Definitive broadcasting in vehicular ad hoc networks is the key to success for various services and applications on an intelligent transportation system. Many trusted broadcasting protocols have been proposed but none of them has been evaluated in realistic scenario. In this paper, we discuss these reliable broadcasting protocols on VANET. Basic mechanism in broadcasting, and also we are providing collective research of Broadcasting protocols in vanet in that some real time protocols with their pros cons we have studied.
This document summarizes and compares several existing broadcasting protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the need for reliable broadcasting in VANETs to support safety applications. Simple flooding is not effective due to collisions in dense areas. The document reviews probabilistic, counter-based, distance-based, and location-based broadcasting schemes. It also discusses neighbor knowledge methods. None of the existing schemes are optimal for all situations. The document aims to propose a new intelligent broadcasting technique for emergency messages in VANETs to improve message reception reliability and availability.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
Predictive Data Dissemination in Vanet aims to efficiently disseminate data in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by using predictive mechanisms. The presented techniques take advantage of GPS and map data to select vehicles that will further broadcast information to designated areas. Simulation results showed these techniques can alleviate broadcast storms while effectively disseminating data in both urban and highway scenarios. The document discusses several challenges for future work, including intermittent connectivity, high mobility, heterogeneous vehicles, privacy and security, and enabling network intelligence in large-scale VANETs.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN BROADCAST STORM SUPPRESSION ALGORITHMS OF VEHICULAR ...ieijjournal
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the networks of vehicles which are characterized with high mobility and dynamic changing topology. Most of the communication interchanges in VANETs take place in broadcasting mode, which is supposed to be the simplest way to disseminate (spread) emergency
messages all over the vehicular network. This broadcasting technique assures the optimal delivery of emergency messages all over the VANET. However, it also results in unwanted flooding of messages which causes severe contention and collisions in VANETs leading to Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP) and in turn affects the overall performance of VANETs. A Multitude of research work have proposed Broadcast Storm
Suppression Algorithms (BSSA) to control this Broadcast Storm. These mechanisms tried to control BSP by either reducing the number of rebroadcasting/ relaying nodes or by identifying the best relay node. The suppression mechanisms help to overcome BSP to certain extent, still there is need to still reduce the number of rebroadcasting nodes in existing mechanisms and also to identify the best possible rebroadcasting node.
A Broadcasting Scheme for Message Dissemination in VANETIJERA Editor
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks [VANET] is one of the fastest emerging technologies for research as there are many issues and challenges to be addressed by the researchers before the technology becomes commercialized. Vehicular communication systems developed largely by the growing interest in intelligent transportation systems [ITS]. Cooperative driving can improve safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to exchange emergency messages to each other in the neighborhood and to assist driver in making proper decision to avoid vehicle collisions and congestion. Broadcast transmission is usually used for disseminating safety related information among vehicles. Message Broadcast over wireless networks poses many challenges due to link unreliability, hidden terminal, message redundancy, and broadcast storm, etc., which greatly degrade the network performance. In most of the emergency situations, there is less time to make a handshake with other nodes in the networks, as the emergency message is to be delivered fast and efficient. Broadcasting information is usually very costly and without limiting techniques this will result in serious data redundancy, contention and collisions. This work focuses on Broadcasting Scheme for Message Dissemination.
EFFICIENT BROADCASTING MECHANISMS FOR DATA DISSEMINATION IN VEHICULAR AD HOC ...ijmnct
Broadcasting is the process of sending a message from one node to all other nodes in an ad hoc network. It
is a fundamental operation for communication in ad hoc networks as it allows for the update of network
information, route discovery and other operations as well. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of
different broadcasting methods in VANET. Also, the broadcast storm problem and broadcast suppression
techniques for broadcasting in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) are discussed, because blindly
broadcasting the packets cause several problems that affect the quality of service in VANET. In order to
avoid broadcast storm problem this paper provides a survey of some of the existing broadcast suppression
techniques in vehicular environment
Reduce Handover Delay Using the HSBCC Based Buffer Over Flow In Wimax Networkinventionjournals
In wireless networks to improve the competence for event account. Due to the in complete transmission size of nodes, a single path often cannot meet the condition of data transmission. Consequently, multipath show is needed. However, not every path originate by multipath routing algorithms maybe appropriate for conveying image, because a extended routing pathway with a long end to end show delay may not satisfied the time constraint. Furthermore, each data stream includes two kinds of material data handover. We have coming a novel explicit rate-based congestion control method, for supportive requests hand over process. Handover Streaming based Congestion Control (HSBCC), a new adaptive media handover streaming congestion organization in which the assembly packet broadcast rate is adjusted rendering to the active bandwidth share of the connection. They prepare not maintain or continually inform their route tables with the newest route in network. If a node requirements to send a pack to another node then this protocol explorations for the route in an on-demand method and begins the joining in order to communicate and receive the packet. The route detection usually happens by flooding the route application packets throughout the network. It makes sense to simply disregard a packet loss due to random frequency errors than to multiplicatively reduction the current transport rate and it is more suitable to periodically investigation the network during interruption period for a prompt retrieval than to slow down and exponentially increase the retransmission timer.
Abstract: VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols like GPRS, GPRS-MV & GPSR. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
This document summarizes and compares several existing broadcasting protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the need for reliable broadcasting in VANETs to support safety applications. Simple flooding is not effective due to collisions in dense areas. The document reviews probabilistic, counter-based, distance-based, and location-based broadcasting schemes. It also discusses neighbor knowledge methods. None of the existing schemes are optimal for all situations. The document aims to propose a new intelligent broadcasting technique for emergency messages in VANETs to improve message reception reliability and availability.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
Predictive Data Dissemination in Vanet aims to efficiently disseminate data in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by using predictive mechanisms. The presented techniques take advantage of GPS and map data to select vehicles that will further broadcast information to designated areas. Simulation results showed these techniques can alleviate broadcast storms while effectively disseminating data in both urban and highway scenarios. The document discusses several challenges for future work, including intermittent connectivity, high mobility, heterogeneous vehicles, privacy and security, and enabling network intelligence in large-scale VANETs.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN BROADCAST STORM SUPPRESSION ALGORITHMS OF VEHICULAR ...ieijjournal
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the networks of vehicles which are characterized with high mobility and dynamic changing topology. Most of the communication interchanges in VANETs take place in broadcasting mode, which is supposed to be the simplest way to disseminate (spread) emergency
messages all over the vehicular network. This broadcasting technique assures the optimal delivery of emergency messages all over the VANET. However, it also results in unwanted flooding of messages which causes severe contention and collisions in VANETs leading to Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP) and in turn affects the overall performance of VANETs. A Multitude of research work have proposed Broadcast Storm
Suppression Algorithms (BSSA) to control this Broadcast Storm. These mechanisms tried to control BSP by either reducing the number of rebroadcasting/ relaying nodes or by identifying the best relay node. The suppression mechanisms help to overcome BSP to certain extent, still there is need to still reduce the number of rebroadcasting nodes in existing mechanisms and also to identify the best possible rebroadcasting node.
A Broadcasting Scheme for Message Dissemination in VANETIJERA Editor
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks [VANET] is one of the fastest emerging technologies for research as there are many issues and challenges to be addressed by the researchers before the technology becomes commercialized. Vehicular communication systems developed largely by the growing interest in intelligent transportation systems [ITS]. Cooperative driving can improve safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to exchange emergency messages to each other in the neighborhood and to assist driver in making proper decision to avoid vehicle collisions and congestion. Broadcast transmission is usually used for disseminating safety related information among vehicles. Message Broadcast over wireless networks poses many challenges due to link unreliability, hidden terminal, message redundancy, and broadcast storm, etc., which greatly degrade the network performance. In most of the emergency situations, there is less time to make a handshake with other nodes in the networks, as the emergency message is to be delivered fast and efficient. Broadcasting information is usually very costly and without limiting techniques this will result in serious data redundancy, contention and collisions. This work focuses on Broadcasting Scheme for Message Dissemination.
EFFICIENT BROADCASTING MECHANISMS FOR DATA DISSEMINATION IN VEHICULAR AD HOC ...ijmnct
Broadcasting is the process of sending a message from one node to all other nodes in an ad hoc network. It
is a fundamental operation for communication in ad hoc networks as it allows for the update of network
information, route discovery and other operations as well. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of
different broadcasting methods in VANET. Also, the broadcast storm problem and broadcast suppression
techniques for broadcasting in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) are discussed, because blindly
broadcasting the packets cause several problems that affect the quality of service in VANET. In order to
avoid broadcast storm problem this paper provides a survey of some of the existing broadcast suppression
techniques in vehicular environment
Reduce Handover Delay Using the HSBCC Based Buffer Over Flow In Wimax Networkinventionjournals
In wireless networks to improve the competence for event account. Due to the in complete transmission size of nodes, a single path often cannot meet the condition of data transmission. Consequently, multipath show is needed. However, not every path originate by multipath routing algorithms maybe appropriate for conveying image, because a extended routing pathway with a long end to end show delay may not satisfied the time constraint. Furthermore, each data stream includes two kinds of material data handover. We have coming a novel explicit rate-based congestion control method, for supportive requests hand over process. Handover Streaming based Congestion Control (HSBCC), a new adaptive media handover streaming congestion organization in which the assembly packet broadcast rate is adjusted rendering to the active bandwidth share of the connection. They prepare not maintain or continually inform their route tables with the newest route in network. If a node requirements to send a pack to another node then this protocol explorations for the route in an on-demand method and begins the joining in order to communicate and receive the packet. The route detection usually happens by flooding the route application packets throughout the network. It makes sense to simply disregard a packet loss due to random frequency errors than to multiplicatively reduction the current transport rate and it is more suitable to periodically investigation the network during interruption period for a prompt retrieval than to slow down and exponentially increase the retransmission timer.
