The document discusses various computer components including hardware like processors, memory, storage and input/output devices, as well as software components like operating systems, utility programs, middleware, and application software. It also covers emerging technologies, database systems, and trends in hardware components over time as technologies advanced and prices declined according to Moore's Law.

1. Computer Components

2. Computer Components
 Hardware
 Software
 Database systems
 Emerging technologies

3. Hardware

4. Hardware
 Any machinery that assists in the input,
processing, storage, and output activities of
an information system
 When making hardware decisions, businesses
must consider how the hardware can support
 Objectives of the information system
 Goals of the organization

5. Computer Hardware
 Processor
 Memory
 Secondary storage
 Input/Output device
 Networking

6. Computer Hardware (Contd.)
Source: Reynolds, 200x, Management Information Systems, 6th Edition, Course Technology

7. Moore’s Law
 Transistor densities on a single chip double
every two years
 In 2009, the size of transistor is 11 nm.; A single
chip contains 4 billion transistors
 In 2029, the size of transistor would likely to be 1
nm; A single chip would contain 4,096 transistors

8. Year 2029?

9. MS Windows System Requirement
3.0 95 98 XP Vista 7
Year 1990 1995 1998 2001 2006 2010
CPU 6MHz 16MHz 50MHz 233MHz 1GHz 1GHz
Memory 640KB 4MB 16MB 64MB 1GB 512MB
Storage 6-7MB 35-55MB 120-355MB 1.5GB 15GB 20GB
Video Card CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA VGA, SVGA SVGA SVGA SVGA
VGA
OS MS Dos 3.1 - - - - -
PC Price N/A $1,926 $1,619 $1,163 $801 $300
Laptop N/A $2,819 $2,395 $1,876 $1,256 $600
Price

10. Processor
 Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 An electronic circuit that can execute
computer programs
 Often measured in:
 Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
 Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

11. Memory
 Main memory
 Located physically close to the CPU, but not on
the CPU chip itself
 Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
 Storage Capacity
 Eight bits together form a byte (B)

12. Memory (Contd.)
 Random access memory (RAM)
 Temporary and volatile
 Types of RAM
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR
SDRAM)
 Static RAM (SRAM)

13. Memory (Contd.)
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 Nonvolatile
 Provides permanent storage for data and
instructions that do not change
 Store Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 Cache memory
 High-speed memory that a processor can access
more rapidly than main memory

14. Secondary Storage
 Compared with memory, offers the
advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity,
and greater economy
 On a cost-per-megabyte basis
 Most forms of secondary storage are considerably
less expensive than primary memory
 Storage media that allow faster access
 Generally more expensive than slower media

15. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 Magnetic tapes
 Magnetic disks
 RAID
 Virtual tape
 Optical disks

16. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 Solid state drive

17. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
 RAID 0 (Striped disks)
 Distributing data across several disks to improve speed
 RAID 1 (Mirror disks)
 Mirroring data
 RAID 10 or RAID 1+0
 Strip + Mirror

18. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 RAID (Contd.)
 RAID 5 (Striped disks with parity)
 Combining 3+ disks to protect against the loss of one
disk
 RAID 6 (Striped disks with dual parity)
 Combining 4+ disks to protect against the loss of two
disk

19. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 Enterprise storage options
 Direct-attached storage (DAS)
 Network-attached storage (NAS)
 Storage area network (SAN)

20. Secondary Storage (Contd.)
NAS SAN
Wires TCP/IP Networks, Ethernet, FDDI, Fiber channel
ATM
Protocols TCP/IP, NFS/CIFS/HTTP Encapsulated SCSI
Compatibility Any machine that can connect to Server class devices with SCSI
LAN
FS Mgmt. FS is managed by NAS head unit FS is managed by servers
Usability Easier to understand and manage Harder to understand and manage
(Fiber channel, hardware issues, etc.)
Tape Backup Harder and slower Easier and faster (image backup)
Upper limit Lower Higher
Costs Cheaper (Existing equipments) More expensive (Fiber channel)

21. Input Devices
 Personal computer input devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Speech-recognition technology
 Digital cameras
 Terminals
 Scanning devices
 Optical data readers
 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices

22. Input Devices (Contd.)
 Magnetic stripe card
 Point-of-sale devices
 Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
 Pen input devices
 Touch-sensitive screens
 Bar-code scanners
 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
 Quick Response (QR) Code scanners

23. Output Devices
 Display monitors
 Plasma displays
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
 Organic light-emitting diodes
 Printers and plotters
 Digital audio player

24. Quick Assignment #1

25. Quick Assignment #1
 15 minutes
 Form two groups of 4-5 people
 Quote for cost of a laptop (hardware only)
which can run SAP Business ByDesign client
efficiently
 Strive for the lowest cost!

