Hazards of Confined Spaces
Confined spaces can pose atmospheric, engulfment, and other hazards. Atmospheric hazards include oxygen deficiency or enrichment, and toxic or flammable gases. Acceptable entry conditions require oxygen between 19.5-23.5%, toxic gases below permissible exposure limits, and flammable gases below 10% of their lower explosive limits. Proper monitoring of the atmosphere is essential before and during entry into permit-required confined spaces.
Guide to-atmospheric-testing-in-confined-spaces-usqcmaryam m
This application note is intended to provide general information and to act as a reminder of the dangers associated with atmospheric hazards in a confined space. It outlines the following:
• What is a confined space?
• Atmospheric hazards found in a confined space.
Presentation on Treatment of Bronchial Asthma | Jindal Chest ClinicJindal Chest Clinic
Bronchial asthma is a lung disease characterized by inflammation, narrowing, swelling of airways, and increased mucus production, making it difficult to breathe. This Presentation gives an overview on "Treatment of Bronchial Asthma" including management, diagnosis, symptoms, Complications, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Guide to-atmospheric-testing-in-confined-spaces-usqcmaryam m
This application note is intended to provide general information and to act as a reminder of the dangers associated with atmospheric hazards in a confined space. It outlines the following:
• What is a confined space?
• Atmospheric hazards found in a confined space.
Presentation on Treatment of Bronchial Asthma | Jindal Chest ClinicJindal Chest Clinic
Bronchial asthma is a lung disease characterized by inflammation, narrowing, swelling of airways, and increased mucus production, making it difficult to breathe. This Presentation gives an overview on "Treatment of Bronchial Asthma" including management, diagnosis, symptoms, Complications, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Phenol - Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ NJ Health
a detailed study on pulmonary function testmartinshaji
this study details about all the aspects of pulmonary function test, lung volumes& capacities , tests such as spirometry , carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, chest x ray, body plethesmography , nitrogen washout etc
please comment
thank u
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Phenol - Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ NJ Health
a detailed study on pulmonary function testmartinshaji
this study details about all the aspects of pulmonary function test, lung volumes& capacities , tests such as spirometry , carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, chest x ray, body plethesmography , nitrogen washout etc
please comment
thank u
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Top 13 Famous Civil Engineering Scientistgettygaming1
List of Best Scientist Who Gives Big Contribution in Civil Engineering Filed, in this we provide how they Contribute in Civil Engineering filed, For Data Collection civilthings.com helps us a lot.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management.
This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business.
The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty.
For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed.
Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
This is a assigned group presentation given by my Computer Science course teacher at Green University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
My Presentation Topic was - Cloud Computing
This group presentation includes the work Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan, pages no 10 - 15.
www.facebook.com/TheShahidul
www.twitter.com/TheShahidul
www.linkedin.com/TheShahidul
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Chat application through client server management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
This project focused on creating a chatting application with communication environment. The objective of our project is to build a chatting system to facilitate the communication between two or more clients to obtain an effective channel among the clients themselves. For the application itself, this system can serve as a link to reach out for all clients. The design of the system depends on socket concept where is a software endpoint that establishes bidirectional communication between a server program and one or more client programs. Languages that will be used for the development of this system: Java Development Kit (JDK): is a development environment for building applications and components using the Java programming language.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. Hazards of Confined Spaces
INSTRUCTIONAL GOAL
The participant till understand the various hazards
associated with confined space entries and the need
to monitor permit required confined spaces.
3. ENABLING OBJECTIVES
Identify various confined space hazards.
Explain the sequence of confined space atmospheric
monitoring
List some qualities of a good monitoring device.
Describe the acceptable atmospheric conditions for
entry.
7. < Less than 19.5 %
> Greater than 23.5 %
OSHA Action Limit for
Oxygen Concentration
8. Effect of Oxygen Deficiency
19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level
16 – 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.
May impair coordination and induce
early symptoms in person with
coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory
problems.
13 – 16% Respiration increases in exertion, pulse
up, impaired coordination, perception,
judgment.
9. Effects of Oxygen Deficiency
10-13% Respiration farther increases in rate and
depth, poor judgment, blue lips.
8 – 10% Mental Failure, Fainting, Unconsciousness,
ashen face, blueness lips nausea, and
vomiting.
6 – 8% 8 minutes, 100% fatal,
6 minutes, 50% Fatal
4 minutes, recovery with treatment
<6% Coma in 1 minute, convulsions, death.
10. Vapor Density
Oxygen levels can be lowered by gas displacement.