Abstract: VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols like GPRS, GPRS-MV & GPSR. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
The document discusses position-based routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and their characteristics. It then describes different types of routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and VANETs, including proactive, reactive, topology-based, position-based, broadcast-based, and geocast routing protocols. The document focuses on various position-based routing protocols for VANETs such as OLSR, lifetime-based, GSR, A-STAR, GPCR, GyTAR, DBR, and DBR-LS. It evaluates these protocols and explains their advantages and limitations, particularly in dealing with
Multicast Dual Arti-Q System in Vehicular Adhoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses a dual Arti-Q system for efficient call taxi management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The existing Artigence system uses an Arti-Q algorithm with two components: Arti-Q main and Arti-Q proxy. The dual Arti-Q system proposes distributing the functionalities of scheduling and message transmission between separate servers to process requests in parallel and reduce response times. By separating these functions, the dual Arti-Q system aims to improve efficiency over the existing Artigence approach for managing taxi reservations and communications in VANETs.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Design Approach for Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) Dissemination of Messages in Veh...IJERA Editor
Designing a protocol structure which contains the control system, VANET device and the type of communication message structures which will implement the message packets for v2v or v2I infrastructure . The different message packets contain the information required to transfer from one node to another in vehicular network for communication. Design various algorithm required for Control, Alert and Infotainment messages. Time stamping lowering data rate efficient packet delivery and proper communication of required messages. Implementation of proposed algorithms and comparison of them with existing algorithms and study of different factors affecting the working of theses algorithms. Analysis of proposed design approach and improvements in results if required.
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
Effective Road Model for Congestion Control in VANETSijwmn
Congestion on the roads is a key problem to deal with, which wastes valuable time.. Due to high mobility
rate and relative speed link failure occur very often. VANET is used to tackle the problem of congestion,
and make decisions well in advance to avoid traffic congestion. In this paper we proposed a solution to
detect and control the traffic congestion by using of both (V2V) and (V2I), as a result the drivers become
aware of the location of congestion as well as way to avoid getting stuck in congestion. The congestion is
detected by analyzing the data obtained by vehicular communication and road side units to avoid the
traffic. Our proposition system is competent of detecting and controlling traffic congestion in real-time.
V2V and V2I communication network is used to receive and send the messages. We simulate the result by
using Congestion Detection and Control Algorithm (CDCA), and show that this is one effective way to
control congestion. The Proposed methodology ensures reliable and timely delivery of messages to know
about congestion and avoid it.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an adaptive broadcast mechanism to improve alert message dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It aims to reduce the "broadcast storm problem" where redundant rebroadcasting of messages causes contention and packet collisions. The proposed Profile-driven Adaptive Warning message Dissemination System (PAWDS) algorithm dynamically adjusts broadcast parameters based on detected city roadmap profiles (simple, regular, complex layouts) and vehicle density to select the appropriate dissemination scheme (full, standard, reduced). Simulation results show PAWDS improves information dissemination accuracy and mitigates broadcast storm issues compared to traditional methods, though some nodes still repeatedly act as rebroadcasters.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
Understanding Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks and Use of Greedy Routing Protocolijsrd.com
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) belong to a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks . VANET provides a distinguished approach for Intelligent Transport System (ITS). VANET has become an active area of research and development since it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency, and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. In this paper we discuss the characteristics and architecture of VANET. Further we provide an overview of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. Efficient routing protocols are essential for smart ITS.
Network parameters impact on dynamic transmission power control in vehicular ...ijngnjournal
the throughput of the wireless vehicular network and decrease the delay of the message communication
between vehicular nodes on the highway. Whenever an event occurs on the highway, the reliability
of the communication in the vehicular network becomes so vital so that event created messages should
reach to all the moving network nodes. It becomes necessary that there should be no interference from
outside of the network and all the neighbor nodes should lie in the transmission range of the
reference vehicular node. Transmission range is directly proportional to the transmission power the
moving node. If the transmission power will be high, the interference increases that can cause higher
delay in message reception at receiver end, hence the performance of the network decreased. In this
paper, it is analyzed that how transmission power can be controlled by considering other different
parameter of the network such as; density, distance between moving nodes, different types of messages
dissemination with their priority, selection of an antenna also affects on the transmission power. The
dynamic control of transmission power in VANET serves also for the optimization of the resources
where it needs, can be decreased and increased depending on the circumstances of the network.
Different applications and events of different types also cause changes in transmission power to enhance
the reachability. The analysis in this paper is comprised of density, distance with single hop and multi
hop message broadcasting based dynamic transmission power control as well as antenna selection and
applications based. Some summarized tables are produced according to the respective parameters of
the vehicular network. At the end some valuable observations are made and discussed in detail. This
paper concludes with a grand summary of all the protocols discussed in it.
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
This document summarizes a research paper that surveys secure routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It begins by introducing VANETs and comparing them to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs). It then discusses the challenges in VANETs, particularly the Sybil attack where a malicious node can present multiple fake identities. The document reviews various routing protocols for VANETs and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of several secure routing protocols. It proposes designing a new routing protocol that can detect and prevent Sybil attacks by giving each node a unique identity. The goal is to improve VANET performance and security by integrating attack prevention directly into the routing protocol.
The document describes an intersection-based geographical routing protocol (IGRP) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) that uses an anonymous batch authentication and key agreement scheme (ABAKA) for security. IGRP selects optimal routes between intersections to ensure network connectivity while satisfying quality of service constraints. It formulates the routing problem as an optimization problem solved using a genetic algorithm. ABAKA allows for batch authentication of multiple requests and establishes session keys efficiently using elliptic curve cryptography to reduce overhead. It provides anonymity and deals with invalid requests. The proposed approach uses IGRP with ABAKA to provide a secure routing environment for value-added services in VANETs.
SIMULATION & VANET: TOWARDS A NEW RELIABLE AND OPTIMAL DATA DISSEMINATION MODELpijans
Ad hoc networks was developed in the 2000s, they was highly used in dynamic environment, particularly
for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks).
Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks. These were
motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport system generation
based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide many services to passengers, the
fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience.
These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination, such as the alert message emitting,
that be exchanged for drivers protection on the road. Sharing such information between vehicles helps to
anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better routes during congestion situations.
The current paper attempts to model and simulate VANET Networks, aiming to analyze and evaluate
security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in this type of networks in several
exchanges conditions. The second objective is to identify their limitations and suggest a new improved
approach. This study was conducted as part of our research project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”,
where we justify and validate our approach using modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in
this domain.
Towards a new approach of data dissemination in vanets networkscsandit
In the 2000s, ad hoc networks was developed and highly used in dynamic environment,
particularly for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks).
Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks.
This was motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport
system generation based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide
many services to passengers, the fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience.
These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination the example as the case
alert message emitting allowing the driver to minimize driving risks. Sharing such information
between vehicles helps to anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better
routes during congestion situations.
In this context, we are trying in this paper to model and simulate VANET Networks in order to
analyze and evaluate security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in
this type of networks in several exchanges conditions.This in order to identify their limitations
and suggest a new improved approach. This study was conducted as part of our research
project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”, where we justify and validate our approach using
modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in this domain.
TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH OF DATA DISSEMINATION IN VANETS NETWORKScscpconf
In the 2000s, ad hoc networks was developed and highly used in dynamic environment, particularly for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks). Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks. This was motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport system generation based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide many services to passengers, the fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience. These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination the example as the case alert message emitting allowing the driver to minimize driving risks. Sharing such information between vehicles helps to anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better routes during congestion situations. In this context, we are trying in this paper to model and simulate VANET Networks in order to analyze and evaluate security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in this type of networks in several exchanges conditions.This in order to identify their limitations and suggest a new improved approach. This study was conducted as part of our research project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”, where we justify and validate our approach using modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in this domain.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
This document proposes a Global Frontrunner Routing Algorithm (GFRA) to address routing challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). GFRA aims to minimize transmission delays by reducing the number of hops needed to route emergency messages between vehicles. It determines the distance and direction to the destination vehicle, and if it is over 1000m away, forwards the message to the nearest "frontrunner" vehicle along the direction of travel. This frontrunner or subsequent frontrunners will continue forwarding the message until it reaches the destination vehicle. Simulation results will evaluate GFRA's performance in reducing delays compared to multi-hop routing protocols for VANETs. The algorithm
VEHICULAR AD HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS; PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES ijasuc
The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and
efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and
casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks,
is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to
propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We
coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Network, or
VASNET in short. The proposed VASNET is particularly for highway traffic .VASNET is a self-organizing Ad
Hoc and sensor network comprised of a large number of sensor nodes. In VASNET there are two kinds of
sensor nodes, some are embedded on the vehicles-vehicular nodes- and others are deployed in predetermined
distances besides the highway road, known as Road Side Sensor nodes (RSS). The vehicular nodes are used to
sense the velocity of the vehicle for instance. We can have some Base Stations (BS) such as Police Traffic
Station, Firefighting Group and Rescue Team. The base stations may be stationary or mobile. VASNET
provides capability of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and stationary nodes, to increase
safety and comfort for vehicles on the highway roads. In this paper we explain main fundamentals and
challenges of VASNET.
Issues and Challenges in Broadcast Storm Suppression Algorithms of Vehicular ...ieijjournal1
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of various Broadcast Storm Suppression Algorithms (BSSAs) used in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It discusses how simple broadcasting in VANETs can lead to the Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP) due to redundant rebroadcasting of emergency messages. It then analyzes prominent BSSAs that use probabilistic, timer-based, and location-based techniques to reduce the number of rebroadcasting nodes and identify the best relay nodes. The document finds that while existing BSSAs help mitigate BSP, there are still opportunities to further reduce redundant rebroadcasting and better identify the optimal relay nodes in order to minimize delays and maximize message delivery in
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
The document discusses position-based routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and their characteristics. It then describes different types of routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and VANETs, including proactive, reactive, topology-based, position-based, broadcast-based, and geocast routing protocols. The document focuses on various position-based routing protocols for VANETs such as OLSR, lifetime-based, GSR, A-STAR, GPCR, GyTAR, DBR, and DBR-LS. It evaluates these protocols and explains their advantages and limitations, particularly in dealing with
Multicast Dual Arti-Q System in Vehicular Adhoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses a dual Arti-Q system for efficient call taxi management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The existing Artigence system uses an Arti-Q algorithm with two components: Arti-Q main and Arti-Q proxy. The dual Arti-Q system proposes distributing the functionalities of scheduling and message transmission between separate servers to process requests in parallel and reduce response times. By separating these functions, the dual Arti-Q system aims to improve efficiency over the existing Artigence approach for managing taxi reservations and communications in VANETs.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Design Approach for Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) Dissemination of Messages in Veh...IJERA Editor
Designing a protocol structure which contains the control system, VANET device and the type of communication message structures which will implement the message packets for v2v or v2I infrastructure . The different message packets contain the information required to transfer from one node to another in vehicular network for communication. Design various algorithm required for Control, Alert and Infotainment messages. Time stamping lowering data rate efficient packet delivery and proper communication of required messages. Implementation of proposed algorithms and comparison of them with existing algorithms and study of different factors affecting the working of theses algorithms. Analysis of proposed design approach and improvements in results if required.
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
Effective Road Model for Congestion Control in VANETSijwmn
Congestion on the roads is a key problem to deal with, which wastes valuable time.. Due to high mobility
rate and relative speed link failure occur very often. VANET is used to tackle the problem of congestion,
and make decisions well in advance to avoid traffic congestion. In this paper we proposed a solution to
detect and control the traffic congestion by using of both (V2V) and (V2I), as a result the drivers become
aware of the location of congestion as well as way to avoid getting stuck in congestion. The congestion is
detected by analyzing the data obtained by vehicular communication and road side units to avoid the
traffic. Our proposition system is competent of detecting and controlling traffic congestion in real-time.
V2V and V2I communication network is used to receive and send the messages. We simulate the result by
using Congestion Detection and Control Algorithm (CDCA), and show that this is one effective way to
control congestion. The Proposed methodology ensures reliable and timely delivery of messages to know
about congestion and avoid it.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an adaptive broadcast mechanism to improve alert message dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It aims to reduce the "broadcast storm problem" where redundant rebroadcasting of messages causes contention and packet collisions. The proposed Profile-driven Adaptive Warning message Dissemination System (PAWDS) algorithm dynamically adjusts broadcast parameters based on detected city roadmap profiles (simple, regular, complex layouts) and vehicle density to select the appropriate dissemination scheme (full, standard, reduced). Simulation results show PAWDS improves information dissemination accuracy and mitigates broadcast storm issues compared to traditional methods, though some nodes still repeatedly act as rebroadcasters.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
Understanding Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks and Use of Greedy Routing Protocolijsrd.com
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) belong to a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks . VANET provides a distinguished approach for Intelligent Transport System (ITS). VANET has become an active area of research and development since it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency, and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. In this paper we discuss the characteristics and architecture of VANET. Further we provide an overview of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. Efficient routing protocols are essential for smart ITS.
Network parameters impact on dynamic transmission power control in vehicular ...ijngnjournal
the throughput of the wireless vehicular network and decrease the delay of the message communication
between vehicular nodes on the highway. Whenever an event occurs on the highway, the reliability
of the communication in the vehicular network becomes so vital so that event created messages should
reach to all the moving network nodes. It becomes necessary that there should be no interference from
outside of the network and all the neighbor nodes should lie in the transmission range of the
reference vehicular node. Transmission range is directly proportional to the transmission power the
moving node. If the transmission power will be high, the interference increases that can cause higher
delay in message reception at receiver end, hence the performance of the network decreased. In this
paper, it is analyzed that how transmission power can be controlled by considering other different
parameter of the network such as; density, distance between moving nodes, different types of messages
dissemination with their priority, selection of an antenna also affects on the transmission power. The
dynamic control of transmission power in VANET serves also for the optimization of the resources
where it needs, can be decreased and increased depending on the circumstances of the network.
Different applications and events of different types also cause changes in transmission power to enhance
the reachability. The analysis in this paper is comprised of density, distance with single hop and multi
hop message broadcasting based dynamic transmission power control as well as antenna selection and
applications based. Some summarized tables are produced according to the respective parameters of
the vehicular network. At the end some valuable observations are made and discussed in detail. This
paper concludes with a grand summary of all the protocols discussed in it.
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
This document summarizes a research paper that surveys secure routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It begins by introducing VANETs and comparing them to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs). It then discusses the challenges in VANETs, particularly the Sybil attack where a malicious node can present multiple fake identities. The document reviews various routing protocols for VANETs and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of several secure routing protocols. It proposes designing a new routing protocol that can detect and prevent Sybil attacks by giving each node a unique identity. The goal is to improve VANET performance and security by integrating attack prevention directly into the routing protocol.
The document describes an intersection-based geographical routing protocol (IGRP) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) that uses an anonymous batch authentication and key agreement scheme (ABAKA) for security. IGRP selects optimal routes between intersections to ensure network connectivity while satisfying quality of service constraints. It formulates the routing problem as an optimization problem solved using a genetic algorithm. ABAKA allows for batch authentication of multiple requests and establishes session keys efficiently using elliptic curve cryptography to reduce overhead. It provides anonymity and deals with invalid requests. The proposed approach uses IGRP with ABAKA to provide a secure routing environment for value-added services in VANETs.
SIMULATION & VANET: TOWARDS A NEW RELIABLE AND OPTIMAL DATA DISSEMINATION MODELpijans
Ad hoc networks was developed in the 2000s, they was highly used in dynamic environment, particularly
for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks).
Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks. These were
motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport system generation
based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide many services to passengers, the
fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience.
These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination, such as the alert message emitting,
that be exchanged for drivers protection on the road. Sharing such information between vehicles helps to
anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better routes during congestion situations.
The current paper attempts to model and simulate VANET Networks, aiming to analyze and evaluate
security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in this type of networks in several
exchanges conditions. The second objective is to identify their limitations and suggest a new improved
approach. This study was conducted as part of our research project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”,
where we justify and validate our approach using modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in
this domain.
Towards a new approach of data dissemination in vanets networkscsandit
In the 2000s, ad hoc networks was developed and highly used in dynamic environment,
particularly for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks).
Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks.
This was motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport
system generation based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide
many services to passengers, the fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience.
These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination the example as the case
alert message emitting allowing the driver to minimize driving risks. Sharing such information
between vehicles helps to anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better
routes during congestion situations.
In this context, we are trying in this paper to model and simulate VANET Networks in order to
analyze and evaluate security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in
this type of networks in several exchanges conditions.This in order to identify their limitations
and suggest a new improved approach. This study was conducted as part of our research
project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”, where we justify and validate our approach using
modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in this domain.
TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH OF DATA DISSEMINATION IN VANETS NETWORKScscpconf
In the 2000s, ad hoc networks was developed and highly used in dynamic environment, particularly for inter- vehicular communication (VANETs : Vehicular Ad hoc Networks). Since that time, many researches and developments process was dedicated to VANET networks. This was motivated by the current vehicular industry trend that is leading to a new transport system generation based on the use of new communication technologies in order to provide many services to passengers, the fact that improves the driving and travel’s experience. These systems require traffic information sharing and dissemination the example as the case alert message emitting allowing the driver to minimize driving risks. Sharing such information between vehicles helps to anticipate potentially dangerous situations, as well as planning better routes during congestion situations. In this context, we are trying in this paper to model and simulate VANET Networks in order to analyze and evaluate security information dissemination approaches and mechanisms used in this type of networks in several exchanges conditions.This in order to identify their limitations and suggest a new improved approach. This study was conducted as part of our research project entitled “Simulation & VANETs”, where we justify and validate our approach using modeling and simulation techniques and tools used in this domain.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
This document proposes a Global Frontrunner Routing Algorithm (GFRA) to address routing challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). GFRA aims to minimize transmission delays by reducing the number of hops needed to route emergency messages between vehicles. It determines the distance and direction to the destination vehicle, and if it is over 1000m away, forwards the message to the nearest "frontrunner" vehicle along the direction of travel. This frontrunner or subsequent frontrunners will continue forwarding the message until it reaches the destination vehicle. Simulation results will evaluate GFRA's performance in reducing delays compared to multi-hop routing protocols for VANETs. The algorithm
VEHICULAR AD HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS; PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES ijasuc
The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and
efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and
casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks,
is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to
propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We
coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Network, or
VASNET in short. The proposed VASNET is particularly for highway traffic .VASNET is a self-organizing Ad
Hoc and sensor network comprised of a large number of sensor nodes. In VASNET there are two kinds of
sensor nodes, some are embedded on the vehicles-vehicular nodes- and others are deployed in predetermined
distances besides the highway road, known as Road Side Sensor nodes (RSS). The vehicular nodes are used to
sense the velocity of the vehicle for instance. We can have some Base Stations (BS) such as Police Traffic
Station, Firefighting Group and Rescue Team. The base stations may be stationary or mobile. VASNET
provides capability of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and stationary nodes, to increase
safety and comfort for vehicles on the highway roads. In this paper we explain main fundamentals and
challenges of VASNET.
Issues and Challenges in Broadcast Storm Suppression Algorithms of Vehicular ...ieijjournal1
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of various Broadcast Storm Suppression Algorithms (BSSAs) used in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It discusses how simple broadcasting in VANETs can lead to the Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP) due to redundant rebroadcasting of emergency messages. It then analyzes prominent BSSAs that use probabilistic, timer-based, and location-based techniques to reduce the number of rebroadcasting nodes and identify the best relay nodes. The document finds that while existing BSSAs help mitigate BSP, there are still opportunities to further reduce redundant rebroadcasting and better identify the optimal relay nodes in order to minimize delays and maximize message delivery in
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
Master-Slave Clustering Technique for High Density Traffic in Urban VANET Sce...rifat1tasnim
Moving vehicle is never free of traffic congestion especially in the cities. Every day commuters wastes hours in travelling just because of traffic congestion. This has led to the emergence of vehicular management which will be beneficial for Road Transport department to control and manage the traffic flow on congested roads. Thus to support above idea we have Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET technology that turns every participating car into a node, allowing cars to connect with each other and in turn create a network. There are wealthy numbers of approaches were highlighted to solve several thriving challenges of VANET. Clustering technique in vehicle is one of them which made a great impact on VANET. But it fails to fulfill a crucial requirement. Several protocols wanted to build a cluster in low density traffic where the numbers of vehicles are less with respect to transmission range & there is a less chance of broadcast storming which is not a practical scenario. So that cluster formation in high density traffic has arisen as an issue where there is a great possibility to broadcast storm. This paper suggests a “Priority Based Master-Slave Cluster Formation Process” in high density traffic for an urban scenario using “fidelity” metric. With the help of this metric it will be easier to find high density traffic & form priority based Master-Slave dynamically by reducing broadcast storm problem.
In this paper CHP function runs on the vehicular environment which carried out to select a vehicle as Master. In this Ad-hoc wireless environment a dataset is assumed which create a proper environment & generate a graph. Graph results can be analyzed to have the highest one selects as a Master. Thus for the final result, real aspects of vehicular traffic is very essential and scenarios play a very crucial role.
In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
An Analytical Review of the Algorithms Controlling Congestion in Vehicular Ne...iosrjce
This document provides an analytical review of algorithms that control congestion in vehicular networks (VANETs). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and the issues they face with congestion due to high volumes of broadcast safety and non-safety messages. It then reviews several proposed hop-by-hop congestion control algorithms, including one that uses a utility-based approach where packets are prioritized based on encoded utility information. The document analyzes the characteristics and limitations of different algorithms to maintain efficient network operation while preventing overloads during congestion.
This document provides an analytical review of algorithms that control congestion in vehicular networks (VANETs). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and the issues they face with congestion due to frequent broadcasting of safety and non-safety messages. It then discusses several proposed congestion control algorithms for VANETs, including a utility-based approach that encodes utility information in packets to prioritize them. The document analyzes the characteristics of different hop-by-hop congestion control approaches and highlights their advantages over end-to-end approaches for VANETs. Finally, it provides a comparison of various proposed algorithms for VANET congestion control.
Overview of VANET with Its Features and Security AttacksIRJET Journal
This document discusses Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), including an overview of their features, applications, standards, and security issues. Specifically, it describes how VANETs allow vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure wireless communication. It outlines the characteristics, applications in safety, user services, and vehicle functions. Standards like DSRC, WAVE, and IEEE 802.11p that enable VANET communication are also summarized. Finally, the document analyzes security issues in VANETs and the requirements for authentication, availability, non-repudiation, privacy, and more.
IRJET- Design of a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Netwrork (VANET)IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the design of a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) which uses wireless local area network technology to allow vehicles to communicate directly with each other and with roadside infrastructure units.
2) Key characteristics of VANETs include high node mobility, predictable topology, and critical latency requirements for safety applications.
3) Potential VANET applications include cooperative collision warnings between vehicles, lane change warnings, work zone notifications, and electronic toll collection.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
IRJET- Survey on Delivering Hazardous Event Messages to Distinct VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for delivering road hazard warning messages to vehicles in a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). It examines different cluster head selection mechanisms and configurations for transmitting warning messages, including a probabilistic technique that can efficiently select neighboring nodes. A hybrid cellular-VANET configuration is proposed to transmit data using point-to-point transmission, which can deliver messages faster than other configurations. The document also reviews various routing protocols and multi-hop transmission methods that can disseminate emergency messages in VANETs.
A Comparative Study of Congestion Control Algorithm in Vehicle Ad- hoc Networ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of three congestion control algorithms for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in Aleppo City, Syria. It summarizes the Network Coding aware Admission Control (NCaAC) algorithm, the Society of Automotive Engineers International-Decentralized Congestion Control (SAE-DCC) algorithm, and the Adaptive Power Level Control Algorithm (APLCA). It then describes simulating these three algorithms using OpenStreetMap, SUMO, and NS2 tools on a map of part of Aleppo City to analyze their effects on congestion control in VANETs.
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is the favorable method to enhance the safety of divers and passengers. It becomes a basic element of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It has created by applying the concepts of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) – which is an application of a wireless network for exchanging the data – to the domain of vehicles. They become a main element of intelligent transportation systems. In existing technique drawback is the Authentication Server (AS) gives all the working to Law Executor (LE) means AS send information to RSU, RSU send this information to law executor and then login process start but if LE behave maliciously then this authentication process fail. In our propose work, we calculate the trust of each vehicle's on the basis of their behavior. Each vehicle calculates the trust of its neighbor and send this value to AS by RSU then AS update these values and then broadcast this value by RSU, now all the vehicles have a trust value of its neighboring vehicles so that send the data by using hashing technique and use trusted path to send data source to a destination so that security enhances.
Similar to SCRUTINY OF BROADCASTING PROTOCOLS IN VANET (20)
11th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Informati...ijgca
11th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Information
Technology (CSEIT 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge
and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and
Information Technology. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of
the Computer Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim
of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia
as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT BASED FAULT TOLERANT WORKLOAD SCHEDULING IN CLOUD COM...ijgca
Cloud computing is a concept of providing user and application oriented services in a virtual environment.
Users can use the various cloud services as per their requirements dynamically. Different users have
different requirements in terms of application reliability, performance and fault tolerance. Static and rigid
fault tolerance policies provide a consistent degree of fault tolerance as well as overhead. In this research
work we have proposed a method to implement dynamic fault tolerance considering customer
requirements. The cloud users have been classified in to sub classes as per the fault tolerance requirements.