26. SAP System Requirements
 Source:
 http://www.sap.com/solutions/technology/cloud/business-by-design/imple
 Recommended System
 CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (2.4 GHz)
 Memory: 2 GB

27. Sample System
 ACER Aspire 4752G-52454G75Mncc
 CPU: Intel Core i5-2450M (2.50 GHz)
 Memory: 4GB DDR3
 HDD: 750 GB
 Monitor: 14”
 Price: 21,900 THB
Source: http://www.chichang.com

28. Software

29. Types of Software
 System software
 Application software

30. Types of Software (Contd.)
 System software
 Controls operations of computer hardware
 Supports application programs’ problem-solving
capabilities
 Examples
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Middleware

31. Types of Software (Contd.)
 Application software
 Interact with systems software
 Help performing common tasks, such as:
 Creating and formatting text documents
 Performing calculations
 Managing information
 Examples
 Word processing & spreadsheet
 Database
 Email
 Etc

32. System Software: Operating Systems
 Set of programs that controls computer hardware
and acts as an interface with application programs
 Tasks performed by OS
 Common computer hardware functions
 User interface and input/output management
 Task processing and management
 System memory and resource management
 File management
 Networking

33. System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)

34. System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)
Personal Workgroup Enterprise
Windows 8, Windows Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012
Mobile
Mac OS X, iOS 6 Mac OS X Server
UNIX UNIX UNIX
Solaris Solaris Solaris
Linux, Meego Linux Linux
Chrome OS, Android OS
IBM i7.1/OS and IBM z/OS IBM i7.1/OS and IBM z/OS
HP-UX 11i v3 HP-UX 11i v3

35. System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012
Source: http://netmarketshare.com (February 2012)

36. System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012:
Mobile
Source: International Data Corporation (June 2012)

37. System Software: Operating Systems: Trends: Mobile
Source: 25labs.com (September, 2011)

38. System Software: Utility Programs
 Hardware utilities
 Security Utilities
 File-compression utilities
 Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
 Network and Internet utilities
 Server and mainframe utilities
 Other utilities
 Manages and protects corporate documents
 Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet
 Monitors employees
 Searches for files and documents

39. System Software: Middleware
 Software that allows different systems to
communicate and exchange data
 Can also be used as an interface between the
Internet and older legacy systems

40. Application Software
 Mode of application software
 Proprietary software
 Off-the-shelf software

41. Application Software: Modes
 Proprietary software
 One-of-a-kind program for a specific application,
usually developed and owned by a single company
 Off-the-shelf software
 Generally software, that are ready-made and
available for sale, lease, or license to the general
public

42. Application Software: Types
 Types of application software
 Personal application software
 Workgroup application software
 Enterprise application software

43. Application Software: Personal
 Personal Application Software
 Word processing
 Spreadsheet analysis
 Presentation software
 Database applications
 Graphics program
 Personal information managers
 Software suites and integrated software packages
 Other personal application software

44. Application Software: Workgroup
 Workgroup Application Software
 Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or
dispersed around the world
 Groupware
 Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and
effectively
 Example
 Online chat
 Instant messaging
 Telephony
 Videoconferencing
 Application sharing

45. Application Software: Enterprise
 Enterprise Application Software
 Software that benefits an entire organization
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software
 Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital
business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
 Example
 SAP R/3
 Maximo (MRO)
 Oracle e-Business Suite
 QAD Enterprise Applications
 Visual Enterprise

46. Programming Language
 Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for
constructing statements
 By which humans can communicate instructions to be
executed by a computer
 Program code
 Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-
switching operations
 Syntax
 Set of rules associated with a programming language

47. History of Programming Languages

48. The Evolution of Programming Languages
Generation Language Development Sample of Statement or
Date Action
First Machine language 1940s 00101001
Second Assembly language 1950s ADDCC %R1, %R2, %R4
Third High-level language 1960s READ GRADE
Fourth Query and database 1970s SELECT * FROM STUDENT
languages WHERE GRADE = F
Beyond Natural and intelligent 1980s IF score is lower than 80,
Fourth languages THEN assign grade F

49. Copyrights and Licenses
 Most software products are protected by law
using copyright or licensing provisions
 In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
software on one or two computers
 In other cases, you pay for your usage - if you use
the software more, you pay more
 Some software now requires that you register
or activate it before it can be fully used
 or cracked?

