2. TVL-ICT-CSS – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Performing Mensuration and Calculation
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental
Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Jessie V. Alcala
Editors: Jesusa D. Paladar, Reynald M. Manzano
Reviewer: Ruthmarie B. Eltanal, Louelyn M. Lajot
Typesetter: Jessie V. Alcala
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
Fay C. Luarez, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D. Maricel S. Rasid
Adolf P. Aguilar Elmar L. Cabrera
Nilita L. Ragay, Ed.D.
Antonio B. Baguio Jr., Ed.D.
4. ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the TLE-ICT-CSS Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Performing Mensuration and Calculation!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
5. iii
For the learner:
Welcome to the TLE-ICT-CSS Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Performing Mensuration and Calculation!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
6. iv
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!
References This is a list of all sources used in
developing this module.
7. 1
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master Performing Mensuration and Calculation. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
 Lesson 1 – Select Measuring Instruments
 Lesson 2 – Carry out measurements and calculations
ď‚· Lesson 3 - Maintain measuring instruments
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify the different storage to be measured
2. Demonstrate how to compute to get the binary digits
3. Ensure proper handling of measuring instruments
What I Need to Know
8. 2
What I Know
Let us determine how much you already know about our lesson.
Take this test.
Guess the word base on the given definition in each number. Use your notebook to
answer this test.
1. This is the storage device in our computer.
H__RD DI__K
2. All the data saved in it will be lost if the computer is off.
__AN__O__ A__CE__S __EM__ RY
3. This is where the CD disk will be placed.
__D D__IV__
4. A removable storage device used for saving files.
F__AS__ __R__VE
5. An interface that uses a 7-pin data connector, used to connect a
storage device to the computer.
S__T__ CO__N__CT__R
6. It consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell
__R__M
7. The most common type of RAM used in computers.
__YN__M__C RAM
8. It comprises many different storage media which can be directly
attached to a computer system.
S__CO__D__RY M__MO__Y
9. A drive that contains the operating system and applications in a
Windows computer.
___ D__IV__
10. A removable storage device that connects to a USB port.
T__UM__ D__I__E
Note: If you get 100% correct in this pre- assessment, skip the lesson but if not
and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.
9. 3
Lesson
1
Select Measuring
Instruments
As a Computer Systems Servicing student, you need to familiarize the
different computer components that makes up a computer and identify those
components that need to be measured and calculated.
What’s In
What are the components of a computer that you are familiar with? In a
bondpaper, draw and label the components and identify the function of each.
What’s New
(Option 1) Research fifteen computer devices in the internet. Copy and paste
it in MS Word. Save the file.
(Option 2) Base on your experience, recall how you save a file.
Guide Questions:
1. How did you save your document?
2. What storage device did you use to save your file?
3. How important is familiarizing your storage devices?
10. 4
What is It
SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
MEMORY
Computer memory is a generic term for all the different types of data
storage technology.
Some types of computer memory are designed to be very fast, meaning
that the central processing unit (CPU) can access data stored there very
quickly. Other types are designed to be very low cost, so that large amounts
of data can be stored there economically.
Another way that computer memory can vary is that some types
are non-volatile, which means they can store data on a long-term basis even
when there is no power. And some types are volatile, which are often faster,
but which lose all the data stored on them as soon as the power is switched
off.
A computer system is built using a combination of these types of
computer memory, and the exact configuration can be optimized to produce
the maximum data processing speed or the minimum cost, or some
compromise between the two.
Types of Memory
Although many types of memory in a computer exist, the most basic
distinction is between primary memory, often called system memory, and
secondary memory, which is more commonly called storage.
The key difference between primary and secondary memory is speed of access.
ď‚· Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the
CPU on the computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from
primary memory very quickly indeed. It is used to store data that the
CPU needs imminently so that it does not have to wait for it to be
delivered.
ď‚· Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located within a
separate storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid state drive
(SSD), which is connected to the computer system either directly or over
a network. The cost per gigabyte of secondary memory is much lower,
but the read and write speeds are significantly slower.
11. 5
There are two key types of primary memory:
1. RAM, or Random Access Memory
2. ROM, or Read-Only Memory
Let's look in-depth at both types of memory.
