This Is PPT Of 'metals & Non- metals"

1. Materials
Metals & non- Metals

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Let’s
Learn
Metals
& Non-
Metals
Uses of
Common
Metals &
non- Metals
Physicals &
chemical
Properties of
metals an
Non- Metals

3. Elements
A substance containing only one kind
of atoms
Non- Metals
eg.: oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, iodine
Metalloids
eg.: silicon, boron, germanium,
arsenic
Metals
eg.: iron, copper, gold, silver,
platinum
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Physical
Properties
of Metals
and Non-
metals
Physical
state
Hardness
Appearance
Sonority
Malleability
Ductility
Electric
Conductivity
Thermal
Conductivity

5. Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals
Physical state:
• Metals are solids at room temperature with high melting and boiling points. Exception to this are mercury and gallium which exist in liquid state at room
temperature and have low melting and boiling points. In case of non-metals, they exist in all three states i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous.
• Few non-metals like carbon, sulphur and phosphorus exist in solid state; bromine exists in liquid state; oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine exist as gases at room
temperature.
Appearance:
• All metals have lustre which gives them a shiny appearance, thus, they reflect light. The luster of metals makes them the material of choice for making jewellery,
ornaments and statues.
• Metals can appear rusty or tarnished when they are exposed to air and moisture. However, they shine again when polished. Most metals are grey or silver in
colour. Gold has a peculiar yellow colour while copper is reddish.
• Non-metals have a dull appearance. A few exceptions are iodine, graphite and diamond which have luster.
Hardness:
• Metals are usually hard and have more strength than non-metals. Metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminium and lead are very strong. Some metals
such as lithium, sodium and potassium are soft enough to be cut by a knife.
• They do not have flexibility and have good tensile strength. Metals cannot be stretched. Non-metals are usually brittle and less strong than metals. Diamond is
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8. Sonority:
• Have you seen bells in a temple or a church? What are they made of? Bells are usually made of metals or metal alloys. This is because metals
produce a ringing sound when struck.
• This property is known as sonority and hence metals are said to be sonorous. Non-metals do not produce a ringing sound and hence are said to
be non-sonorous.
Malleability:
• Metals possess a property known as malleability which is the ability to be beaten into sheets. Most metals are malleable.
• Gold and silver are considered to be the most malleable. Non-metals, if beaten, break into pieces. Thus, they are not considered as malleable.
Ductility:
• You may have seen copper and aluminium wires used in electrical circuits and fittings. Most metals possess the ability to be drawn into long and
thin wires. This property is known as ductility.
• Can we convert coal or sulphur into wires? Non-metals are not ductile, that is, they cannot be drawn into wires.
Electrical Conductivity:
• The property of metals which allows them to conduct electricity is known as electrical conductivity. Metals are good conductors of electricity
while non-metals are poor conductors of electricity.
• An exception is graphite which, although a non-metal, is a good conductor of electricity. We have seen that metals can be drawn into wires. Metal
wires are used in electrical wiring, to make cables, in electrical fittings and circuits.
Thermal Conductivity:
• Metals have the property of conducting heat. Hence, we use metal utensils to cook food and boil water.
• This property of metals is known as thermal conductivity. Metals are known as good conductors of heat while non-metals are known as bad
conductors of heat.
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9. Property Metal Non metal
Physical state They are solids at room
temperature (exception -
mercury, gallium).
They exist in all three states (solids, liquids,
gases).
Appearance They have lustre. They do not have lustre.
Hardness They are hard. They are usually brittle.
Sonority They are sonorous (can produce
sound).
They do not produce sound
Malleability They can be beaten up into
sheets.
They cannot be beaten up into sheets.
Ductility They can be drawn into wires. They cannot be drawn into wires.
Electrical
conductivity
They are good conductors of
electricity.
They are poor conductors of electricity.
Thermal
conductivity
They are good conductors of
heat.
They are poor conductors of heat.
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10. Chemical Properties of Metals and
Non-metals
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11. Reaction with oxygen:
• Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are called metallic or
basic oxides.
• Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide
• Metals like Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are highly reactive hence they
react vigorously with air to form their oxides. Such metals are stored under
kerosene in order to avoid any contact with atmospheric oxygen.
• All metal oxides are basic in nature. They dissolve in water to form a base
that turns red litmus blue.
• For example, when sodium oxide is dissolved in water it forms sodium
hydroxide.
• Sodium oxide +Water Sodium hydroxide
• Metals like magnesium, aluminum and silver react comparatively slowly
with air.
• When kept open for longer time, these metals get tarnished due to the
formation of a thin layer of oxide on their surface.
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12. Let us see the reaction of magnesium with oxygen
• When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in the presence of oxygen, it catches fire
and burns with a bright white flame resulting in the formation of magnesium
oxide.
• Magnesium (Mg)+ Oxygen (O2) Magnesium Oxide
• Similar to magnesium there are other metals which react with air but in the
presence of specific conditions. For example, zinc reacts with air only on
strong heating and iron does not react with dry air, it reacts with moist air to
form iron oxide also called ‘rust’.
• Rusting is a process in which a reddish-brown coating is formed on iron
objects due to their exposure to moist air. During this process the surface of
iron gets corroded due to the chemical reaction between iron and oxygen in
presence of moisture (water vapor) to form iron oxide.
• Iron + Moisture + Oxygen Iron Oxide (Rust)
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13. Reaction with water
• Metals react with water to form oxides or hydroxides along with liberation of
hydrogen gas.
• Metals like sodium and potassium react with cold water vigorously to form metal
hydroxide.
• Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
• Metals such as magnesium, aluminium and zinc react with steam to form their
corresponding oxides with the liberation of hydrogen gas.
• Magnesium + Water Magnesium oxide + Hydrogen gas
• Non-metals usually show no reaction with water. Hence, water can be used to store
non -metals such as phosphorus which react vigorously with air.
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14. Reaction with acids
Most metals react with dilute mineral acids to form their salts and liberate hydrogen gas. Mineral acids are inorganic acids like hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid, nitric acid. Metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form chloride salts, with dilute nitric acid to form nitrate salts and with
dilute sulphuric acid to form sulphate salts. The hydrogen gas liberated does not support burning but itself burns with a pop sound.
Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen
• Sodium + Hydrochloric Acid(dil) Sodium chloride + Hydrogen
• Magnesium + Sulphuric acid(dil) Sodium chloride + Hydrogen
• Iron + Hydrochloric Acid(dil) Iron chloride +Hydrogen gas
Non-metals generally do not react with acids. However, sulphur and phosphorus react only with hot concentrated acids.
Sulphur reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid and forms sulphuric acid and nitrogen dioxide gas.
• Sulphur + Nitric acid Sulphuric acid + Nitrogen dioxide + Water
Phosphorus reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid and forms phosphoric acid and nitrogen dioxide gas.
• Phosphorus + Nitric acid Phosphoric acid + Nitrogen dioxide + Water
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15. Reaction with bases
• Metals such as sodium, calcium and aluminium react readily with dilute sodium hydroxide and dilute potassium hydroxide. Metals do
not react with weak bases such as ammonium hydroxide.
• Various non-metals react with bases differently. Some metals react with bases to produce hydrogen gas. Like, sodium hydroxide
gives hydrogen gas and sodium zincate when it reacts with zinc metal. The reactions between non-metals and bases cannot be
generalised.
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16. Reactivity Series
• We have seen that some metals react vigorously with acids whereas others do not.
Accordingly, metals have been arranged in the decreasing order of reactivity, in a
series called reactivity series. The most reactive metal is kept at the top of the series
and the least reactive metal, platinum, is kept at the bottom.
• Metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series, do not react with dilute acids. They
cannot replace hydrogen from an acid as they are less reactive than hydrogen.
Metals such as copper, silver and gold either react with concentrated acids or do
not show any reactions at all.
• The reactivity series also gives information about displacement reactions. During a
displacement reaction, a more active metal displaces a less active metal from its salt
solution.
• Thus, we conclude that a more reactive metal can replace a less reactive
metal, but a less reactive metal cannot replace a more reactive metal.
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18. Uses of some common metals
• Iron - Pig iron is used to make pipes, railings, cylinders and storage tanks. On the other hand, wrought iron is used to make
agricultural tools, bolts, chains and nails.
• Copper is used to make electric wires and cables, heating utensils, car radiators, coins and statues.
• Aluminum is used for making parts of aircrafts and ships, transmission wires and cables, cooking utensils, etc. Aluminium foils are
used in packaging of medicines, cigarettes and food materials.
• Nickel is used as a catalyst in many industrial processes as well as for electroplating and in the manufacture of stainless steel.
• Lead is used in making water pipes, in storage batteries, in making alloys and in paints.
• Mercury is used in thermometers.
• Gold, silver, platinum are used in making jewellery and ornaments.
• Radioactive metals like uranium and plutonium are used in nuclear power plants to produce atomic energy.
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19. Uses of some common non- metals
• Hydrogen is used for making ammonia. Liquid hydrogen is used as fuel in spaceships, in conversion of vegetable oil into ghee, and
as a reducing agent in industrial processes.
• Carbon exists in various forms like diamond, graphite, coal, charcoal etc. Diamond is used as a gem. Graphite is used as lead in
pencils, as an electrode and as a lubricant. Coal is used as fuel. Charcoal is used as a decolorizing agent as well in water filters as an
adsorbent.
• Nitrogen is used in food canning and electrical bulbs; for the production of nitrogen compounds which are used as fertilisers, etc.
Liquid nitrogen is used to preserve biological specimens by providing low temperatures.
• Oxygen is used in the manufacture of steel to oxidise impurities, oxygen flame is used for cutting and welding metal scraps.
• Sulphur is used as a fungicide and an insecticide, in manufacturing of sulphuric acid, in vulcanization of rubber.
• Silicon is used in making electronic components such as transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and chips used in
computers.
• Chlorine is used in the purification of water.
• Phosphorus is used in making matchsticks, matchboxes and in fireworks.
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