1) Side channel cryptanalysis involves extracting secret information from physical signals emitted by cryptographic devices, such as electromagnetic radiation, temperature changes, timing information, etc.
2) Historically, side channel attacks have been used since the late 19th century but were primarily the domain of intelligence agencies until the 1990s when academics began contributing methods.
3) Popular side channel attacks include electromagnetic analysis to recover signals from EM emissions, timing attacks that analyze cryptographic operation timing variations, power analysis of power consumption patterns, and fault injection attacks that disturb cryptographic computations.
This equipment booking form requests batteries, a still camera, tripod, microphone, XLR cable, and video camera for a project from after 11 to 25/05/17. The form includes fields for the project name, title, date, equipment requested, and dates needed.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright best known for his tragedies such as Hamlet. His works from the late 16th and early 17th centuries have had a significant influence on English language and culture by expanding vocabulary, introducing new concepts and structures, and influencing many later authors. Shakespeare remains relevant today because his plays touch on universal themes of human nature and include memorable characters and quotations.
The document provides tips for job seekers who are currently employed on how to conduct a job search. It recommends laying the groundwork by polishing your online presence, making yourself more visible through blogging or industry discussions, and helping others in your network. It also suggests taking on high-profile work projects and learning new skills to build your resume while also participating in industry organizations to gain valuable contacts. Finally, it stresses the importance of staying professional by managing your search on your own time, continuing to perform well, and giving proper notice to protect your reputation.
This document outlines the goals and procedures of the OSG Security team. It discusses operational security through vulnerability identification, fire drills to test readiness, and educating members. The document describes how to report security incidents and software vulnerabilities. It provides information on OSG certificates and the registration and approval process. Upcoming fire drills are mentioned to test jobs submitted through Glide-in WMS. Finally, it notes security tools and packages provided like CA cert bundles and Pakiti vulnerability database.
This document provides modern job search tactics and strategies. It recommends writing a great resume that highlights achievements rather than job descriptions, and posting it online but not using it to directly apply for jobs. It also suggests asking for specific help from your network rather than generally informing them you're looking. Finally, it emphasizes building an online reputation through consistent branding across profiles and participating in industry forums.
This document provides tips and guidelines for preparing for a US student visa interview. It emphasizes being well-prepared by researching common interview questions and one's own application details. Key recommendations include dressing professionally, maintaining eye contact with the officer, giving concise answers, and exhibiting confidence. Applicants should be ready to explain their need for the visa program, financial support plans, and intentions to return home after completing their education. Overall preparation, documentation, and positive attitude are emphasized as important factors for a successful interview.
This document outlines examination guidelines for California Prep International School. It defines key terms like student, invigilator, and examination room. It specifies which rooms will be used for paper-based and computer-based exams. Students must arrive on time, are assigned seating, and need their ID number. Exam materials like calculators and dictionaries may be permitted depending on the teacher. Proper behavior is expected, which includes being quiet, not cheating, and switching off phones. Students who need assistance should raise their hand.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright best known for his tragedies such as Hamlet, which he wrote between 1599-1601. His works have had a huge influence on language, movies, TV shows, novels and poetry. Shakespeare remains relevant today because his plays touch on universal themes of love, friendship and revenge and feature complex, human characters through memorable quotes.
This equipment booking form requests batteries, a still camera, tripod, microphone, XLR cable, and video camera for a project from after 11 to 25/05/17. The form includes fields for the project name, title, date, equipment requested, and dates needed.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright best known for his tragedies such as Hamlet. His works from the late 16th and early 17th centuries have had a significant influence on English language and culture by expanding vocabulary, introducing new concepts and structures, and influencing many later authors. Shakespeare remains relevant today because his plays touch on universal themes of human nature and include memorable characters and quotations.
The document provides tips for job seekers who are currently employed on how to conduct a job search. It recommends laying the groundwork by polishing your online presence, making yourself more visible through blogging or industry discussions, and helping others in your network. It also suggests taking on high-profile work projects and learning new skills to build your resume while also participating in industry organizations to gain valuable contacts. Finally, it stresses the importance of staying professional by managing your search on your own time, continuing to perform well, and giving proper notice to protect your reputation.
This document outlines the goals and procedures of the OSG Security team. It discusses operational security through vulnerability identification, fire drills to test readiness, and educating members. The document describes how to report security incidents and software vulnerabilities. It provides information on OSG certificates and the registration and approval process. Upcoming fire drills are mentioned to test jobs submitted through Glide-in WMS. Finally, it notes security tools and packages provided like CA cert bundles and Pakiti vulnerability database.
This document provides modern job search tactics and strategies. It recommends writing a great resume that highlights achievements rather than job descriptions, and posting it online but not using it to directly apply for jobs. It also suggests asking for specific help from your network rather than generally informing them you're looking. Finally, it emphasizes building an online reputation through consistent branding across profiles and participating in industry forums.
This document provides tips and guidelines for preparing for a US student visa interview. It emphasizes being well-prepared by researching common interview questions and one's own application details. Key recommendations include dressing professionally, maintaining eye contact with the officer, giving concise answers, and exhibiting confidence. Applicants should be ready to explain their need for the visa program, financial support plans, and intentions to return home after completing their education. Overall preparation, documentation, and positive attitude are emphasized as important factors for a successful interview.
This document outlines examination guidelines for California Prep International School. It defines key terms like student, invigilator, and examination room. It specifies which rooms will be used for paper-based and computer-based exams. Students must arrive on time, are assigned seating, and need their ID number. Exam materials like calculators and dictionaries may be permitted depending on the teacher. Proper behavior is expected, which includes being quiet, not cheating, and switching off phones. Students who need assistance should raise their hand.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright best known for his tragedies such as Hamlet, which he wrote between 1599-1601. His works have had a huge influence on language, movies, TV shows, novels and poetry. Shakespeare remains relevant today because his plays touch on universal themes of love, friendship and revenge and feature complex, human characters through memorable quotes.
This document summarizes a talk on proxy cryptography given by Anca-Andreea Ivan and Yevgeniy Dodis at NDSS 2003. It introduces the problem of allowing one party (Bob) to decrypt ciphertexts or sign messages on behalf of another party (Alice) without knowing Alice's secret key. This is achieved using a third party (Escrow) and proxy functions. The talk aims to formally define proxy functions and construct simple schemes satisfying the definitions. It outlines related work and compares the authors' formal approach to previous work. It then defines unidirectional and bidirectional proxy functions for both encryption and signatures and presents generic and specialized constructions satisfying security definitions.
This document provides a self-study course in block-cipher cryptanalysis organized by Schneier. It lists published block cipher algorithms and cryptanalyses in order of type and difficulty for students to attempt to reproduce published attacks. The goal is for students to gain experience breaking algorithms on their own to learn cryptanalysis techniques. Schneier provides background readings and guides students through lessons involving different attacks like differential and linear cryptanalysis against algorithms like DES, FEAL, and others.
The document discusses using social media for recruiting. It notes that social media usage is widespread and many companies have successfully hired candidates through social platforms. It provides tips for implementing a social recruiting strategy, including designating community managers, having an authentic communication plan, and utilizing current employees as brand ambassadors. The document emphasizes that social media should enhance, not replace, existing recruiting strategies and that new tools need to be part of a well-designed strategy rather than seen as the strategy itself.
The document discusses how social media is becoming increasingly important for recruiting and retaining talent. It provides statistics on social media usage and notes that many companies are successfully using social platforms like Facebook and Twitter to find candidates. The document then offers ideas for how companies can utilize social media in their recruiting strategies, such as by empowering current employees to act as brand ambassadors and referring potential candidates from their own social networks. It emphasizes that having clear social media policies and guidelines can help employees feel more comfortable engaging on these platforms.
This document discusses cache-based side channel attacks and proposes new cache designs to prevent them. It begins with an introduction to side channel attacks and two examples: an RSA attack using cache interference and an AES attack analyzing computation times. It then proposes two new cache architectures: a partitioned locked cache that isolates sensitive processes and a randomly permuting cache that obscures which cache lines are evicted. The models are evaluated using an OpenSSL AES implementation, finding the proposed designs prevent attacks with minimal performance overhead.
The document summarizes the format of the IELTS exam, which tests English proficiency in listening, reading, writing and speaking. It is available in two formats: Academic, for university entrance, or General Training. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking modules, but the Reading and Writing sections differ between formats. The Listening, Reading and Writing tests are completed in one day, while Speaking can be scheduled separately. Each section is then described in 1-3 sentences outlining the key contents and time limits.
The document provides an overview of the four components of the IELTS exam - Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. It describes the format and timing of each section, the types of questions asked, and strategies for completing each part successfully. The Listening section involves understanding spoken dialogues and monologues on a variety of topics. Reading consists of multiple choice questions and short answers about passages on academic subjects. Writing includes describing a diagram and supporting an opinion on a topic. Speaking assesses oral communication skills through an interview. Effective preparation requires practicing each section, analyzing questions, finding key details, and managing time well.
Best and effective strategis for IELTS PreparatiuonLord Robin
This study investigated the relationship between Iranian test-takers' use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies and their performance on the reading section of the IELTS exam. 60 Iranian EFL learners completed a sample IELTS reading test and a questionnaire about their cognitive and metacognitive strategy use while taking the test. The results showed a strong positive correlation between strategy use and reading test performance. No significant differences were found in strategy use between male and female test-takers. The findings suggest cognitive and metacognitive strategies are important for performance on the IELTS reading section.
The document provides examples of model answers for IELTS writing tasks 1 and 2. It includes 10 sample writing tasks with graphs or charts and model answers summarizing the key information in 3 sentences or less. The writing samples cover a variety of topics including population data, export levels, consumer behavior, and unemployment rates. The model answers concisely summarize trends, comparisons between data sets, peaks and valleys, and overall implications.
Emission Security (EMSEC) is the field of limiting electronic or electromagnetic radiation emanations from electronic equipment to prevent electronic espionage. Compromising emanations can carry information about the data being processed and have been exploited since the 19th century. Examples of compromising emanations include electromagnetic waves from CRT displays and cross-talk between data and telephone lines. Attacks have reconstructed displayed text by analyzing electromagnetic emanations from monitors and eavesdropped on typed keystrokes based on the unique acoustic emanations of different keys. Research in the 1970s-1990s demonstrated other vulnerabilities and countermeasures.
Emission Security (EMSEC) is the study of compromising emanations - unintended electromagnetic or acoustic emissions from electronic devices that can leak private information. Many devices like monitors, keyboards, and cables emit radiation or vibrations during normal operation that can potentially be intercepted. Through techniques like analyzing electromagnetic waves, measuring power supply fluctuations, or differentiating keyboard sounds, attackers have demonstrated the ability to steal data like text, passwords, and screen contents from distances of several meters without directly accessing the target system. Proper EMSEC aims to prevent electronic or physical espionage through limiting unintended emissions and establishing standards like TEMPEST for secure equipment design.