1) RAM Computer Memory
Data stored in random access memory can be accessed in any random
order. Or, put another way, any random bit of data can be accessed just as
quickly as any other bit. RAM memory is very fast, it can be written to as well
as read, it is volatile (so all data stored in RAM memory is lost when it loses
power).
Types of RAM
ď‚· DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common
type of RAM used in computers. The oldest type is known as single data
rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data rate (DDR)
DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including DDR2, DDR3, and
DDR4, which offer better performance and are more energy efficient
than DDR. However different versions are incompatible, so it is not
possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system. DRAM
consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
ď‚· SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM
which is faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six
transistors in each cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally only used
as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in very high-end server
systems. A small SRAM cache of the most imminently-needed data can
result in significant speed improvements in a system
The key differences
between DRAM and
SRAM is that SRAM is
faster than DRAM but
more expensive and
bulkier. SRAM is usually
available in megabytes,
while DRAM is
purchased in gigabytes.
DRAM uses more energy than SRAM because it constantly needs to be
refreshed to maintain data integrity, while SRAM - though volatile – does not
need constant refreshing when it is powered up.
12. 6
2) ROM Computer Memory
ROM stands for read-only memory. While data can be read from this
type of computer memory, data cannot normally be written to it. It is a very
fast type of computer memory which is usually installed close to the CPU on
the motherboard.
ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored
in ROM persists in the memory even when it receives no power – for example
when the computer is turned off. In that sense it is similar to secondary
memory, which is used for long term storage.
When a computer is turned on, the CPU can begin reading information
stored in ROM without the need for drivers or other complex software to help
it communicate. The ROM usually contains "bootstrap code" which is the
basic set of instructions a computer needs to carry out to become aware of
the operating system stored in secondary memory, and to load parts of the
operating system into primary memory so that it can start up and become
ready to use.
ROM is also used in simpler electronic devices to store firmware which
runs as soon as the device is switched on.
Types of ROM
ď‚· PROM PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only
Memory, and it is different from true ROM in that
while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to
it) during the manufacturing process, a PROM is
manufactured in an empty state and then programmed later using a
PROM programmer or burner.
ď‚· EPROM EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory, and as the name suggests, data stored in an EPROM can be
erased and the EPROM reprogrammed. Erasing an EPROM involves
removing it from the computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light before
re-burning it.
ď‚· EEPROM EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory, and the distinction between EPROM and EEPROM
is that the latter can be erased and written to by the computer system
it is installed in. In that sense EEPROM is not strictly read-only.
However, in many cases the write process is slow, so it is normally only
done to update program code such as firmware or BIOS code on an
occasional basis.
13. 7
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory comprises many different storage media which can
be directly attached to a computer system. These include:
Hard Drive
A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage
device that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is
used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer,
the hard drive is usually configured as the C: drive and
contains the operating system and applications. The hard
drive is often configured as the first drive in the boot sequence.
The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in billions of
bytes, or gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions
per minute (RPM). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage
capacity. Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives have
drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and the drive heads. In
contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts.
Because there are no drive motors and moving parts, the SSD uses far less
energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non-volatile flash memory chips manage
all storage on an SSD, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability,
and reduced power usage. SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic hard
drives and use ATA or SATA interfaces. SSDs can be installed as a
replacement for magnetic drives.
Optical Drive
An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to
read data on the optical media. There are three types of optical
drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD).
CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded (read-only), recordable (write
once), or re- writable (read and write multiple times).
External Flash Drive
An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive,
is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. An
external flash drive uses the same type of non-volatile
memory chips as solid state drives and does not require power
to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the
operating system in the same way that other types of drives are accessed.
Types of Drive Interfaces
Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different
interfaces that are used to connect the drive to the computer. To install a
storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the
14. 8
same as the controller on the motherboard. Here are some common drive
interfaces:
 IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced
Technology Attachment (ATA) is an early drive
controller interface that connects computers and
hard disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin
connector.
 SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA
drive controller interface. A SATA interface uses a 7-
pin data connector.
 SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive
controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives.
SCSI can connect both internal and external drives.
An SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.
What’s More
Give the meaning of the following acronyms:
1. ROM
2. RAM
3. DDR
4. SCSI
5. SATA
What I Have Learned
What have you learned about the lesson?
I have learned that _______________________________________
I have realized that ______________________________________
I will apply ______________________________________________
15. 9
What I Can Do
(Option 1) Connect your flash drive to a computer. Access the files inside
your flash drive. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of storage device are you using?
2. What is the capacity of your device? How much is used? How
much is free?
(Option 2) How do you remove your flash drive from the computer? Write
down the steps.
Assessment
Read each item carefully. Identify the kind of component being
described in the following statements. Choose your answer from the box.
Write your answer in your notebook.
_________1. A removable storage device that connects to the USB port.
_________2. It is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the
computer.
_________3. All data stored in it will be lost when loses its power.
_________4. It comprises many different storage media.
_________5. It is faster than DRAM but is more expensive and bulker.
_________6. Any storage in which data is written and read with a laser for
archival or backup purposes.
_________7. Data stored in it persists in the memory even when it receives no
power.
_________8. This kind of interface uses a 40-pin connector.
_________9. A drive controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives.
________10. An interface that uses 7-pin data connector.
SATA connector SCSI interface
Secondary Memory Random Access Memory
Hard drive Thumb drive
SRAM IDE connector
Read-Only Memory Optical media
18. What I Know
Let us determine how much you already know about our lesson.
Take this test. Write your answer in your notebook.
A. Write True if the statement is true, write False otherwise.
1. Byte represents the smallest piece of data.
2. 1 kilobyte is 1000 bytes.
3. Computers interpret things to patterns of bits.
4. RAM uses byte storage.
5. Capacitors also uses byte storage.
B. Convert the following to binary. Perform checking to verify your answer.
2 points each.
1. 15
2. 32
3. 25
Note: If you get 100% correct in this pre- assessment, skip the lesson but if not
and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.
19. Lesson
2
Carry Out Measurements
and Calculation
In our next lesson, let us understand how computer interprets data and
information.
What’s In
Why do you think it is important to study binary numbers? Can you
use binary numbers in real life situation? Cite an example. Write your answer
in your notebook.
What’s New
What do you think when you hear the words binary numbers? Did you
know that computers only use zeros and ones? Everything that you see or
hear on a computer such as pictures, movies, words, or even sounds is stored
using just those two numbers!
Notes to the Teacher
It is recommended to visit this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6vHZ95XDwU&featur
e=youtu.be for a brief introduction about binary numbers.
20. What is It
Carry Out Measurements and Calculation
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Information is represented and stored in a digital binary format within
a computer. The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the
smallest piece of data.
A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit
(0). A bit can be used to represent the state of something that has two states.
CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY
To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the
number by 2. Get the quotient and the remainder. Bring down the quotient,
divide it by 2, and get the quotient and remainder again. Do it repeatedly until
the quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from bottom to top, and that is
the binary equivalent.
Example: 30
Quotient Remainder
30/2 15 0
15/2 7 1
7/2 3 1
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1
30 = 11110
Checking: 1 1 1 1 0 Multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 Equivalents
16 8 4 2 0 Results
16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 30
CALCULATING DATA STORAGE
While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit
of digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of
measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity. When referring to
storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).
21. One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024.
A megabyte represents more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is
1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.
Here is another conversion:
1 byte = 8bits
1kilobyte = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1,024 megabyte
1terabyte = 1,024 gigabyte
When something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the
greater the number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution picture
from a digital camera will use around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture
could use 2 MB or more.
Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include:
random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3
players. CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs
have a data storage capacity of approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc,
and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc. BDs have a storage capacity
of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. Once we know
the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being
used.
Example:
A file is 25KB in size
1KB = 1,024Bytes
25 x 1,024 = 25,600Bytes in a 25KB file
If this 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, how many files can be
stored in that folder?
1MB = 1,048,576Bytes 25KB = 25,600Bytes
1,048,576Bytes/25,600Bytes = 40.96 files can be stored in a 1MB
22. What’s More
Answer the following problems. Show your solutions. Use your
notebook in answering this test. 2 points each.
1. 5Mb = ___________ KB
2. 2Gb = ___________MB
3. 1.5MB = _________Bytes
What I Have Learned
What have you learned about the lesson?
I have learned that _______________________________________
I have realized that ______________________________________
I will apply ______________________________________________
23. What I Can Do
Sequence the steps to convert decimal to binary by writing the letters
A - F on the blank provided before each number. Write your answer in
your notebook.
____ 1. Get the quotient and remainder again.
____ 2. Get the quotient and the remainder.
____ 3. Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2,
____ 4. Divide the number by 2.
____ 5. Copy the remainder from bottom to top, and that is the binary
equivalent.
____ 6. Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to 0.
Assessment
Convert the following to binary. Perform checking to verify your answer.
Answer this test in your notebook. 2 points each.
1. 25
2. 50
3. 20
4. 15
5. 35
Additional Activities
Convert the following binary number to decimal. Write your answer in
your notebook. 2 points each.
1. 11000
2. 10111
3. 10101
4. 10001
5. 10100
25. What I Know
Let us determine how much you already know about our lesson. Take
this test.
Read each item carefully. Write True if the statement is correct, write False
otherwise.
______1. Hard drives fail earlier than they should because we don’t take care of
them.
______2. Blue screen is caused by a dirty RAM.
______3. File fragmentation itself is the direct cause of hard drive damage.
______4. Pull your flash drive from the port right away after using it.
______5. Proper anti-static protection is needed in holding a RAM.
______6. Handle optical media by the sides.
______7. Electricity isn’t always constant.
______8. Malware can infect the drive and destroy the ability of the computer
to boot.
______9. Backup your files in the same drive to avoid loss of data.
______10. All hard drives die sooner if not properly maintained.
Note: If you get 100% correct in this pre- assessment, skip the lesson but if not
and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.
26. Lesson
3
Maintain Measuring
Instruments
It is better to observe some few practices in handling these hardware
components for them to last long and to avoid the chances of premature
failure.
What’s In
What are the tools that you can find around you? What are their
functions? How do you maintain these tools? Why is maintenance of these
tools important?
What’s New
How will you know if a computer is not properly maintained? Cite 5
examples. Write your answer in your notebook.
Notes to the Teacher
It is recommended to visit this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aFVjvCJcbk
to have some basic tips on computer maintenance.
27. What is It
Maintain Measuring Instruments
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
RAM is a storage location that the computer uses while operating to
store and retrieve program data. However, there are some risks involved when
handling the RAM in your computer.
Dirty RAM sticks might not be recognized by your computer that
they’re installed and may sometimes show a blue screen. The gold contacts
at the bottom of your RAM must be clean in order to maintain a solid
connection. Clean the gold contacts by an eraser to remove dirt and debris.
Dusting out the inside of your computer on a monthly basis is also sufficient
to keep RAM modules clean.
Proper anti-static protection is needed in holding a RAM. Use anti-
static wrist straps to drain the static electricity present in your body. Always
hold RAM modules by their edges. Never touch the golden electrical
components on a stick of RAM because those are where the electrical
connections are made. If you touch the gold parts, some of your finger oil will
smudge onto them, which can destroy the module.
HARD DISK DRIVE
All hard drives die sooner if not properly maintained. Sometimes an early
death is the fault of the manufacturer, but more often than not, hard drives fail
earlier than they should because we don’t take care of them.
Common causes for a hard drive failure:
Physical Damage
Hard drives are more fragile than you might expect them to be. A simple
bump while the hard drive is spinning could be enough to cause a problem. For
maximum safety, never remove your hard drive from the computer case once
they’ve been installed. If you must take them out, do it lightly and quickly, and
use anti-static protection.
Excessive Heat
Hard drives are built to operate within a specific range of optimal
temperatures. If you aren’t diligent about maintaining proper air flow through
28. your computer case, heat can build up inside to temperatures far hotter than the
ambient temperature of your room. First things first, you should open your
computer case (after you’ve powered off) and clean out any dust that might’ve
accumulated within. Then, make sure your fans are working.
