all about metal and nonmetal of class 10 from physical to chemical.... last minute suggestion and preparation notes made by student of 10th class only .. short and sweet slides for quick revision... HOPE IT MAY HELP U ...☺☻☺☻☺☻

1. Metal
Physical properties.....
1. They are ductile
2. They are malleable
3. They are sonorous
4. They are good conductor of heat & electricity
5. They are generally solid except Hg which is a liquid
6. They have high density except Na , K
7. Metals are hard and strong except Na , K
8. They are lustrous
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

2. REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
Pt9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

3. METALS
chemical properties –
1. Rxn WITH OXYGEN (O₂)
a. Metal + oxygen  metal oxide (basic)
b. This rxn depends upon reactivity series
c. (i.e. Na,K,Ca,Mg will react with O₂ easily)
d. Ex- Na + O₂  Na₂O(basic)
e. Ex- K + O₂  K₂O(basic)
f. Na and K being at top of REAC.Series react with O₂ at room temp.
g. But Mg does not react with O₂ at room temp.
h. Mg is burnt in the presence of O₂ which gives MgO
i. Rxn = 2Mg + O₂  2MgO(basic)
j. MgO + H₂O Mg(OH)₂ (a base)
k. Al + O₂  Al₂O₃ (Amphoteric Oxide)
l. Zn + O₂  ZnO (Amphoteric Oxide)
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

4. 2. Rxn with water (ONLY THOSE WILL REACT WHO R ABOVE H₂)
a. Metal + H₂O  Metal Hydroxide + H₂
b. Metal + cold or hot H₂O  Metal hydroxide + H₂
c. Metal + Steam  Metal oxide + H₂
d. K reacts with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)
e. K + H₂O (cold)  KOH + H₂ + heat
f. Na also react with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)
g. Na + H₂O(cold)  NaOH + H₂ + heat
h. Calcium with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)
i. Ca + H₂O(cold) Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
j. Magnesium with hot water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)
k. Mg + H₂O (hot)  Mg(OH)₂ + H₂
l. Aluminium with steam (OXIDE FROMATION)
m. Al + H₂O(steam)  Al₂O₃ + H₂
n. Also Zn,Fe reacts with steam
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

5. Rxn with
water
Metal
hydroxide
Rxn with
cold H₂o
Rxn with
hot H₂o
Metal
oxide
Rxn with
steam
K,Na,
Ca
Mg
Al,Zn
,Fe9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

6. Rxn with Dilute Acids
• BELOW H₂ cannot take part.....
• Metal + Dil. Acid  Metal Salt + H₂
• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Chloride( M+ HCl)
• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Sulphide(M+ H₂SO₄)
• Cu does not react with ACIDS BEING LESS Reactive
• Metal below H do not react with dil. Acids ,
• Ag,Au,Pt being less reactive do not react with acids
• ALL METAL ABOVE H RECTS WITH ACID TO GIVE METAL SALT+
Hydrogen GAS
• The reaction between nitric acid + metal don't give hydrogen
because nitric acid being strong oxidizing agent oxidise hydrogen
gas to water .
• However very dilute HNO₃ give hydrogen when reacting with
Magnesium and Manganese
• Mg + HNO₃  Mg(NO₃)₂ +H₂
• Mn + HNO₃  Mn(NO₃)₂ + H₂
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

7. • AQUA-REGIA
• A freshly prepared mixture of HCl and HNO₃ in the
ratio of 3:1.
• Is highly corrosive in nature
• Dissolves Au and Pt also .........(MEANS VERY
CORROSIVE IN NATURE!!!!!!!!☺☻)
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

8. • Reaction of METAL with SALT SOLUTION
• A more reactive metal displaces low reactive metal
from its salt solution
• Salt sol. Of Metal A + Metal B  Salt sol. of metal B
+ Metal A
• It means that metal B is more reactive than Metal A
• CuSO₄ +Zn  ZnSO₄(colourless) + Cu
• CuSO₄(blue) + Fe(reddish Brown)  FeSO₄(green) +
Cu
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

9. Rxn of Metal with chlorine
• Metal react with chlorine to form ionic
chloride.
• Metal chloride are non volatile
• Have high M.p and B.p
• Cu ALSO REACT WITH Cl₂ TO GIVE CuCl₂
• Na + Cl₂  NaCl (NaCl= Na+ Cl- by sharing
therefore called ionic chloride)
• Ca + Cl₂  CaCl₂
• Mg + Cl₂  MgCl₂
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

10. Rxn of Metal With Hydrogen
• Metal above hydrogen reacts with hydrogen
to give metal hydride or ionic hydride
• Not all but only Na,K,Ca and Mg reacts with H₂
• Na + H₂  NaH
• K + H₂ KH
• Ca + H₂  CaH₂
• Mg + H₂  MgH₂
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

11. NON- METALS
• Physical properties.....
1. They are not ductile
2. They are not malleable
3. They are not sonorous
4. They are bad conductor of heat & electricity
except GRAPHITE (G con. Of elec.)
5. They are solid,liquid,gas
6. They low high density
7. They are Brittle and Weak except DIAMOND
8. They are not lustrous except IODINE
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