Emission Security (EMSEC) deals with preventing electronic espionage by limiting electromagnetic radiation emanations from electronic equipment. Computer and communications devices emit energy unintentionally through electromagnetic waves, power supply fluctuations, acoustic/ultrasonic vibrations, and optical signals, which can carry information and be intercepted. Examples throughout history show how compromising emanations have been exploited, from cross-talk on telephone wires in the 19th century to reconstructing video signals from computer monitors in 1985. Various attacks are possible including eavesdropping emanations from video displays, differentiated acoustic sounds from keyboard clicks, and intercepting signals from uncabled or inadequately shielded RS-232 cables.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts, including:
1) It defines what a network is and discusses the benefits of networking such as resource sharing, data sharing, and mobility.
2) It lists different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
3) It briefly outlines the history of networking, including early networks developed in the 1960s-1970s that helped lay the foundations for the ARPANET and Internet.
This document provides an overview of the EN1052 Introduction to Telecommunications course, including:
- The course provides 2 credits over 2 lecture hours per week with additional practical work. Assessment is based on a midterm, assignments, and end of semester exam.
- The course objectives are to understand basic communication systems concepts, analog vs. digital principles, computer networks, network topologies, and end user equipment.
- The document outlines the long history of telecommunications milestones from the 1800s to present.
- It reviews the current status of telecommunications including submarine cables, communications satellites, cellular networks, and the digital divide between developed and developing nations.
This document provides information on several notable developments in science and technology during the 20th century, including:
1. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903, paving the way for commercial passenger airlines.
2. Computers evolved from early concepts in the 1930s to the first programmable electronic computer in the 1940s and the first mainstream personal computer in the 1970s.
3. Fiber optic technology was developed in the 1970s, enabling high-speed internet connections around the world.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on information and communication technologies (ICT). It discusses four major periods in the history of ICT: pre-mechanical, mechanical, electro-mechanical, and electronic. Key technologies from each period are identified. The document then covers modern ICT topics like the internet, World Wide Web, social media, mobile technologies, and online platforms. Example applications and systems are provided for different ICT categories like search engines, communication services, and payment systems. Learners will compare and contrast online platforms and identify future trends in ICT.
This document discusses the history and types of telecommunication systems and transmission media. It describes how telecommunication systems work by converting signals into electrical or electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted and received. There are two main types of transmission systems - analog and digital. The document then discusses various types of transmission media including copper wiring (twisted pair), coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. It provides details on categories of twisted pair cabling and specifications for thin and thick coaxial cable.
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes. Historically, communication methods included drums, smoke signals, and torches, but in 1838 Samuel Morse invented the electrical telegraph, allowing transmission of messages in Morse code over wires. In the late 1960s, the US Department of Defense funded ARPANET, which used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network, pioneering modern Internet technology. Vinton Cerf later developed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol to allow different networks to interconnect, transforming the Internet into a worldwide network. In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web, creating the Internet as a web of information accessible to all.
The document discusses some of the most important inventions and discoveries in history. It describes the transistor, integrated circuit, mobile phone, and computer. For each invention, it provides 1-3 reasons for their importance, such as the transistor enabling miniaturization and high frequency response, integrated circuits allowing for complex microprocessors and efficiency, mobile phones evolving to be smaller and incorporate additional features, and computers enabling general purpose programmable tasks through multitasking.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information through electrical and electronic means. Early forms of telecommunication included visual signals like smoke signals and flag semaphore networks, as well as audio messages like drums and horns. Modern telecommunication relies on electrical devices like the telegraph, telephone, and radio, as well as fiber optic networks and satellites. The telegraph was the first commercial electrical telecommunication system. Pioneers like Samuel Morse and Alexander Graham Bell developed early versions of the telegraph and telephone. India's telecommunication network is now the second largest in the world and has undergone rapid liberalization and growth since the 1990s. Major players in the Indian telecommunication sector include state-run organizations BSNL and MTNL
This document summarizes a talk on proxy cryptography given by Anca-Andreea Ivan and Yevgeniy Dodis at NDSS 2003. It introduces the problem of allowing one party (Bob) to decrypt ciphertexts or sign messages on behalf of another party (Alice) without knowing Alice's secret key. This is achieved using a third party (Escrow) and proxy functions. The talk aims to formally define proxy functions and construct simple schemes satisfying the definitions. It outlines related work and compares the authors' formal approach to previous work. It then defines unidirectional and bidirectional proxy functions for both encryption and signatures and presents generic and specialized constructions satisfying security definitions.
This document provides a self-study course in block-cipher cryptanalysis organized by Schneier. It lists published block cipher algorithms and cryptanalyses in order of type and difficulty for students to attempt to reproduce published attacks. The goal is for students to gain experience breaking algorithms on their own to learn cryptanalysis techniques. Schneier provides background readings and guides students through lessons involving different attacks like differential and linear cryptanalysis against algorithms like DES, FEAL, and others.
The document discusses using social media for recruiting. It notes that social media usage is widespread and many companies have successfully hired candidates through social platforms. It provides tips for implementing a social recruiting strategy, including designating community managers, having an authentic communication plan, and utilizing current employees as brand ambassadors. The document emphasizes that social media should enhance, not replace, existing recruiting strategies and that new tools need to be part of a well-designed strategy rather than seen as the strategy itself.
The document discusses how social media is becoming increasingly important for recruiting and retaining talent. It provides statistics on social media usage and notes that many companies are successfully using social platforms like Facebook and Twitter to find candidates. The document then offers ideas for how companies can utilize social media in their recruiting strategies, such as by empowering current employees to act as brand ambassadors and referring potential candidates from their own social networks. It emphasizes that having clear social media policies and guidelines can help employees feel more comfortable engaging on these platforms.