Their jobs have also been classified into compute intensive and data intensive categories. The varying
degree of fault tolerance has been applied consisting of replication and input buffer. From the simulation
based experiments we have found that the proposed dynamic method performs better than the existing
methods.
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT BASED FAULT TOLERANT WORKLOAD SCHEDULING IN CLOUD COM...ijgca
Cloud computing is a concept of providing user and application oriented services in a virtual environment.
Users can use the various cloud services as per their requirements dynamically. Different users have
different requirements in terms of application reliability, performance and fault tolerance. Static and rigid
fault tolerance policies provide a consistent degree of fault tolerance as well as overhead. In this research
work we have proposed a method to implement dynamic fault tolerance considering customer
requirements. The cloud users have been classified in to sub classes as per the fault tolerance requirements.
Their jobs have also been classified into compute intensive and data intensive categories. The varying
degree of fault tolerance has been applied consisting of replication and input buffer. From the simulation
based experiments we have found that the proposed dynamic method performs better than the existing
methods.
11th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Informatio...ijgca
11th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (CSEIT 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
Load balancing functionalities are crucial for best Grid performance and utilization. Accordingly,this
paper presents a new meta-scheduling method called TunSys. It is inspired from the natural phenomenon of
heat propagation and thermal equilibrium. TunSys is based on a Grid polyhedron model with a spherical
like structure used to ensure load balancing through a local neighborhood propagation strategy.
Furthermore, experimental results compared to FCFS, DGA and HGA show encouraging results in terms
of system performance and scalability and in terms of load balancing efficiency.
11th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ...ijgca
11th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science and Information Technology. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED NAVIGATION AND...ijgca
Technological advancement has brought the masses unprecedented convenience, but unnoticed by many, a
population neglected through the age of technology has been the visually impaired population. The visually
impaired population has grown through ages with as much desire as everyone else to adventure but lack
the confidence and support to do so. Time has transported society to a new phase condensed in big data,
but to the visually impaired population, this quick-pace living lifestyle, along with the unpredictable nature
of natural disaster and COVID-19 pandemic, has dropped them deeper into a feeling of disconnection from
the society. Our application uses the global positioning system to support the visually impaired in
independent navigation, alerts them in face of natural disasters, and reminds them to sanitize their devices
during the COVID-19 pandemic
13th International Conference on Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (...ijgca
13th International Conference on Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (CDKP 2024) provides a forum for researchers who address this issue and to present their work in a peer-reviewed forum.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to these topics only.
Call for Papers - 15th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks...ijgca
15th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks (WiMoNe 2023) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Wireless & Mobile computing Environment. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Wireless, Mobile Networks & its applications had received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Call for Papers - 4th International Conference on Big Data (CBDA 2023)ijgca
4th International Conference on Big Data (CBDA 2023) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Big Data. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Big Data.
Call for Papers - 15th International Conference on Computer Networks & Commun...ijgca
15th International Conference on Computer Networks & Communications (CoNeCo 2023) looks for significant contributions to the Computer Networks & Communications for Wired and Wireless Networks in theoretical and practical aspects. Original papers are invited on Computer Networks, Network Protocols and Wireless Networks, Data Communication Technologies, and Network Security. The goal of this Conference is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Call for Papers - 15th International Conference on Computer Networks & Commun...ijgca
15th International Conference on Computer Networks & Communications (CoNeCo 2023) looks for significant contributions to the Computer Networks & Communications for Wired and Wireless Networks in theoretical and practical aspects. Original papers are invited on Computer Networks, Network Protocols and Wireless Networks, Data Communication Technologies, and Network Security. The goal of this Conference is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Call for Papers - 9th International Conference on Cryptography and Informatio...ijgca
9th International Conference on Cryptography and Information Security (CRIS 2023) provides a forum for researchers who address this issue and to present their work in a peer-reviewed forum. It aims to bring together scientists, researchers and students to exchange novel ideas and results in all aspects of cryptography, coding and Information security.
Call for Papers - 9th International Conference on Cryptography and Informatio...ijgca
9th International Conference on Cryptography and Information Security (CRIS 2023) provides a forum for researchers who address this issue and to present their work in a peer-reviewed forum. It aims to bring together scientists, researchers and students to exchange novel ideas and results in all aspects of cryptography, coding and Information security.
Call for Papers - 4th International Conference on Machine learning and Cloud ...ijgca
4th International Conference on Machine learning and Cloud Computing (MLCL 2023) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Cloud computing. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Call for Papers - 11th International Conference on Data Mining & Knowledge Ma...ijgca
11th International Conference on Data Mining & Knowledge Management Process (DKMP 2023) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Data Mining and knowledge management process. The goal of this conference is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern data mining concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Call for Papers - 4th International Conference on Blockchain and Internet of ...ijgca
4th International Conference on Blockchain and Internet of Things (BIoT 2023) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Blockchain and Internet of Things. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Blockchain and Internet of Things in theoretical and practical aspects.
Call for Papers - International Conference IOT, Blockchain and Cryptography (...ijgca
The 4th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Web Services (CBW 2023) will take place from March 25-26, 2023 in Sydney, Australia. The conference aims to facilitate the exchange of innovative ideas and research related to cloud computing, big data, and web services. Authors are invited to submit papers by February 18, 2023 on topics including cloud platforms, big data analytics, and web service models and architectures. Selected papers will be published in related journals.
Call for Paper - 4th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Web Serv...ijgca
4th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Web Services (CBW 2023) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Cloud, Big Data and Web services. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Cloud, Big Data and web services.
Call for Papers - International Journal of Database Management Systems (IJDMS)ijgca
The International Journal of Database Management Systems (IJDMS) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contributenew results in all areas of the database management systems & its applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern developments in this filed and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
SCRUTINY OF BROADCASTING PROTOCOLS IN VANET
1. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
DOI:10.5121/ijgca.2015.6202 13
SCRUTINY OF BROADCASTING PROTOCOLS IN
VANET
Rohini Nere and Prof Uma Nagaraj
Department of Computer Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune
ABSTRACT
Definitive broadcasting in vehicular ad hoc networks is the key to success for various services and
applications on an intelligent transportation system. Many trusted broadcasting protocols have been
proposed but none of them has been evaluated in realistic scenario. In this paper, we discuss these reliable
broadcasting protocols on VANET. Basic mechanism in broadcasting, and also we are providing collective
research of Broadcasting protocols in vanet in that some real time protocols with their pros cons we have
studied.
KEYWORDS
Vanet, broadcasting protocols , flooding, DSR, UMB, AODV, MDDV.
1. INTRODUCTION
There are several broadcasting protocols proposed on Vehicular Adhoc Network. But as of now
none of them has been successfully evaluated. Hence, authors of this paper have done analytic
research of the broadcasting protocols for vehicular Adhoc Network.
2. NEED OF BROADCASTING IN VANET
A conventional approach for broadcasting is simple flooding. As soon as node receive broadcast
message receiving node rebroadcasts the message immediately. This approach can provide very
high rate of data distribution. It is also simple as it does not require neighbour’s information.
However, it does not execute well in dense and sparse areas. Particularly, in condensed area such
as traffic jam during rush hours, the simple flooding is responsible for high collision, leading to
low reliability with a lot of dispensable broadcast messages. This problem is also been applicable
for route request (RREQ) mechanism of AODV on the Vehicular AdHOc Network environment.
In sporadic area such as highways during night time, vehicles move fast and possibly have no
neighbour in their transmission range. The effortless flooding in such disconnected network is
useless as there is no neighbour being able to receive and convey the message VANET safety
mechanism depend on interchanging the safety information among vehicles i.e. car to car (C2C
communication) or between Vehicle to infrastructure i.e. car to infrastructure.(C2I
Communication) using the control channel, as you can see in figure 1.
2. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
14
Figure 1: Basic idea of VANET.
VANET as comfort communication can be made by two means: Periodic Safety Message (in this
paper we refer them as Beacon) and Event Driven Message (refereed as Emergency Message
here), both messages share only one control channel. The Beacon messages are messages about
status of sender vehicle. Status information includes position, speed, heading towards, etc., about
sender. Beacons provide resent or latest information of the sender vehicle to the all present
vehicles in the network which will help them to know the position of the current network and
anticipate the movement of vehicles. Beacons are sent antagonistically to neighbouring vehicles
10 messages each second. Emergency Messages are messages sent by a vehicle who defect a
potential dangerous situation on the road, this information should be dispersed to alarm or worn
other vehicles about a feasible danger that could affect the incoming vehicles. VANET is a high
mobile or volatile network where the nodes are keep changing their position and they are moving
in speeds, which means that this vehicles may be get influence, even if these vehicles are very far
from the danger, they will reach near to danger very soon, in this case fraction of seconds will be
very important to avoid the danger [6, and 7].