Vapor density is a measure of how dense a gas is as
compared to an equal volume of air.
11. Vapor Density
Vapor Densities of Selected Gases and Vapors:
Methane 0.55
Carbon Monoxide 0.96
Hydrogen Sulfide 1.19
Freon (R-12) 4.30
12. Purging
Purging a tank or vessel is a
common industrial practice.
By introducing an inert (non-
reactive) gas into a tank,
flammable vapors and oxygen
will be forced out of the tank.
13. Common Flammable Gases in
Confined Spaces
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methane
Solvent Vapors
Gasoline
Paint Vapors
15. Flammable Atmospheres –
Flammable Range
The lower explosive limit (LEL) or
lower Flammable limit (LFL) is the
minimum concentration of gas or
vapor in air below which the
substance will not burn.
16. Flammable Atmospheres –
Flammable Range
The upper explosive limit
(UEL) or Upper Flammable
limit (UFL) is the maximum
concentration of gas or
vapor above which the
substance will not burn.
18. FLAMMABLE RANGE
Flammable Range of Selected Gases and Vapors
Flammable Vapor or Gas LEL UEL
Acetylene 2.5% 100.0%
Carbon Monoxide 12.5% 74.0%
Gasoline 1.3% 7.1%
Hydrogen Sulfide 4.3% 46.0%
Natural Gas 3.8% 17.0%
Propane 4.5% 14.5%
19. Natural Production of
Flammable Atmospheres
Natural Decay Processes
Seepage of Flammable Liquids Underground
Previous Contents were Flammable
Intentional Dumping of Flammable Liquids
20. Greater than 10% of LEL
for Gases
Vision distance < less than
5 Feet for airborne dust
OSHA Action Limit for Flammable
Gases & Dusts
22. Cleaning
Procedures and processes used
to clean the inside of a confined
space are reviewed and
authorized by the qualified
person.
Initial cleaning is done from
outside the tank if at all possible.
23. Operations in the spaces
Welding
Painting
Inerting operations,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Chemical Hazards in Confined Spaces
24. Chemical Hazards in Confined Spaces
Chemical reactions from:
Manufacturing process
Products Stored
Drying Paints
Oxidation / reduction reactions
Cleaning with acids or solvents
Rusting of metal
Curing of concrete
Rotting / decomposing / fermentation
25. Toxicity
Defined as the degree to
which a chemical or biological
substance has a harmful
effect on the human body.
26. Toxicity
Effect of a toxic substance is dependent upon:
Dose
Toxicity of the Substance
27. Human Toxicology Routes of Entry
Inhalation
Eye and skin contact
Ingestion
Injection
28. Hazard Assessment
PEL: (Permissible Exposure Limit) This is the lower limit of hazard for a
particular toxin. Any concentration less than the PEL is considered to be safe
at least for acute exposure. Any concentration greater than the PEL required
some type of preventative action prior to entry. PEL is an OSHA term. TLV
(Threshold Limit Value) is the NIOSH equivalent to PEL.
TWA: (Time-Waited Average) This is a dose measurement which is more
chronic in nature. It is a dose limit based on an 8-hour day/40-hour week
exposure. Like the PEL, it is a lower limit safe dose measurement.
STEL: (Short Term Exposure Limit) This measure indicates the lower safe
limit for acute exposures. This is the level that may never be exceeded. It is
not an average.
IDLH: (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) This is an atmosphere
(or any other type of risk factor) which presents an immediate or delayed threat
to life, that would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or that would
interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit space.
29. Common Hazardous Chemicals In
Confined Space Atmospheres
Nitrogen Carbon
Monoxide
Carbon
Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide Methane
Vapor Density 0.97 0.97 1.53 1.19 0.55
LEL 12% 4.3% 5.0%
UEL 75% 46% 15%
PEL (PPM) 50 5000 10 400
IDLH (PPM) 1500 50,000 300
Health Hazards Oxygen
Displacement
Asphyxiant
Headache
Vomiting Loss of
coordination
Oxygen
Displacement
Respiratory failure
Coma Olfactory failure
Headache
Nausea
Irritant
30. Acceptable Entry Conditions
Oxygen concentration between 19.5% and 23.5%
Flammable gas concentration less than 10% of LEL
Airborne dust concentration less than LFL (5 feet)
Toxic gas Concentration less than PEL
31. Engulfment
Entrapment by liquid or
finely divided solid
Hazard made worse if
liquid or solid is moving
32. Other Space Hazards
Fall threat
Poor lighting
Poor temperature control
Noise
Clumsiness of protective
equipment