This document discusses cache-based side channel attacks and proposes new cache designs to prevent them. It begins with an introduction to side channel attacks and two examples: an RSA attack using cache interference and an AES attack analyzing computation times. It then proposes two new cache architectures: a partitioned locked cache that isolates sensitive processes and a randomly permuting cache that obscures which cache lines are evicted. The models are evaluated using an OpenSSL AES implementation, finding the proposed designs prevent attacks with minimal performance overhead.
The document summarizes the format of the IELTS exam, which tests English proficiency in listening, reading, writing and speaking. It is available in two formats: Academic, for university entrance, or General Training. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking modules, but the Reading and Writing sections differ between formats. The Listening, Reading and Writing tests are completed in one day, while Speaking can be scheduled separately. Each section is then described in 1-3 sentences outlining the key contents and time limits.
The document provides an overview of the four components of the IELTS exam - Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. It describes the format and timing of each section, the types of questions asked, and strategies for completing each part successfully. The Listening section involves understanding spoken dialogues and monologues on a variety of topics. Reading consists of multiple choice questions and short answers about passages on academic subjects. Writing includes describing a diagram and supporting an opinion on a topic. Speaking assesses oral communication skills through an interview. Effective preparation requires practicing each section, analyzing questions, finding key details, and managing time well.
Best and effective strategis for IELTS PreparatiuonLord Robin
This study investigated the relationship between Iranian test-takers' use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies and their performance on the reading section of the IELTS exam. 60 Iranian EFL learners completed a sample IELTS reading test and a questionnaire about their cognitive and metacognitive strategy use while taking the test. The results showed a strong positive correlation between strategy use and reading test performance. No significant differences were found in strategy use between male and female test-takers. The findings suggest cognitive and metacognitive strategies are important for performance on the IELTS reading section.
The document provides examples of model answers for IELTS writing tasks 1 and 2. It includes 10 sample writing tasks with graphs or charts and model answers summarizing the key information in 3 sentences or less. The writing samples cover a variety of topics including population data, export levels, consumer behavior, and unemployment rates. The model answers concisely summarize trends, comparisons between data sets, peaks and valleys, and overall implications.
Emission Security (EMSEC) is the field of limiting electronic or electromagnetic radiation emanations from electronic equipment to prevent electronic espionage. Compromising emanations can carry information about the data being processed and have been exploited since the 19th century. Examples of compromising emanations include electromagnetic waves from CRT displays and cross-talk between data and telephone lines. Attacks have reconstructed displayed text by analyzing electromagnetic emanations from monitors and eavesdropped on typed keystrokes based on the unique acoustic emanations of different keys. Research in the 1970s-1990s demonstrated other vulnerabilities and countermeasures.
Emission Security (EMSEC) is the study of compromising emanations - unintended electromagnetic or acoustic emissions from electronic devices that can leak private information. Many devices like monitors, keyboards, and cables emit radiation or vibrations during normal operation that can potentially be intercepted. Through techniques like analyzing electromagnetic waves, measuring power supply fluctuations, or differentiating keyboard sounds, attackers have demonstrated the ability to steal data like text, passwords, and screen contents from distances of several meters without directly accessing the target system. Proper EMSEC aims to prevent electronic or physical espionage through limiting unintended emissions and establishing standards like TEMPEST for secure equipment design.
Emission Security (EMSEC) deals with preventing electronic espionage by limiting electromagnetic radiation emanations from electronic equipment. Computer and communications devices emit energy unintentionally through electromagnetic waves, power supply fluctuations, acoustic/ultrasonic vibrations, and optical signals, which can carry information and be intercepted. Examples throughout history show how compromising emanations have been exploited, from cross-talk on telephone wires in the 19th century to reconstructing video signals from computer monitors in 1985. Various attacks are possible including eavesdropping emanations from video displays, differentiated acoustic sounds from keyboard clicks, and intercepting signals from uncabled or inadequately shielded RS-232 cables.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts, including:
1) It defines what a network is and discusses the benefits of networking such as resource sharing, data sharing, and mobility.
2) It lists different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
3) It briefly outlines the history of networking, including early networks developed in the 1960s-1970s that helped lay the foundations for the ARPANET and Internet.
This document provides an overview of the EN1052 Introduction to Telecommunications course, including:
- The course provides 2 credits over 2 lecture hours per week with additional practical work. Assessment is based on a midterm, assignments, and end of semester exam.
- The course objectives are to understand basic communication systems concepts, analog vs. digital principles, computer networks, network topologies, and end user equipment.
- The document outlines the long history of telecommunications milestones from the 1800s to present.
- It reviews the current status of telecommunications including submarine cables, communications satellites, cellular networks, and the digital divide between developed and developing nations.
This document provides information on several notable developments in science and technology during the 20th century, including:
1. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903, paving the way for commercial passenger airlines.
2. Computers evolved from early concepts in the 1930s to the first programmable electronic computer in the 1940s and the first mainstream personal computer in the 1970s.
3. Fiber optic technology was developed in the 1970s, enabling high-speed internet connections around the world.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on information and communication technologies (ICT). It discusses four major periods in the history of ICT: pre-mechanical, mechanical, electro-mechanical, and electronic. Key technologies from each period are identified. The document then covers modern ICT topics like the internet, World Wide Web, social media, mobile technologies, and online platforms. Example applications and systems are provided for different ICT categories like search engines, communication services, and payment systems. Learners will compare and contrast online platforms and identify future trends in ICT.
This document discusses the history and types of telecommunication systems and transmission media. It describes how telecommunication systems work by converting signals into electrical or electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted and received. There are two main types of transmission systems - analog and digital. The document then discusses various types of transmission media including copper wiring (twisted pair), coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. It provides details on categories of twisted pair cabling and specifications for thin and thick coaxial cable.