In VANET Emergency messages are delivered in broadcasting way. Purpose behind this is all the
vehicle within the communication range of the sender should receive the message. Message
barely reaches a 1000m (which is in fact the range of DSRC communication) and is the coverage
area of sender and it is not enough as due to fading effects and attenuation. Critical information
should receive by vehicles which are out of senders range. By using this information they can
avoid the danger. In short distances the prospect of message reception i.e. percentage of message
reception can reach 99% and as we move forward it decreases up to 20% at half of the
communication range (Moreno, 2004). Therefore, there is requirement of a method to rise the
emergency message reception with great reliability and availability. Due to the high movement of
vehicles, the dispersal of nodes with in the network changes swiftly and unpredictably that
wireless links modify and clear up commonly and randomly. Therefore, broadcasting of messages
in VANETs plays a pivotal rule in almost every application and requires novel solutions that are
different from any other form of Ad-Hoc networks. Broadcasting of the messages in VANETs is
an open investigation challenge and needs some efforts to reach an optimum solution.
The requirements for broadcasting are great accuracy, dependability and also great distribution
speed by means of undersized latency not only in single-hop but also in multi-hop
communication.
3. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
15
Problems associated with regular broadcasting algorithms are the high possibility of collision in
the broadcasted messages and the absence of feedback and the hidden node problem. In our paper
we are proposing a new intelligent broadcasting technique which is used in emergency message
in Vehicular AdHoc Network and is aimed in rising of the acknowledgement of important
message.
In section II and section III we are simply collecting all possible information about research done
in broadcasting protocols. In that section II is dedicated to schemes of existing broadcasting
protocols. And section III is describing some real time examples of broadcasting protocols with
their pros and cons.
3. Basic Broadcasting Schemes Comparison
A variety of broadcasting schemes exist such as simple flooding, probability based approaches,
area based approaches etc., In this section we will concisely discuss all the broadcast schemes and
their pros and cons. Flooding is a simple broadcast technique for communication. Vehicles send
information to other vehicle and this process continues until all vehicles get same information. It
works fine in sparse network but in dense network it produces collision, contention and redundant
information. Flooding is pretty simple to practise and also flooding could be expensive as far as
network performance is concerned, and one of the main problems that rise in flooding is
“Broadcast Storm Problem”. Figure 2 is showing difficulty with flooding vehicle in yellow colour
first send message .Which is again come back after some interval from different user’s repetition
of message take place which results into wastage of bandwidth.
Figure 2. Broadcast storm problem
Probabilistic scheme reduces the collision, contention and redundant messages in dense network
as it broadcast the messages with some fixed probability. However in the scattered network, all of
the vehicles are unable to receive the same packets with small probability. When the possibility is
increased then it mechanisms similar to flooding. Therefore, it performs wisely in condensed
network in comparison to scattered network. Counter based technique is used to analyse the
redundant messages. We use counter to record the dispensable message. Whenever the redundant
i.e. dispensable message is received, we increment the counter by one. We distinguish the counter
with certain threshold value if it is less than it we forward the packet otherwise the packet is
discarded. The Scheme based on Distance, it evaluates the space between the vehicles and its
neighbours. Then it compares the distance with threshold. If the distance is greater than threshold
it forward the packet otherwise it ignore the message. The Scheme based on Location, it firstly
computes the coverage area by making use of sender location. If the coverage area is shorter than
a threshold value, then the vehicle will overlook the packet. Or else that packet would be
broadcasted. Neighbour knowledge method is a technique which keeps the table which comprises
of the data for vehicles which are nearby. A vehicle uses this information to decide whether to
4. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
16
forward the message onward or deny it. All vehicles share hello packets with their neighbours to
get current information. That information is being stored in their table for further usage. This
method completely depends on the exchange of hello packet. If the intermission is little then
Contention and collision can happen, whereas the huge intermission worsens the network
performance because of motion.
Correlation of various broadcasting protocols is being presented below in table. We have done
analysis on the protocols on the basis of different criterions viz. are, collision, competition,
congestion, performance, accuracy, reliability. And not any of the previously existing schemes is
perfect for the entire situations .In sparse or scattered network, plain flooding could behave
properly whereas the probabilistic can work well in condensed network.
Table 1. Comparison between protocols.
3.1 Probe of Broadcasting Protocols in Vanet
Basic mechanisms in which consist of three main modules. There are favoured node selection
algorithm, beaconing and waiting timeout calculation. The preferred node selection (node
picking) algorithm which can make the difference to efficiency and overhead of the protocol. If
the protocol picks the exact vehicle, some of the vehicles in the similar road sector would be able
to accept the broadcasted message in every single phase of rebroadcasting. The waiting timeout
calculation is the chief mechanism to circumvent broadcasting collision for reliable (consistent)
broadcasting protocol, nevertheless waiting timeout could raise a lot of retard. We also found that
the waiting timeout of some protocols is the reason of broadcast storm problem. The last module
is beaconing which is the solution to redeem neighbour nodes’ information. Even though it is
beneficial, it is able to spend the inadequate wireless network resource, which origins problem of
broadcasting storm which then diminish consistency and efficiency of protocols. Then we
compare the reliable broadcast protocols on the basis of reliability (dependability), speed and
overhead of data scattering by imitation.
5. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
17
In the reference no [8], a street-based broadcast scheme is proposed by authors in that scheme
vehicle employs neighbours’ information by exchanging hello messages among vehicles, A
warning message is broadcasted to all neighbours when any probable danger is detected. As a
forwarder the farthest vehicle is selected. This selection will be depending on the information
gained from the hello message, if the forwarder which is preselected, receives the message, it will
broadcast it again.
In a case of high mobile highly volatile network like VANET Depending on just one forwarder is
not good option always. Moreover, we are not dependant on beacon signals to intensification of
the information. They anticipated using hello message, which creates a chance to raise the
channel load. The waiting time for long the receiver delays previous to rebroadcasting of the
message acknowledged by the sender is the contention period. And these schemes are anticipated
by many of the researchers [10], [12], [9], [13], [11], [14].
Authors of [9] have projected the Link based Distribution Multi hop Broadcasting (LDMB),
which has same potential forwarders and receivers. Every forwarder calculates and delays for
period of contention, and when the period of contention overs then the forwarder would start
rebroadcasting of the message, this conception is being used for the further research.
Authors of [11], [12] have proposed forwarding strategy based on position by broadcasting the
emergency message, and selecting the best forwarder available. All vehicles which receive that
message are potential forwarders. So as to choose the node which will forward the message, every
receiver would allocate the contention window (waiting time); the size of window will be the
lowest for node which is furthest whereas largest size of window for the node which is nearby
i.e., priority for the node which is furthest to be the succeeding forwarder will be given by this
protocol.
The last two protocols have the problem, which is each of the receivers of message will calculate
the contention window period and will pause for making the rebroadcast though the vehicles
which are nearby the sender would do, and making the whole network vehicles active for every
received message.
In [13], authors have proposed a protocol known as Emergency Message Dissemination Vehicle
(EMDV), by allowing the furthest vehicle inside the range of transmission for making the
rebroadcast of message.
Because the position is always changing, choosing a forwarder vehicle is not suitable in VANET
also receiving vehicle might turn out of range at time when a message is being sent. That means
the message receiver is not able to receive it due to the channel problems such as denial of service
or jam, as seen in Fig.3.
Authors of [10] have projected that the message receivers would choose arbitrary waiting periods
and will also acknowledge for avoiding retransmission by the nodes which are nearby the initial
sender.
The delay for rebroadcasting is being caused by acknowledgment scheme. Authors of [14] have
projected the protocol named Contention (waiting time) Based Forwarding (CBF) in which a
packet in the form of a broadcasting message is being sent by a vehicle to every neighbour of it.
On reception of the packet, forwarding the packet will be contended for by neighbouring vehicle.
The node with the highest progress to the target would be having the least waiting period also
rebroadcasting of the message would be firstly done by it. If other nodes accept the rebroadcast
6. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
18
message, they will stop their conflict and will delete the previously received message. This
protocol is chiefly offered for forwarding the intervallic safety message (Beacons).
This protocol has an issue that it needs technique for management of waiting time or contention
period to every adjacent vehicle, also there is possibility of missing the rebroadcast of a different
vehicle by the nearest vehicle to the sender. So that vehicle would be rebroadcasting the message
.This is known as hidden node problem. Also this is responsible for broadcasting storm problem.
Figure 3.Sender using EMDV
Researchers of [15] have projected that the receivers located at farther distances from the sender
would rebroadcast the message by the choice of smaller contention times, as seen in equation.
Authors of [7] have projected a protocol named as Contention(waiting time) Based Broadcasting
(CBB) protocol so as to raise the reception of emergency message also to raise the performance,
broadcasting is being done in multi-hop manner, prior the sending of original messages, these
multi-hop forwarders would be choose. Contention based broadcasting is verified to accomplish
supremacy over the as Emergency Message Dissemination Vehicle protocol because it selects
many forwarders for rebroadcasting the messages and by this emergency message can defeat the
pre chosen forwarder failure.
The standards of picking the forwarders are based on the growth and also based on the
localization segment, as seen in fig 4, in which every vehicle positioned in final non-vacant
segment become the potential forwarders.
7. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
19
Figure 4. Emergency message Sending and transmission range
Another way to rebroadcast the message is to splits the network into segments proposed in [16,
17, and 18].
The authors of [16] have projected Urban Multi–hop broadcast (UMB) and that increases the
message growth, and evading hidden node,problems of broadcasting storm and dependability. It
gives the responsibility of furthering and recognising the broadcast packets to only one vehicle.
This is being done by separating the road lot inside the communication range into segments and
selecting the vehicle in the furthermost non-vacant section without any information of previous
topology. Broadcast control packet is being transmitted by source node, named as RTB (Request
to Broadcast),and it holds the location of the source and location of the segment size. On
reception of the Request To Broadcast packets, the nodes calculate the space amongst the receiver
and sender. After that nodes transfers a channel congestion signal known as black burst, which
contains numerous time–spaces equivalent to their distance from the source (in number of
segments).Farther the distance, lengthier is the black–burst. Each and every node tranfers its
congestion signal, when different black-burst is not there in the channel then it results in
determining it as the furthest node. A Clear–to–Broadcast (CTB) control packet is returned by
node, containing its identifier (ID), to the source.
In [17] authors have projected a protocol which has the similar purpose as that of Urban Multi-
hop Broadcast by making use of a diverse technique. Upon the reception of RTB message, each
vehicle should decide its segment and set a random back-off time. Every node is having its unique
waiting time.Meaning, if that segment is having the size of contention window of four Time
slot,then vehicles which are lying in the farthest segment have to arbitrarily decide a back-off
time which lies in between zero time slot and three. The subsequent next segments’ vehicles
selects the value in between four ansd seven Timeslots.The vehicles which are closer to the
sender; they have to wait for longest period of time.
Vehicles will be decreasing their times of backing off by 1 in every Time Slot(Ts). When they are
hearing the physical channel. When a Vehicle obtains a suitable Clear To Broadcast packet,when
it is listening,the vehicle would be exiting the time phase of contention. And would hear the
transmitting broadcast signals. In contrast, suppose a node comes to an end of its back off
timer,the node would transfer the Clear-To-Broadcast signal and would be rebroadcasting the
incoming broadcasts.
In [20 ]researcher has categorised the message in priority message in which structure of the
emergency message is as shown in fig 5 in which 3 inputs, viz. are Forwarder candidate ID (ie.,
8. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
20
Cid), Minimum Boundary and Maximum Boundary,they are supplementary to assist the receiver
vehicle in deciding which action should be taken after acceptance of any emergency information
or message.
Figure 5.Message Format
Where Send ID : sender id, Cd : Message Code, TS : Time Stamp, MID : Message ID, Dt : Data
sent, Cnid : Forwarder Candidate ID, MinBt : Minimum Boundary, MaxBt : Maximum
Boundary.
4. Some Real Time Examples Of Broadcasting Protocols.
4.1 Edge-Aware Epidemic Protocol (EAEP):
Each of vehicles has its unique knowledge which is piggybacked for broadcasting. By this
solution, EDGE AWARE EPIDEMIC PROTOCOL operates without beaconing. Upon reception
of any recent rebroadcasting information, Edge aware epidemic protocol makes use of number of
transmission beginning front nodes and back nodes in amount of time to calculate the probability
for making decision whether nodes will rebroadcast the message or not. Using this methodology,
the boundary of every communication would be the favoured region for rebroadcasting the
message. Although, the intermittent connectivity problem is not being solved by Edge aware
epidemic protocol. Particularly, a node will be unknown about if it has overlooked or passed any
messages or else its neighbours also have missed some messages it has. EDGE AWARE
EPIDEMIC PROTOCOL does better than the simple flooding where as reliability and overhead is
concerned. Though, it present time-consuming speed of data dissemination. It needs at least 30
seconds for delivering a broadcast message.
4.2 Preferred Group Broadcast (PGB)
PREFRERED GROUP BRODCAST is not a dependable broadcasting protocol. But the protocol
is resolution to prevent broadcast storm problem. Every node in PREFRERED GROUP
BRODCAST would sense signal strength from broadcasting by neighbour. The signal strength is
being used for waiting timeout calculation. Shorter waiting timeout will be set by nodes in the
edge of circulated broadcast. Rebroadcasting of the message is being done by the node which is
having shortest timeout. PREFRERED GROUP BRODCAST can decrease numbers of RREQ
broadcasting. But a problem on low density area still exists.
4.3 AckPBSM
AckPBSM is a modified version of PBSM, which is the parameter less broadcast in static to
highly mobile ad-hoc networks. This protocol functions by using periodic beacons, which
replaces information amongst nodes. In each vehicle cluster, the nodes at either the head or tail
would place minimum waiting timeout. The nodes which are lying in Connected Dominating Set
are known as gateway nodes. Rest of the nodes which do not lie in Connected Dominating Set
would place higher waiting timeout. If all of their neighbours received the messages, the nodes
will not perform any rebroadcast. For accurate operation high frequent beacon is needed by this
protocol. For solving the problem of intermittent connectivity, broadcasting message
Send ID Cd TS M ID Dt Cnid MinBt MaxBt
9. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
21
acknowledgement is being piggybacked in beacons periodically. Therefore, nodes are able to
rebroadcast when their neighbours do not get broadcast messages. It is reported in that AckPBSM
outperforms PBSM and DVCAST in terms of reliability and overhead..
4.4 Density-Aware Reliable Broadcasting Protocol (DECA)
It does not require position knowledge. DECA employs only local density information of 1-hop
neighbours obtained by beaconing. Before broadcasting, the node selects one neighbour which
has the greatest local density information for being the next rebroadcasting node. And other nodes
will randomly set their waiting timeout. If they don’t hear anyone rebroadcasting the message
before the timeout expiration, they will rebroadcast the message. Also, recognition of the arrived
broadcast messages is incorporated into periodic beacons. So as the node can find out its
neighbours, who have not yet received the message. The advantage of Density-Aware Reliable
Broadcasting Protocol is that, it does not need location knowledge to operate so it is more flexible
to suit any operating environment.
4.5 Position-Aware Reliable Broadcasting Protocol (POCA)
It uses adaptive beacon to get neighbours’ position and velocity. When nodes want to broadcast
the messages, they will select neighbours in preferred distance to rebroadcast the message. That
chosen distance is selected on the basis of distance among nodes and selector. The selected node
will rebroadcast the message instantaneously. In case those selected nodes do not rebroadcast the
message, other nodes which are having set waiting timeout since they received message will do
this task instead. The waiting timeout is being calculated depending on the distance between node
and precursor node. So the node which is closest to selected node will rebroadcast the messages.
Position-Aware Reliable Protocol also piggybacks the message attribute to beacon to hold
connectivity. Hence a node in the same road section will be rebroadcasting the messages to
neighbours.
4.6 BROADCOMM
BROADCOMM is projected on the structure that is being utilized in highway network. The
highway is being divided into fundamental cells which shift along the vehicles. There is two level
of hierarchy for the nodes which are in the highway. All the nodes which are in a cell are included
in first level. In each of the virtual cell, some of the nodes signify the subsequent level, which are
accountable for managing messages within its cell. And forwarding the communication to or from
neighbouring cell reflectors.
• Pros
Outperforms better for simple highway structure which is containing smaller number of
nodes.
• Cons
Position information is fully dependent on formation of cells.
4.7 SECURE RING BROADCASTING (SRB)
The Secure Ring Broadcasting [5] categorizes the nodes in 3 clusters on the basis of receiving
power. That is, Inner Node, Outer node and Secure Ring node. Inner Nodes are those nodes
which are nearer to sender. Outer Nodes are the nodes which are farther from sender. Whereas,
Secure Ring nodes are those which are at desirable distance from sending node.
10. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
22
• Pros
To get the more stable routes, minimize number of retransmission messages.
• Cons
Control packet overhead is high.
4.8 Parameterless Broadcasting In Static Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc(PBSM).
In PBSM [26], the nodes don’t need information of their neighbour. for removing disused
broadcasting PBSM uses CDS as well as neighbour exclusion model. The list of neighbouring
vehicles which is R and NR is preserved by every vehicle. Which further assists to identify
neighbours which have previously received packet as well as which have not.. When timeout
occurs then rebroadcast the packet.
• Pros - It is regardless vehicle position, velocity and direction.
• Cons -Control Packet overhead is high.
4.9 DISTRIBUTED VEHICULAR BROADCAST PROTOCOL (DV-CAST).
Distributed vehicular broadcast protocol is being projected on the connectivity. As merely
connected, finely connected and entirely disconnected neighbours which partition vehicles in 3
groups. Whenever region is well connected persistence scheme is used. When region is sparsely
connected vehicles are able to instantly rebroadcast along vehicles which are travelling in the
same direction subsequent to reception of the broadcast message. When region is totally
disconnected vehicles stock up the broadcast message in anticipation of another vehicle come into
transmission range. When time is terminated then remove the packets.