File Fragmentation
File fragmentation itself is not a direct cause of hard drive damage.
However, it does cause your hard drive to work harder by making it more difficult
to find all the pieces that comprise a file. Defragmenting will speed up your
computer since files can be loaded off of the hard drive faster.
Frequent On-and-Off
The most demanding actions for a hard drive are booting up and shutting
down. As a general rule of thumb, if you’re stepping away for more than a day,
shut it down. If you’re going away for a few hours, consider sending the computer
into standby or hibernation mode. Any less than that, you can either leave the
computer on or send it into sleep mode with powered down disks.
Power Surges
Electricity isn’t always constant. There are times when voltages spike
above normal levels and these are called surges. Surges can cause damage to
electronic devices, which includes computer components. One badly-timed
electrical surge could fry your hard drive. Use a surge protector. This device will
detect surges of electricity and divert it away from the devices that are plugged
in.
REMOVABLE STORAGE DEVICES
Flash drives or thumb drives are also highly important mainly
because they contain files that you use in school or personal life. Failure to
properly take care of these devices and disks could result in irreversible loss
of essential data.
Avoid placing your removable disks on top of other electronic devices. If
you place your USB or other disk on top of your TV set, computer, gaming
platform, for a long period of time, this can lead to data damage.
Make it a point to eject your drive properly. Make sure you always “safely
remove” your removable device from your PC whenever you are about to
detach it. This prevents sudden data loss and damage to the drive. Pulling
your flash drive or memory card away from its PC socket without doing the
“safely remove” action can lead to total disk damage.
29. Maintain the integrity of your files. Monitor what goes in and out of the
drive. Accessing peer to peer software, adult sites, and sites with known
malware and spyware issues, can all cause viruses to creep into your PC
storage items and compromise the integrity of your files.
Keep it all safe. Sometimes, no matter how hard you try in protecting
your disks, they are subjected to wear, tear, and other unforeseen factors. To
make sure that you do not instantly lose important data, backup your files in
multiple locations.
OPTICAL MEDIA
CDs and DVDs are extremely delicate data storage media and any type
of mishandling can damage the CD or DVD thereby resulting in data loss.
Therefore, it is important for you to exert caution while using these optical
media. With proper handling, a quality optical disc that is burned well should
be a valuable backup to a hard-drive-based archive for 5 to 10 years.
Do:
1. Use quality discs.
2. Handle discs by the outer edge or the center hole.
3. Store discs upright (book style) in plastic cases specified for CDs and
DVDs.
4. Store discs in a cool, dry, dark environment in which the air is clean.
5. Remove dirt, foreign material, fingerprints, smudges, and liquids by
wiping with a clean cotton fabric in a straight line from the center of the
disc toward the outer edge.
6. Store your discs immediately in a way that protects them from
scratches.
Do not:
1. Touch the surface of the disc.
2. Bend the disc.
3. Store discs horizontally for a long time (years).
4. Expose discs to extreme heat or high humidity.
5. Write or mark in the data area of the disc (the area the laser “reads”).
6. Clean by wiping in a direction going around the disc.
7. Scratch the label side of the disc.
8. Use a solvent-based pen to mark the disc. The solvents can migrate
through the plastic and damage the recording surface. Use only “CD
safe” markers and mark only in the center area of the disc.
9. Try to peel off or reposition a label.
10.Print with inkjet printers – inkjet inks also contain solvents. If using
inkjet printing, be sure to use specialty discs that contain a printable
surface and hard matte finish.
30. Here are home-based solutions for your data loss woes:
ď‚· Try cleaning your CD or DVD using a very soft lint-free cloth. Make sure
that you clean the disk using very light strokes.
ď‚· Evaluate your CD or DVD drive. There are times when the drive itself
becomes corrupted, due to which the CD or DVD is not able to read
data. If your drive is corrupted, do not run any CD or DVD on it because
you may corrupt the optical disks as well.
ď‚· If you have mildly scratched your optical disk, chances are that the data
has been lost locally. Try polishing the shallow scratches away. For this,
use mild abrasives such as furniture polish or toothpaste. Make sure
that you only use radial strokes to clean away the residue.