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes. Historically, communication methods included drums, smoke signals, and torches, but in 1838 Samuel Morse invented the electrical telegraph, allowing transmission of messages in Morse code over wires. In the late 1960s, the US Department of Defense funded ARPANET, which used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network, pioneering modern Internet technology. Vinton Cerf later developed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol to allow different networks to interconnect, transforming the Internet into a worldwide network. In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web, creating the Internet as a web of information accessible to all.
The document discusses some of the most important inventions and discoveries in history. It describes the transistor, integrated circuit, mobile phone, and computer. For each invention, it provides 1-3 reasons for their importance, such as the transistor enabling miniaturization and high frequency response, integrated circuits allowing for complex microprocessors and efficiency, mobile phones evolving to be smaller and incorporate additional features, and computers enabling general purpose programmable tasks through multitasking.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information through electrical and electronic means. Early forms of telecommunication included visual signals like smoke signals and flag semaphore networks, as well as audio messages like drums and horns. Modern telecommunication relies on electrical devices like the telegraph, telephone, and radio, as well as fiber optic networks and satellites. The telegraph was the first commercial electrical telecommunication system. Pioneers like Samuel Morse and Alexander Graham Bell developed early versions of the telegraph and telephone. India's telecommunication network is now the second largest in the world and has undergone rapid liberalization and growth since the 1990s. Major players in the Indian telecommunication sector include state-run organizations BSNL and MTNL
The document discusses the history and development of several communication technologies:
- The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1877 and allowed transmission of voices over wires between distant locations.
- The Internet began in the 1970s as the ARPANET network to allow computer scientists to share information and resources.
- Radio broadcasting began covering sporting events like yacht races in 1899, allowing the public to get information in real-time.
- Researchers at Cornell University have developed a new ferroelectric computer memory material that could lead to instant-on computers without boot up or hard drive retrieval delays.
Alex Haw Lecture - 091017 - AA 1st Year - SECTS - 770Atmos
The document discusses several emerging technologies that could allow for new forms of surveillance and data collection, including sentiment analysis of internet users and brain fingerprinting. It notes that the FBI terrorist watchlist now contains over 900,000 names. The technologies described include using brain scans to detect familiarity with certain information and analyzing language patterns online to identify potential extremists or suicide bombers. Privacy groups are concerned about the potential for these methods to infringe on civil liberties.
The quiz questions cover a range of topics including telecommunications companies, devices, innovations, and inventors. The questions are presented in multiple choice, fill in the blank, and short answer formats. Correct answers are provided for reference.
The document discusses the history and development of nanotechnology. It begins with key early milestones like Richard Feynman's 1959 talk envisioning atomic engineering and the 1981 invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. The 1985 discovery of buckyballs also represented an important early discovery. The document then discusses topics like integrated circuits, nanotechnology funding levels, applications of nanotechnology, and how properties change at the nanoscale.
Samuel Morse developed Morse code in the 1830s to transmit messages over the telegraph. In 1843, he built the first successful telegraph system between Washington D.C. and Baltimore. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite, ushering in new technological developments. In 1976, Queen Elizabeth sent the first royal email during a demonstration of ARPANET network technology at the UK's Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. TCP/IP was developed in the 1980s as the standard protocol for data communication over networks like the Internet.
Silicon valley past, present, future always on july28 2010Stanford University
The document summarizes the history of Silicon Valley and its origins in military technology and funding during the Cold War era. It describes how Stanford University became a center for military research during WWII and the development of radar and electronics to aid the Allied war effort. It then discusses how this military research and funding laid the foundations for Silicon Valley as private companies like Varian Associates and Fairchild Semiconductor commercialized this technology after the war. Venture capital firms also emerged to fund startups working on military and aerospace technologies, driving the growth of the tech industry in the area.
This document discusses the history and development of electronic engineering. It traces the field back to Thomas Edison's discovery of the thermionic phenomenon in 1884, which led to the development of the first electronic valve. Important early developments include Nikola Tesla demonstrating radio communication in 1893 and Edwin Armstrong developing the regenerative circuit and superheterodyne receiver in 1912. The invention of the triode by Lee de Forest in 1907 provided the basis for modern electronics by allowing control of electric currents. The development of the transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947 revolutionized electronics by replacing valves. The document outlines some of the areas and industries that electronic engineers work in, such as telecommunications
Securing the Data in Big Data Security Analytics by Kevin Bowers, Nikos Triandopoulos of RSA Laboratories and catherine Hart and Ari Juels of Bell Canada
The document discusses mobile device security concerns for enterprises and proposes a solution using Good Technology's mobile device management platform. It outlines key security risks like protecting confidential data and access. The proposed solution would allow centralized management of various mobile platforms through Good while leveraging existing Exchange and Blackberry investments. It compares the costs and architecture of Good Technology to the existing Blackberry Enterprise Server solution, finding Good Technology more cost effective. The document also discusses business, legal and privacy considerations of the proposed employee-owned mobile device policy.
Mark K. Mellis of Stanford University's Information Security Office gave a briefing on securing mobile devices. He discussed risks of loss, theft, or spying of mobile devices and tips for using passcodes, updating software, backups, and encryption. If a device is lost or stolen, he recommends immediately changing network passwords and potentially wiping the device remotely if it is enrolled in Stanford's Mobile Device Management program.
IBM Security Strategy Intelligence, Integration and Expertise
by Marc van Zadelhoff, VP, WW Strategy and Product Management and Joe Ruthven IBM MEA Security Leader
This document discusses the challenges that big data poses for cybersecurity. It notes that the volume, variety, and velocity of data has increased dramatically due to factors like the growth of the internet and consumer technology. This has led to unprecedented growth in cyber threats that security companies must address. The document argues that successfully protecting users requires efficiently processing big data to generate intelligence through techniques like specialized search algorithms, machine learning, and analyzing relationships in the data. It maintains that a combination of automated analysis and human insight is needed to understand the evolving threat landscape.