• Pros
With using flag variable check whether that packet is redundant or not.
• Cons
- Control overhead is high.
- End to end data transfer delay is also high.
4.10 Urban Multihop Broadcast Protocol(UMB).
Urban Multihop Broadcasting protocol [28] is projected to decipher collision and problems of
hidden node throughout message transmission in multi hop broadcast. In urban multihop
broadcast sender selects the extreme node in broadcast direction so as to forward the packet. It
achieves well in higher packet loads & vehicle traffic density.
• Pros
-Overcomes the Packet collision and hidden node problem.
-Successfully performs at vehicle traffic densities scenarios and higher packet loads.
• Cons
-Waste Bandwidth
4.11 Vector Based Tracing Detection(V-TRADE).
V-TRADE is a broadcasting protocol which is based on GPS System, and which categorizes,
the neighbours into various groups (forwarding). Just a minute subset of vehicles is chosen for
every group for the purpose of rebroadcasting..
11. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
23
• Pros
-Bandwidth utilization is improved.
• Cons
-To select the next forwarding node in every hop routing overheads occur.
4.12 Neighbourhood awareness broadcasting protocols
In neighbourhood awareness approach, beacon messages are being exchanged to collect
necessary information about vehicles in certain neighbourhood (Tonguz et al., 2007; Hao et al.,
2008; Sebastian et al., 2010; Peksen and Acarman, 2012. The information or statistics about the
vehicle for example position, velocity, ID. Every vehicle would preserve a list of all of its
neighbours along entire data which is essential to select next relay computations. Every protocol
which uses the above technique is recognised as not being effective where bandwidth is
concerned. As general beacon message present a substantial overhead to the network. Follows
are examples of such protocols.
4.13 Media Access Control Protocol (MAC).
Media Access Control protocol goals in avoiding the extended suspension by letting the furthest
away node to be the subsequent relay. Path which lies under the transmission range is distributed
in 7 segments. The message is being sent by the sender beside by its location in the header. The
positions will be compared by receiver nodes with the position of sender to compute receiver
nodes direction with respect to the sender. Merely the nodes which are in the area surrounded by
the direction of packet are permitted to partake in the succeeding relay choice. Every contributor
node will verify its individual list of neighbour to decide which one lays inside the periphery
area. Every contributor node will match its individual segment number with the segments which
are in neighbourhood so as to elect whether it is in the segment from which the sender is farthest.
The farthest segment from the senders’ nodes will be selected as the next relay. If the farthest
segment has more than single node, then, each node would be allotted a back off time which is
proportionate to the speed of node. However, the elected relay is transmitting the packets; rest of
the nodes in the outermost division would carry the message and will work as backup nodes.
When transmission comes to the end, backup nodes would verify to match the message or
information which is there in its individual buffer which they have acknowledged from the relay.
Suppose the message is matched, the nodes would terminate the transmission procedure.
Simulation calculates packet response ratio, hop delay and average overhead, for dissimilar node
thickness with diverse size of packets. Whereas hop delay and response ratio mark practical
values, quantity of the overhead actually rises with traffic. Any other protocol have not been
compared with results of other proto cols.
4.14 Reception Estimation Alarm Routing (REAR) protocol (Hao et al., 2008)
The probability of reception is used as next reception selection criteria by the protocol, so REAR
does not relay the node that provides the largest progress on distance. The receipt probability is
maximized which in turn extends the coverage distance and also maintains the quick
propagation. By the means of beaconing, neighbours list containing size and position
information is maintained by each node. The alarm message including message propagation
direction and neighbourhood list of the sender is broadcasted by the sender, only the nodes in
propagation direction can participate in the relay node selection, its reception probability is
calculated by participant nodes, each node will wait for a contention delay that is inversely
proportional to its probability of reception. The node with the shortest contention delay will be
elected as a relay and the message is sent further in the network. For more information on the
12. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
24
probability of reception calculation refer to Hao et al. (2008). high reliability is shown in
Simulation evaluation of this protocol while its performance is affected by its latency delay.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have analysis various broadcasting algorithms from various research papers. We
can conclude that all broadcasting algorism are considering message transmission as main motive.
But while considering this they all are unintentionally neglecting the fact. That is broadcasting
improves folding and due to that performance of the system degrades. And one more thing among
all this broadcasting protocols no one is providing any security or any technique to reduce
accidents happing at the intersection. So our emphasis for future work is to use broadcasting
technique for reducing accident at road intersection.
REFERENCES
[1] Ghassan Samara, R Sures, Wafaa AH Al-Salihy "Security Issues and Challenges of Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks (VANET)", 4th International Conference on New Trends in Information Science and
Service Science (NISS), 2010, 393-398.
[2] Ghassan Samara, R Sures, Wafaa AH Al-Salihy "Security Analysis of Vehicular Ad Hoc Nerworks
(VANET)", Second International Conference on Network Applications Protocols and Services
(NETAPPS), 2010, 55-60.
[3] Who, W. H. (2011), World Health Organization,
http://www.who.int/roadsafety/decade_of_action/plan/en/index.html, visited on 30 Apr., 2014.
[4] M Raya, D. J., P Papadimitratos, I Aad, JP Hubaux (2006), Certificate Revocation in Vehicular
Network. Laboratory for computer Communications and Applications (LCA) School of Computer and
Communication Science, EPFL, Switzerland.
[5] Worldometers (2011), real time world statistics, www.worldometers.info, visited on 30 Apr., 2014.
[6] Ghassan Samara, WAHA Alsalihy, S Ramadass, "Increase Emergency Message Reception in
VANET", Journal of Applied Sciences, 2011, Volume 11, Pages 2606-2612.
[7] Ghassan Samara, Sureswaran Ramadass , Wafaa Alsalihy, ” Increasing Network Visibility Using
Coded Repitition Beacon Piggybacking”, World Applied Sciences Journal (WASJ), Volume 13,
Number 1, pp. 100 - 108, 2011.
[8] Ching-Yi, Y. & Shou-Chih, L. (2010) Street Broadcast with Smart Relay for Emergency Messages in
VANET. 24th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
Workshops (WAINA), 323-328, IEEE.
[9] Qiong, Y. & Lianfeng, S. (2010) A Multi-Hop Broadcast scheme for propagation of emergency
messages in VANET. 12th IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT),
1072-1075, IEEE.
[10] Biswas, S., Tatchikou, R., Dion, F. (2006), Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocol for
enhancing highway traffic safety, IEEE Communication Magazine, 44, 74-82, IEEE.
[11] Torrent-Moreno, M. (2007), Inter-vehicle communications: assessing information dissemination
under safety constraints, 4th Annual Conference on Wireless on Demand Network Systems and
Services, WONS '07, 59 – 64, IEEE.
[12] Torrent-Moreno, M., Mittag, P. & Hartenstein, J., Santi, H. (2009), Vehicle-to-Vehicle
Communication: Fair transmit power control for safety-critical information. Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, 58, 3684-3703, IEEE
[13] Torrent-Moreno, M. (2007), Inter-Vehicle Communication: Achieving Safety in a Distributed
Wireless Environment-Challenges, Systems and Protocols, (Ph.D Paper), Universitatsverlag
Karlsruhe, ISBN: 978-3-86644-175-0.
[14] Füßler, H., Kasemann, M., Widmer, J., Mauve, M. & Hartenstein, H. (2003), Contention-based
forwarding for mobile ad hoc networks, Ad Hoc Networks, 1 (2003), 351-369.
[15] Briesemeister, L., Schafers, L., Hommel, G. (2000), Disseminating messages among highly mobile
hosts based on inter-vehicle communication, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2000, 522 -
527, IEEE.
13. International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications (IJGCA) Vol.6, No.1/2, June 2015
25
[16] Korkmaz, G., Ekici, E., Özgüner, F. & Özgüner, Ü. (2004), Urban multi-hop broadcast protocol for
inter-vehicle communication systems, first ACM international workshop on Vehicular ad hoc
network, ACM.
[17] Fasolo, E., Zanella, A., Zorzi, M. (2006), An effective broadcast scheme for alert message
propagation in vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications ICC'06,( 3960 –
3965), IEEE.
[18] Zorzi, M. & Rao, R. R. (2003), Geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) for ad hoc and sensor
networks: energy and latency performance, IEEE transactions on Mobile Computing, (349-365) ,
IEEE.
[19] IEEE (2005), White Paper: DSRC technology and the DSRC Industry consortium (DIC) prototype
team.
[20] Intelligent Emergency Message Broadcasting in VANET Using PSO.
AUTHORS
Mrs Rohini Nere [AhireMe Appear Be computer
Completed her Be From S.S.V.P.S.Coe dhue
Now she is student in Mit Aoe Alandi Pune Doing her me project in Vanet
In Computer Department
S.V.P.S.Coe dhue
Prof .Mrs Uma Nagaraj
[Phd] Apper Me cmputer
Head of the Computer department in
Mit Aoe Alandi Pune Doing her Phd Research in Vanet