allowing scientists to predict elements' characteristics. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. The periodic table groups elements into blocks by the number of electrons in their outer shell, with metals generally on the left and nonmetals on the right. It provides a wealth of information about each element and their patterns of behavior.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements, including:
1) It describes some of the key elements like gold, silver, helium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
2) It explains that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements according to properties like atomic number and mass.
3) The periodic table can be used to predict an element's physical and chemical properties based on its position in the table.
The document discusses the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scientists. It explains that Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms as indivisible pieces of matter. John Dalton further developed atomic theory in the 1700s, proposing that elements are made of unique atoms that combine in fixed ratios. J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and James Chadwick contributed key discoveries about atomic structure through the early 1900s, such as identifying the electron and nucleus. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure and properties.
Similar to 04lecture 150602233105-lva1-app6892 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter 9: The quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Note Ag+ and Zn2+ are included on page 137 because they form predictable ions but the charge is not based on the group number.
[New Margin note to go right next to the first sentence of this paragraph: There are a few exceptions to this rule, such as Boron, but they are beyond our scope in this text.]