50. Open-Source Software
 Software freely available to anyone in a form
that can be easily modified
 More reliable and secure than commercial
software
 Can contain hidden costs, particularly for user
support or solving problems with the software

51. Open-Source Licenses
 GPL (GNU General Public License)
 LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License)
 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
 Jabber
 W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
 Others
 Apple Public  Python
 Artistic 2.0  QPL
 Common Public  Sleepycat
 MIT (X11)  Sun Public
 MPL

52. Open-Source Licenses (Contd.)
GPL BSD
Proprietary software Not allowed (since the linked Allowed
linking software is considered a whole)
Distribution of “the Not allowed with software Allowed
Work” whose license is not GNU GPL
compatible
Redistribution of the Only if the derivative is GNU GPL Allowed
code with changes
Compatible with GNU Yes Only the modified BSD license is
GPL compatible with GPL. The original
BSD license is not compatible
because it includes a weird
advertising clause

53. Commercial VS Open-Source
Software Commercial Open-Source
Operating System MS Windows Linux
Application Software MS Office Open Office
Database Oracle MySQL
Internet Browser Internet Explorer Firefox
Photo Editing Adobe Photoshop Gimp
Project Management MS Project Openproj
Personal Accounting Baan Grisbi
E-mail MS Outlook Thunderbird

54. Database Systems

55. Database Management
 Without data and the ability to process it an
organization could not successfully complete
most business activities
 For data to be transformed into useful
information, it must first be organized in a
meaningful way

56. The Hierarchy of Data
 Bit
 Circuit that is either on or off
 Byte
 Eight bits = one byte
 Character
 Basic building block of information
 Word
 A combination of characters or bytes
 Field
 Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect
of a business object or activity

57. The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)
 Record
 Collection of related data fields
 File
 Collection of related records
 Database
 Collection of integrated and related files
 Hierarchy of data
 Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

58. The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)

59. Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (Contd.)

60. Manipulating Data
 Selecting
 Eliminates rows according to criteria
 Projecting
 Eliminates columns in a table
 Joining
 Combines two or more tables
 Linking
 Combines two or more tables using common data
attributes

61. Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Group of programs used as an interface
between a database and application programs
or a database and the user
 Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds
of purposes

62. Database Management Systems (Contd.)

63. Selecting a Database Management System
 Important characteristics of databases:
 Database size
 Database cost
 Concurrent users
 Performance
 Integration
 Vendor

64. Comparisons of Popular Databases
MS Access MS SQL Oracle MySQL PostgreSQL
Server
Maintainer Microsoft Microsoft Oracle Corporation Sun Microsystems PostgreSQL Glob.
Dev. Grp.
License Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary GPL BSD
OS Windows Windows Windows, Mac OS Windows, Mac OS Windows, Mac OS
X, Linux, UNIX X, Linux, BSD, X, Linux, BSD, UNIX
UNIX, Symbian
Interface GUI & SQL GUI & SQL SQL SQL SQL
Max DB size 2 GB 524,258 TB Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited
Max table size 2 GB 524,258 TB 4 GB * block size 2 GB (FAT32) to 16 32 TB
TB (Solaris)
Max columns per 255 30,000 1,000 4,096 250-1,600 (vary by
row type)
Union/Intersect/E Y/?/? Y/Y/Y Y/Y/Y Y/N/N Y/Y/Y
xcept

65. Telecommunication and Networking

66. Telecommunications in Business
 Better business communication
 e-mail, voice mail, instant messaging, faxing, file transfer,
mobile telephony, and teleconferencing
 Greater efficiency
 Information delivery is immediate and not constrained by
geographical distance
 Better distribution of data
 Central storage with both local and remote access
 Yet, security in telecommunications is a challenge

67. Telecommunications in Daily Use
 Cellular phones
 Videoconferencing
 Wireless payments and warehousing
 Peer-to-peer file sharing
 Web-empowered commerce

68. Telecommunications Channel Characteristics
 Simplex channel
 Transmits data in only one direction
 Half-duplex channel
 Transmits data in either direction, but not
simultaneously
 Full-duplex channel
 Permits data transmission in both directions at the
same time

69. Bandwidth
 Bandwidth
 Speed at which data is communicated
 Also called transmission rate or bit rate
 Bits per second (bps)
 Unit of measure for bandwidth
 Baseband
 Communications medium that can carry only one
transmission at a time
 Broadband
 Communications medium that can carry multiple
transmissions simultaneously

70. Bandwidth (Contd.)

71. Media
 Several types of communications media
 Tangible media includes:
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber
 Intangible media includes:
 Microwave radio technologies