12. • RXn with OXYGEN
• Nonmetal + oxygen  nonmetal oxide which can be
acid/neutral
• Acid oxides are called acid anhydrides
RXN WITH WATER  NO RXN AT ALL
RXN WITH ACID NO RXN AT ALL
RXN WITH SALT SOL.
MORE REACTIVE NON METAL DISPLACES LOW REACTIVE FRLM ITS SALT
NaBr+ Cl₂  NaCl + Br₂
RXN WITH CHLORINE
FORMS COVALENT CHLORIDE
H₂ + Cl₂  HCl
RXN WITH HYDROGEN
FORMS COVALENT HYDRIDES
S + H₂  H₂S
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

13. Metal Non Metal
Basic oxide Neutral/acidic oxide
React with water Do not react with water
React with acid Do not react with acid
Forms ionic chloride Forms covalent chloride
Forms ionic hydride Forms covalent hydrides
Chemical prop. Difference of metal
and non metals
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

14. • USES OF METAL / NON – METALS
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
METAL NON- METAL
Cu,Al are used to make wires
Hydrogen is used in the
hydrogenation of oil to get ghee
Fe,Cu,Al used to make household
Liquid HYDROGEN AS ROCKET
FUEL
Ag,Au for jewelleries CARBON IN cells
Zinc for galvanization Nitrogen in food preservation
Hg in thermometer Sulphur in hardening of rubber
Al foil in food packing Sulphur in match stick
Lead in car batteries Sulphur in gun powder

15. How do metal and non metal react
• Metal + Non- metal  ionic compound
• Non metal + Non Metal  covalent compound
• Every element wants to become stable and to gain
the nearest inert gas electron configuration
• Element can become stable by
a. Losing 1 or more e- with other atom
b. Gaining 1 or more e- “ m+nm
c. Sharing 1 or more e- ‘” “ “ ‘ “ nm+nm
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

16. OCCURENCE OF METALS
• Most metal are reactive therefore found in form of compound..
• Compound of CARBONATE,SULPHIDE,CHLORIDE
• Cu , Ag and Au being less reactive can be formed in native state (
free state) ..
• All metal above Cu are found in form of compounds
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
MINERALS AND ORES
The natural material in which metal exist is called MINERAL
Those mineral from which metal can extracted are called OREs

17. EXTRATION OF METAL
• The process of obtaining metal from ore is called
extraction of metal
• The various process involved in the extraction of
metal is called METTALURGY
• The three major steps involved in the purification of
metal are
a. Concentration of Ore
b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal
c. Refining of impure metal
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

18. a. Concentration of ore
• The unwanted impurities present on the ore is called
gangue.
• By removing gangue one gets a greater concentration
of metal in ore
• This is called Con. Of Ore .
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

19. • b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal
1. FOR HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL
• Metal such as K,Na,Ca,Mg and Al are at topmost of reactivity
series
• They cannot be reduced by carbon to get pure metal
.because metal have more attraction for Oxygen than carbon
• They are extracted by electrolytic reduction of their molten
chloride or oxide.
• During electrolysis CATHODE acts as POWERFUL REDUCING
AGENT by supplying electrons to reduce metal ion into metal
• Till magnesium are extracted by the electrolysis of their
chloride whereas aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis
of its oxide
• Extraction of sodium metal
• NaCl (electrolysis) Na + Cl₂
• Extraction of aluminium
• Al2O3 (ele) Al +O2
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

20. • Extraction of moderately reactive metal
• The extraction of metal is harder with carbonates and
sulphides Therefore all ores are converted into oxide by
Calcination or by roasting
• A carbonate ore  oxide  Calcination
• CALCINATION :- process in which carbonate ore is
heated in the ABSENCE of oxygen to get metal oxide
• Ex- ZnCO₃ (Calcination) ZnO + CO₂
• A sulphide ore  oxide  roasting
• Roasting :- process of heating sulphide ore in PRESENCE
of oxygen to get metal oxide
• ZnS + O₂  (ROASTING) ZnO+ SO₂
• The metal oxide obtained are converted to free metal
by reduction with C,Al,Na,Ca9/4/2015 by shubham Ranjan

21. • Thermite Rxn:- the reduction of metal oxide to
form metal by using Al as reducing agent
• Fe₂O₃ + Al  Fe (molten) + Al₂O₃ + heat
• This process is called Thermite welding OR
aluminothermy ....
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

22. EXTRACTION OF LESS REACTINE METAL
• Are extracted just by reduction of their oxide
by heating
• OR JUST BY HEATING IN AIR
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan

23. Refining of Metal
• The process of refining of impure metal is
called refining of metal .
• Most common one is Electrolytic refining
• Electrolytic refining :- refining by electrolysis
• A thick block of impure metal is made anode
• a thin strip of pure metal is mate cathode
• A water soluble salt of metal is taken as
electrolyte .
9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan