Smoking exposes the lungs to tar and other carcinogens that can lead to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases like emphysema and bronchitis. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate, while carbon monoxide reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and damages artery walls. Together these smoking-related effects promote atherosclerosis and increase risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease.

1. Smoking and Smoking-
Smoking and Smoking-
related Diseases
related Diseases
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2. ALBIO9700/2006JK
Tar (a mixture of
Tar (a mixture of
aromatic
aromatic
compounds)
compounds): settles
: settles
on the lining of the
on the lining of the
airways in the lungs
airways in the lungs
and stimulates a series
and stimulates a series
of changes that may
of changes that may
lead to obstructive
lead to obstructive
lung diseases and lung
lung diseases and lung
cancer
cancer
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide:
:
*Diffuses across the
*Diffuses across the
walls of the alveoli and
walls of the alveoli and
into the blood in the
into the blood in the
lungs. It diffuses into
lungs. It diffuses into
red blood cells where it
red blood cells where it
combines with
combines with
haemoglobin to form
haemoglobin to form
the stable compound
the stable compound
carboxyhaemoglobin.
carboxyhaemoglobin.
*Also damages the
*Also damages the
lining of the arteries.
lining of the arteries.
Nicotine
Nicotine:
:
*drug in tobacco that is absorbed very readily by the blood
*drug in tobacco that is absorbed very readily by the blood
and travels to the brain within seconds. Stimulates nervous
and travels to the brain within seconds. Stimulates nervous
system to reduce diameter of the arterioles and to release the
system to reduce diameter of the arterioles and to release the
hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands.
hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands.
*also increases ‘stickiness’ of blood platelets (risk of blood
*also increases ‘stickiness’ of blood platelets (risk of blood
clotting)
clotting)
There are
There are 69 identified carcinogens
69 identified carcinogens in tobacco smoke (IARC Monographs on
in tobacco smoke (IARC Monographs on
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks.
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks. Volume 1 and Supplements 1-8,
Volume 1 and Supplements 1-8,
1972-1999
1972-1999)
)

4. Emphysema
Emphysema
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• difficulty to move air out of the lungs (1.3 dm
difficulty to move air out of the lungs (1.3 dm3
3
air)
air)
• rapid breathing rate due to lack of
rapid breathing rate due to lack of
oxygenation of blood
oxygenation of blood
• right side of heart enlarges
right side of heart enlarges
• people with emphysema develop a
people with emphysema develop a
barrel-like distended chest
barrel-like distended chest
• wheezing
wheezing
• breathlessness
breathlessness

5. ALBIO9700/2006JK

6. ALBIO9700/2006JK

7. Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis
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• excessive airway mucus secretion leading to a
excessive airway mucus secretion leading to a
persistent, productive cough
persistent, productive cough
• cough and sputum are present on most days for a
cough and sputum are present on most days for a
minimum of 3 months for at least 2 successive years or
minimum of 3 months for at least 2 successive years or
for 6 months during 1 year
for 6 months during 1 year
• also may be narrowing of the large and small airways
also may be narrowing of the large and small airways
making it more difficult to move air in and out of the
making it more difficult to move air in and out of the
lungs
lungs

8. Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
 The 2004 Surgeon General's report newly identifies
The 2004 Surgeon General's report newly identifies other cancers
other cancers
caused by smoking
caused by smoking, including cancers of the
, including cancers of the stomach, cervix,
stomach, cervix,
kidney, and pancreas and acute myeloid leukemia
kidney, and pancreas and acute myeloid leukemia.
.
 In 2003, an estimated
In 2003, an estimated 22,400 new cases
22,400 new cases of stomach cancer were
of stomach cancer were
diagnosed, and an estimated
diagnosed, and an estimated 12,100 deaths
12,100 deaths were expected to
were expected to
occur.
occur.
 Former smokers have lower rates of stomach cancer than those
Former smokers have lower rates of stomach cancer than those
who continue to smoke.
who continue to smoke.
 For women, the
For women, the risk of cervical cancer increases with the duration of
risk of cervical cancer increases with the duration of
smoking
smoking.
.
 In 2003, an estimated
In 2003, an estimated 31,900 new cases
31,900 new cases of kidney cancer were
of kidney cancer were
diagnosed, and an estimated
diagnosed, and an estimated 11,900 people died
11,900 people died from the disease.
from the disease.
 In 2003, an estimated
In 2003, an estimated 30,700 new cases
30,700 new cases of pancreatic cancer were
of pancreatic cancer were
diagnosed, attributing to
diagnosed, attributing to 30,000 deaths
30,000 deaths. The median time from
. The median time from
diagnosis to death from pancreatic cancer is about 3 months.
diagnosis to death from pancreatic cancer is about 3 months.
 In 2003, approximately
In 2003, approximately 10,500 cases
10,500 cases of acute myeloid leukemia
of acute myeloid leukemia
were diagnosed in adults.
were diagnosed in adults.
 Benzene
Benzene is a known cause of acute myleoid leukemia, and cigarette
is a known cause of acute myleoid leukemia, and cigarette
smoke is a major source of benzene exposure.
smoke is a major source of benzene exposure.
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9. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)
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10. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)
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11. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)
 Coughing up blood as a result of tissue
Coughing up blood as a result of tissue
damage
damage
 Tumours that can be located via:
Tumours that can be located via:
 Bronchoscopy, using an endoscope to allow a
Bronchoscopy, using an endoscope to allow a
direct view of the lining of the bronchi
direct view of the lining of the bronchi
 Chest x-ray
Chest x-ray
 CT scan
CT scan
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12. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)
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13. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)
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14. Lung Cancer (cont)
Lung Cancer (cont)

15. Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Degenerative diseases of the
Degenerative diseases of the
heart and circulatory system
heart and circulatory system
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16. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
 Build-up of
Build-up of atheroma
atheroma, which contains
, which contains
cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and
cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and
platelets
platelets
 Cholesterol-rich atheroma forms plaques
Cholesterol-rich atheroma forms plaques
in the lining of the arteries, making them
in the lining of the arteries, making them
less elastic and restricting the flow of
less elastic and restricting the flow of
blood
blood
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17. Atherosclerosis (cont)
Atherosclerosis (cont)
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18. Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease
 Disease of arteries branching from the aorta (to
Disease of arteries branching from the aorta (to
supply all the muscle of the atria and ventricle)
supply all the muscle of the atria and ventricle)
that causes damage to, or malfunction of, the
that causes damage to, or malfunction of, the
heart
heart
 3 forms:
3 forms:
 Angina pectoris – shortage of blood to heart muscle
Angina pectoris – shortage of blood to heart muscle
causing severe pain but no death of heart tissue
causing severe pain but no death of heart tissue
 Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – sudden and
Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – sudden and
severe chest pain caused by death of heart muscle
severe chest pain caused by death of heart muscle
due to lack of oxygen
due to lack of oxygen
 Heart failure – blockage of main coronary artery
Heart failure – blockage of main coronary artery
resulting in gradual damage of heart muscle
resulting in gradual damage of heart muscle
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19. Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease
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20. Stroke
Stroke
 Occurs when an artery in the brain bursts
Occurs when an artery in the brain bursts
so that blood leaks into brain tissue (brain
so that blood leaks into brain tissue (brain
haemorrhage)
haemorrhage)
 When there is a blockage in a brain artery
When there is a blockage in a brain artery
due to atherosclerosis or a thrombus
due to atherosclerosis or a thrombus
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21. Stroke (cont)
Stroke (cont)
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22. Where does nicotine and carbon
Where does nicotine and carbon
monoxide come in???
monoxide come in???
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