This document outlines the top 10 big data security and privacy challenges as identified by the Cloud Security Alliance. It discusses each challenge in terms of use cases. The challenges are: 1) secure computations in distributed programming frameworks, 2) security best practices for non-relational data stores, 3) secure data storage and transaction logs, 4) end-point input validation/filtering, 5) real-time security/compliance monitoring, 6) scalable and composable privacy-preserving data mining and analytics, 7) cryptographically enforced access control and secure communication, 8) granular access control, 9) granular audits, and 10) data provenance. Each challenge is described briefly and accompanied by example use cases.
The document discusses big data analysis and provides an introduction to key concepts. It is divided into three parts: Part 1 introduces big data and Hadoop, the open-source software framework for storing and processing large datasets. Part 2 provides a very quick introduction to understanding data and analyzing data, intended for those new to the topic. Part 3 discusses concepts and references to use cases for big data analysis in the airline industry, intended for more advanced readers. The document aims to familiarize business and management users with big data analysis terms and thinking processes for formulating analytical questions to address business problems.
This document provides an overview of public key infrastructure (PKI). It discusses how PKI uses public key cryptography and digital certificates to securely distribute public keys. A PKI relies on certificate authorities (CAs) to issue and revoke certificates binding public keys to their owners. It also discusses the roles of CAs, registration authorities, repositories, and clients in a PKI. The document outlines how standards bodies are working to develop PKI standards and the need for testing interoperability between PKI components. It notes that while PKI can support some applications today, a global public key infrastructure is not yet achievable and full interoperability has not been established.
The document provides an overview of public key infrastructure (PKI) and how it works. It explains foundational concepts like encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. It then discusses how PKI enables the use of public/private key cryptography to securely distribute keys and authenticate parties through the use of digital certificates verified by a certificate authority. The document covers common algorithms like RSA, ECC, AES, and hash functions and provides recommendations around implementing and securing a PKI.
This document discusses public key infrastructures (PKI) and their components. It describes how PKI can enable secure communication, notarization, time-stamping, non-repudiation, and privilege management through the use of certificates, digital signatures, and trusted third parties. It also outlines some of the pitfalls of PKI, such as key compromises, difficulties with revocation, and human errors in certificate validation. Finally, it examines the technical details of how certificates, certification authorities, certificate paths, and trust models function within a PKI.
This document provides an introduction to distributed security concepts and public key infrastructure (PKI). It describes different methods of remote access computing including single sign-on using Kerberos or NIS. It also discusses security building blocks like encryption, digital signatures, and hash algorithms. The document outlines the key elements of PKI including certificate authorities, public/private key pairs, identity certificates, and LDAP servers. It provides details on SSL/TLS and the SSL handshake process.
The Open Science Grid (OSG) is a collaboration between scientific communities, universities, and laboratories to operate a shared high-performance computing infrastructure. The OSG provides common software, security, and services to enable distributed computing across contributed resources. It supports over 30 user communities, including physics experiments like ATLAS and LIGO. The OSG aims to make scientific research more effective by stimulating new computational approaches and building expertise for future distributed computing. It faces challenges in sustaining resources, ensuring security and software evolution, optimizing resource sharing, and maintaining community collaboration at its large scale.
The Open Science Grid Consortium aims to build a sustainable national production Grid infrastructure in the United States that will support scientific collaborations. It will build upon existing Grid infrastructures like Grid3 and SAMGrid by integrating distributed computing facilities at laboratories and universities. The Consortium plans to evolve this infrastructure to meet the long-term computational needs of the experimental physics community in the US, which will require increasing its scale, performance, and capabilities by an order of magnitude or more. It also seeks to accommodate the needs of other science partners by developing a flexible framework of services and ensuring the coherent operation of the whole system.
This document summarizes a presentation on grid security given at an Atlas Tier 2 meeting. It discusses the rapidly changing security environment with new federal guidelines, threats from attacks and vulnerabilities in middleware and applications. Recent security events from the past weeks are noted. The presentation emphasizes designing security into systems from the beginning through practices like mutual authentication, logging, and patching. Examples from SLAC's Atlas experience and a proposed updated user agreement policy are provided. The Open Science Grid security team and plans for security auditing, dynamic firewall ports, identity management and securing middleware are briefly outlined.
The document summarizes the security activities of the Open Science Grid (OSG). It discusses OSG's goals of enabling open science collaboration while maintaining security. OSG models its security operations on the NIST 800-53 guidelines and uses an integrated security management approach. Key activities include vulnerability management, inter-grid coordination, education and training, and an iterative process of assessing and improving controls. The overall aim is to support scientific research securely and without hindering open collaboration.
Andrew Hanushevsky gave a presentation on using xrootd proxies to provide scalable and secure remote access to data. Proxies allow clients outside a firewall to access data servers behind the firewall. Proxy clusters provide load balancing and redundancy. Authentication between proxies and servers can be handled through a security transformation that establishes a shared session key. This simplifies key management in large clustered systems and allows access across multiple firewalls. xrootd was designed with security in mind through features like support for security transforms and easy administration of clustered proxies.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the MWSG Meeting at Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory on June 5-6, 2006. The presentation discusses the Privilege Project, including its goals of delivering finer-grained authorization of processing resources, key achievements in deploying the authorization infrastructure, and current and future plans such as simplifying the architecture and extending privilege enforcement to network management.
The document describes several block ciphers including DES, AES (Rijndael), and others. It provides details on:
- DES such as its Feistel structure, S-boxes, modes of operation, and cryptanalysis techniques like differential and linear cryptanalysis.
- AES/Rijndael including its SPN structure, security and efficiency compared to Triple DES, and its selection as the AES standard over other finalists like Serpent and Twofish.
- Other block ciphers mentioning characteristics like linear and confusion layers.
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1. septembre 2002 – SÉcurité des Communications sur Internet– SECI02
Side channel cryptanalysis
J-J. Quisquater & D. Samyde
Université catholique de Louvain
Groupe Crypto
3 Place du Levant
B-1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
jjq@dice.ucl.ac.be
samyde@dice.ucl.ac.be
Abstract
Cryptology includes cryptography and cryptanalysis technics. Cryptography is managed by Kerckhoffs
principles, so any information related to a cryptosystem can be public except the keys. The cryptanalysis
is the sum of a lot of very advanced technics in order to find these keys. The controversy about the Data
Encryption Standard security has highly contributed to the development of new cryptanalysis methods based
on mathematics. The linear and differentials analysis are the most convincing examples. Although these
techniques often require great quantities of plain texts and ciphered texts, there are other very powerful
methods based on the involuntary "information leakage". Indeed a cryptosystem can leak information in
various manners, thus significant data can be extracted from physical signals emitted by the ciphering device.
Temperature, acoustic waves, electromagnetic radiations, time or light (radiated, laser, infrared, ...) signs
which can be extremely dangerous. It is then possible to define side channel. The side channel cryptanalysis
has been the speciality of secret services for a long time, but ten years ago, the scientific world started
contributing to develop new side channel very effective technics.
Keywords Side channel cryptanalysis, Tempest, Timing attack, Power & ElectroMagnetic Analysis, Fault
Analysis
Introduction
The history of the conventional cryptanalysis and the development of the most powerful computers are
closely dependent. The undeniable proof is the brilliant cryptanalysis of the naval Enigma by A. Turing and
both GHCQ’s Colossus at Bletchley Park during the World War II. As conventional cryptanalysis side channel’s
power can really be frightening, their successes remained in the shadow for a long time.
In the past, the most advanced automats were based on mechanical principles that are well known today. But
with the evolution of sciences, electricity become stronger and stronger, so electromechanic appeared and then
electronic. Although the desired physical effects were advisely used as the principal component of a device,
other parasitic effects can sometimes be neglected. In this case it is sometimes possible to extract significant
information from the handled data [1].
As a current runs through a wire, it creates an electric field, a magnetic field as well as a heating. These
effects are known and described by the Maxwell’s equations and the Joules’s law. But when some of these
existing physical effects are not desired by the designer of the automata, they can create leakages. It is possible
to remotely collect the electromagnetic field with an adapted antenna, to reamplify it, and to do a demodulation
in order to obtain information. In the case of a cathode ray tube or a computer screen, the pixel of the screen is
obtained thanks to the projection of an electron beam on sensitive molecules. But the position of the electron
beam is controlled by coils. If the radiated field is collected, amplified and then introduced at the input of other
coils, it makes possible to copy the image of the remote screen.
Concerning heat, some thermal cameras have a good resolution, they permit to construct a signature. These
signature characterizes the device. The manufacturers of cryptoprocessors also try to limit the heat to reveal
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4. J-J. Quisquater D. Samyde
Electromagnetic leakage
The electromagnetic radiations can still be used nowadays against recent systems. The quality of the
antennas is very important, and it is possible to find several kinds (logarithmic, planar...) of them. In the same
way, the frequency stability of the local oscillators are necessary to obtain a good result; the best receivers
authorize a precision of
¨
Hz, using phase locked loop.
The level of classical countermeasures has been improved in a significant manner since few years. In the
case of a cathode ray tube, it is difficult to obtain a valid interception farther than ten meters, using an old
material. This distance and this level of radiations must be compared to the distances obtained by the satellites
who listen two aligned antenna from the space.
Nowadays, some information is public because it has been declassified. But the simple presence, or not, of
electromagnetic radiations is often enough to provide useful information to an attacker. Some systems recreate
a false magnetic field around them, in order to mask their presence or their radiations. However, the theorem
of C. Shannon indicates that by repeating measurement, it becomes possible to remove the noise and to obtain
a signal noise ratio as high as desired.
Devices as smart cards use operative countermeasures to limit the number of executions. In the large
majority of cases, the designers try to limit the level of radiations or to define a protection area in order to
reduce the power of the signal. But some applications very often require a Faraday cage to be protected, and it
is not always simple and possible to use one.
Some recommendations, related to the level of attenuation of the Faraday screen rooms, seemed
unexplainable in the past. Recent work of Mr. Kuhn, and other academics, seem to be able to explain the
differences between the attenuations required by the military and the civilians. Indeed, the military attenuations
do not seem to leave any chance of interception, even with recent material, whereas the civil levels did not
ensure this shielding quality.
It is also important to notice that the light emitted by a screen, contains useful information which is the video
signal. M. Kuhn recently published it is possible to reconstruct a video image starting from the luminosity of a
distant screen.
Timing attack
One of the first attacks by measurement of the response time of a system, made it possible to reduce the
number of tests, in order to find a password. This attack was particularly effective against the implementations
of Unix. Indeed, if the comparison between the password recorded and the password seized is carried out byte
by byte on the basis of the first bit, and if the machine response was available at the first error, it was then
possible to test all the bytes located in first position and to choose the one which had the longest response
time. Indeed, this last was inevitably the good, since the response time lengthened corresponded to the time
of comparison and erroneous response of the second byte. According to R. Moreno, this kind of analysis
also functioned at the time of the bearing of a banking application since a Motorola processor, on a smart
card including a processor Thomson. This attack has been applied by F Grieu. It is also possible to use the
measurement of the response time, in order to know the contents of the mask of a distant data-processing waiter.
Indeed, if the information is already present in the memory cache of the computer, and if it has to be load the
response time is different.
In
¢§¦§
, P. Kocher published a rather theoretical article, on the use of the measurement of time, to try to
find cryptographic keys. Two years later, F. Koeune applied this analysis and showed how it was possible to
defeat a naive implementation of the algorithm Square Multiply for the modular exponentiation. There are
only two possibilities of connection inside the code carried out for its demonstration, but these two connections
do not take the same time. It is then possible to know rather quickly the cryptographic keys [3], with a few
hundreds of thousands samples.
Countermeasures against timing attacks may seem to be trivial, but a constant time answer is not always
possible: sometimes it is necessary to consider the worst case of an algorithm, or to insert much more subtle
countermeasures, modifying the temporal properties.
182
5. Side channel cryptanalysis
Thermal analysis
The thermal analysis is not used a lot against cryptographic devices; it is more current for satellite or
space image analysis. In many cases, the materials stationed at a place has modified the temperature or the
illumination of the storage place. Even a long time after their departure, it is always possible to carry out a
measurement revealing their very last presence.
Concerning processors, the limiting factor is the diffusion of heat. The equation of propagation is well-
known, but the propagation times are crippling. However, it is important not to obtain hot points on the chip,
in order not to reveal a specific activity [4]. In the past, the security components verifiers used liquid crystals
to reveal the activity areas of the component. But actually this method is too slow.
Power analysis
A small antenna inserted in a perforated condenser can provide a lot of information on the activity of
an electronic card. This old technic is well known and has been used for a long time. An electronic card
often contains few very interesting elements to analyze, by measuring their consumption. Inserting a low
value resistance between the ground pin and the general ground of the card, is enough to track the specific
consumption of a chip. In the past, some people had already noticed that the power analysis of a cryptoprocessor
could provide information on the handled keys. In
¢§§¦¡
, P. Kocher [5] introduced the concept of differential
power analysis; it is the intercorrelation value of two random variables. This method called DPA is very
powerful against smart cards and recent processors. Moreover, it is possible to improve the resolution, using
a coil located in the close field of the processor [6,7]. The signal noise ratio can be greatly improved by
¥¦
to
¤!#
. IBM recently used this method to defeat GSM card security. The algorithm used is simple in both cases:
the idea is to quantify the influence of a bit of the key and to separate the traces obtained in two sets. These sets
are built according to the value of one bit of the key. Then checking the assumption on the value of the key bit,
the real value can be recovered.
Conclusion
In conclusion, side channel cryptanalysis is a powerful tool and can defeat some implementations of very
robust and well suited algorithms. Perhaps in the future, others side channels will be discovered; but the
real cost of the these attacks is increasing. In order to be immunated to a high number of cryptanalysis,
implementations must now integrate a very high level of expertise. The countermeasures are always possible
and available, but they must be well thought. It is easy to believe avoiding a side channel and in fact to become
weaker from another one [8,9].
It is an eternal game between robbers and policemen; for the moment cryptanalysts seems to be better [10]
than designers, but in the future it will undoubtedly quickly evolve.
References
[1] NACSIM 5000: Tempest Fundamentals, National Security Agency, Fort George G.Meade, Maryland. Feb
1982. Partially declassified also available at http://cryptome.org/nacsim-5000.htm.
[2] M. Kuhn and R. Anderson, Soft tempest: Hidden data transmission using electromagnetic emanations,
In D. Aucsmith, editor, Information Hiding, vol 1525 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp 124-142.
Springer-Verlag, 1998.
[3] J. Kelsey, B. Schneier, D. Wagner, and C. Hall, Side Channel Cryptanalysis of Product Ciphers, in Proc.
of ESORICS’98, Springer-Verlag, September 1998, pp. 97-110.
[4] J-S. Coron, P. Kocher, and D. Naccache, Statistics and Secret Leakage, Financial Cryptography 2000
(FC’00), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag.
183
6. J-J. Quisquater D. Samyde
[5] P. Kocher, J. Jaffe and B. Jun, Differential Power Analysis, In M. Wiener, editor, Advances in Cryptology
- CRYPTO’99, vol. 1666 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 388-397, Springer-Verlag, 1999.
Also available at http://www.cryptography.com/dpa/Dpa.pdf.
[6] K. Gandolfi, C. Mourtel and F. Olivier, Electromagnetic analysis : concrete results, In Koç, Naccache,
Paar editors, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, vol. 2162 of Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, pp. 251-261, Springer-Verlag, 2001.
[7] J.-J. Quisquater and D. Samyde, ElectroMagnetic Analysis (EMA) Measures and Counter-Measures for
Smart Cards, in I. Attali and T. Jensen, editors, E-Smart Smartcard Programming and Security, vol. 2140
of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 200-210, Springer-Verlag 2001.
[8] R. Anderson, M.Kuhn, Tamper Resistance - A Cautionary Note, Proc. of the Second USENIX Workshop
on Electronic Commerce, USENIX Association, 1996.
[9] O. Kommerling and M. Kuhn, Design principles for tamper-resistant smartcard processors, In Proc. of
the USENIX Workshop on Smartcard Technology (Smartcard’99), pp. 9–20. USENIX Association, 1999.
[10] E. Biham and A. Shamir, Power Analysis of the Key Scheduling of the AES Canditates, in Second
Advanced Encryption Standard Candidate Conference, Rome, March 1999.
184