ď‚· If your optical disk has encountered deep scratches, you can use fillers
such as car wax or furniture wax. You will need to cover the entire
surface and then use a clean cloth to rub off the surface. You need to
use only radial strokes.
What’s More
Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s from the box to complete the
statement below. Write your answer in your notebook.
Defragmentation mishandling
loss of data anti-static wrist straps
edge
1. Hard disk failure would result to __________________.
2. Any type of __________________ can damage the CD/DVD resulting to
data loss.
3. Use _____________ to drain the static electricity present in your body.
4. Place your fingers on the _______________ of its corners to avoid
damaging the sensitive parts of the RAM.
5. _________________ reorganizes all the software and data into an optimal
arrangement.
31. What I Have Learned
What have you learned about the lesson? Write your answer
in your notebook.
I have learned that _______________________________________
I have realized that ______________________________________
I will apply ______________________________________________
What I Can Do
Create a poster on maintaining a computer. Use a short bondpaper in
your illustration.
SCORING RUBRICS
Excellent
(15)
Adequate
(10)
Poor
(5)
Information is well developed
and organized.
Relevance of graphics to the
theme.
Attractiveness in terms of
design, layout, and neatness.
32. Assessment
Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is correct.
Otherwise, underline the word that makes it false and write the word/s
to make the statement true. Use your notebook to answer this test.
1. If you’re going away for a few hours, shutdown the computer.
2. Your computer will be more likely to become infected with malicious
software if you keep the computer’s OS up to date.
3. It is important to maintain free space on a drive that the computer can
use for temporary storage.
4. Never touch the golden electrical components on a stick of RAM.
5. Multimeter will detect surges of electricity and divert it away from the
devices that are plugged in.
6. When holding the RAM, place your fingers on the center to avoid the
chances of damaging the sensitive parts.
7. Disks are subjected to wear, tear, and other unforeseen factors.
8. Make sure you sometimes “safely remove” your removable device from
your PC whenever you are about to detach it.
9. To make sure that you do not instantly lose important data, backup
your files in another folder.
10. Do not touch the surface of the CD Disc.
Additional Activities
Essay: Answer the following. Write your answer in your notebook.
2 points each.
1. Why should we hold the CD Disc in its hole and edge?
2. What is the importance of cleaning the gold contacts at the bottom of
the RAM?
3. What is the importance of safely removing our removable device before
we detach it from the port?
33. References
Lesson 1:
Rubens, Paul. 2019. www.enterprisestorageforum.com. May 17. Accessed June 23,
2020.
https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/storage-hardware/types-of-computer-
memory.html
Rouse, Margaret. techtarget.com. Accessed July 2, 2020.
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/transistor
wikipedia.org. Accessed June 2, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
howstuffworks.com. Accessed June 2, 2020
https://computer.howstuffworks.com/update-drivers-computer.htm
Lesson 2:
Paño, Khlaire. 2016. slideshare.net. February 23. Accessed June 17, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/KhlairePao/digital-representation-58607073
Lesson 3:
pcdreams. 2016. pcdreams.com.sg. September 21. Accessed June 18, 2020.
https://pcdreams.com.sg/how-to-take-care-of-your-pc-storage-devices-
2/#:~:text=Your%20data%20storage%20devices%2C%20such,irreversible%20loss%
20of%20essential%20data.
Byers, Fred. 2003. libguides.wustl.edu. October. Accessed June 18, 2020.
https://libguides.wustl.edu/c.php?g=47429&p=303867
Lee, Joel. 2014. makeuseof.com. July 27. Accessed June 25, 2020
https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/care-hard-drives-make-last-longer/
Krogh, Peter. www.dpbestflow.org. Accessed June 26, 2020.
https://www.dpbestflow.org/data-storage-hardware/optical-media
Jameswalsh. www.streetdirectory.com. Accessed June 26, 2020.
https://www.streetdirectory.com/etoday/taking-care-of-optical-disks-correctly-
wlpelo.html
techterms.com. Accessed July 2, 2020
https://techterms.com/definition/firmware
34. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental
Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net