72. Comparison of Networking Media
Medium Availability Bandwidth Vulnerability to
Electromagnetic
Interference
Twisted pair High Low to medium High
Radio waves High Medium to high Low (but vulnerable to
radio frequency
interference)
Microwave Low High Low
Coaxial cable High High Low
Optical fiber Moderate but growing Highest Nonexistent

73. Networking
 A combination of devices (or nodes)
connected through a communication media
 Any compatible device that can transmit
and receive on a network can be part of a
network

74. Types of Networks
 Computer networks are classified by reach
and complexity
 Basic types of networks
 LANs, MANs, and WANs
 Other types of networks
 WLANs

75. Types of Networks (Contd.)
LAN WAN

76. Networking Hardware
 Network interface card (NIC)
 Connects a device to a hub, switch, bridge, or
router, which connects to a LAN or WAN
 Switch
 A hub that sends communications only to
designated devices on the network
 Router
 Routes data packets to the next node on the path
to the final destination

77. Networking Software
 Network operating system (NOS)
 Systems software that controls the computer
systems and devices on a network
 Network management software
 Protects software from being copied, modified, or
downloaded illegally
 Locate errors and potential network problems

78. TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol
 TCP ensures packets arrive accurately and in
proper order
 IP ensures efficient delivery of packets from node
to node
 DNS (Domain Name Service)
 Associates a character-based name with an IP
address

79. TCP/IP (Contd.)
 IP number
 Unique numerical identification for a network device
 Static IP address
 A permanent address assigned to a device
 Dynamic IP address
 Temporary IP number assigned to a device for the
duration of the connection
 Provides flexibility when the number of IP addresses is
limited

80. TCP/IP (Contd.)
 IPv6
 Shorthand notation based on the Hex system
 Example of an IPv6 address in Hex shorthand
notation:
 FDDC:AC10:8132:BA32:4F12:1070:DD13:6921

81. Wireless Protocols
 IEEE 802.11
 A family of wireless protocols known as Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity)
 Supports wireless communication within 100
meters of router
 802.11 subtypes support various distances and
speeds up to 248 Mbps

82. Wireless Protocols (Contd.)
Protocol Max Range Max Speed Main Use
802.11a 75 m 54 Mbps LAN
802.11b 100 m 11 Mbps LAN
802.11g 100 m 54 Mbps LAN
802.11n 160 m 248 Mbps LAN
802.15 Bluetooth 10 m 1 Mbps PAN
802.16 WiMax 50 km 100 Mbps MAN
802.20 MBWA Global 4 Mbps Mobile voice,
data, Internet

83. Generations in Mobile
Communications
 Networking professionals refer to generations of
mobile communication technologies
 First generation (1G: 1980s)
 Analog
 Second generation (2G: 1991)
 Used digital voice encoding
 Third generation (3G: 2001)
 Increased speeds that support video, videoconferencing, Internet
access
 Fourth Generation (4G: 2010)
 Digital only, with packet switching and tighter security

84. Emerging Technologies

85. Parallel Computing
 Parallel computing
 Simultaneous execution of the same task on
multiple processors to obtain results faster
 Massively parallel processing
 Systems with thousands of such processors
 Grid computing
 Use of a collection of computers to work in a
coordinated manner to solve a common problem

86. Cloud Computing
 Uses giant cluster of computers, that serves as
a host, to run applications that require high-
performance computing
 Supports a wider variety of applications than
grid computing
 Pools computing resources so they can be
managed primarily by software rather than
people

87. Green Computing
 The study and practice of using computing resources
efficiently
 To account for the triple bottom line
 Triple bottom line
 People, Planet, Profit
 Social, Ecological, Economic success
 Processes
 Reduce the use of hazardous materials
 Maximize energy efficiency
 Promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct
products and factory waste

88. Server Consolidation
 An approach to the efficient usage of
computer server resources in order to reduce
the total number of servers or server locations
that an organization requires

89. Augmented Reality
 Enhancing personal
perception by
augmenting media
onto reality.

90. Quick Assignment #2

91. Quick Assignment #2
 15 minutes
 Form two groups of 4-5 people
 Quote for cost of an office computer with an
ERP package
 Strive for the lowest cost!

92. Sample Software
Software Product Price (Baht)
Operating System Linux 0.00
Word Processor Open Office 0.00
PDF Reader Foxit Reader 0.00
Graphic Editor Gimp 0.00
Media Player VLC Media Player 0.00
ERP Open Bravo 0.00
Total Free!

93. Capstone Exercise