4. - 2412
Friendrech Mieseher)
- 2453 Albrecht Rossel
2
1. pyrimidine)
2. purine)

5. - 2492 Erwin Chargaff)
DNA
A=T,C=G
- 2493 – 2495 (M.H.F. Wilkins)
DNA DNA
(helix) polynucleotide
1

6. JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C. CRICK
DNA
1. DNA
2.
3.
(DEOXYRIBOSE)
4.
5.
DNA
ADENINE (A) THYMINE (TP) ( 2
CYTOSINE(C) GUANIN (G) (

8. - 1
-
UAA, UGA
mRNA Terminating Codon
- mRNA
Codon
- tRNA
tRNA mRNA tRNA
mRNA tRNA anticodon
codon GCA mRNA

12. Triplet Code
3 Nucleotides
Codon
Amino acid

13. DNA replication)
semiconservative replication)
DNA

14. 1. helicase)
replication fork)

15. SSB (Single Strand Binding protein)

16. RNA RNA primer
RNA primase) DNA

17. deox
-
DNA leading strand)

18. DNA leading
DNA
-
origin of replication)
Okazaki fragment)
lagging strand)

19. DNA
- - exonuclease)
ligase) DNA

20. genetic information)
RNA (single - stranded)
(copy) RNA gene
RNA Synthesis
base pairs
(structural gene / gene proper) DNA

22. ** Transcription
Non - sense strand
base RN
Non-template strand Sense s

23. 1.DNA template
Promoter
Structural gene(
Terminator
2. RNApolymerase
3.Ribonucleotides
Adenine triphosphate(ATP)
Guanine triphosphate(GTP)
Uridine triphosphate(UTP)
Cytosine triphosphate (CTP)

24. **DNA Gene DNA
Promoter……gene proper....... Terminator
(Coding region)

25. Transcription
Initiation RNA
2.2.Elongation
3.3.Termination

26. anscription 3 steps
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

27. -Initiation Transcription :
** RNA polymerase promoter
promoter :
* RNA polymerase DNA
-- Coding s
RNA polymerase ribonucleotide
Start point

28. – Elongation :
** RNA polymerase ribonucleotides
RNA --
ribonucelotides
RNA DNA
RNA

29. – Termination :
DNA gene
Terminator
terminator
Rho - independent termination
RNA hairpin)
RNA polymerase -->
2.2.Rho - dependent termination
RhoRhofactor factor ) RN
terminator

31. mRNA
tRNA
AUG ’

32. tRNA
mRNA
’ ’ tRNA

33. tRNA
mRNA

34. U
UGA
tRNA

35. DNA Replication Transcription
S phase Protein
synthesis
DNA
TAGC UAGC
RNA primer
DNA polymerase RNA
polymerase
’ 3’ 5’ 3’

38. - Friedrich Miescher
-
-
chromosome
theory of inheritance
- R. Feulgen
Fuchsin
-

39. Walter S. Sutton )
-
Walter S. Sutton )
Walter Sutton)
chromosome theory of inheritance)

43. 2
autosome sex chromosome
1.
2.

44. 1.
1.1 XO
21
20 + XO
2 10 + X
10 + O
(10 + X)
X
(10 + O)
autosome

45. 1.2 XY
AA + XY
2 A+X
A+Y
X Y
AA
+ XX
A+X

46. 1.3 ZW
XY
XY
AA + ZZ
A+Z
AA
+ ZW
2 A+Z

47. - . . 1922
autosome
X
gene (genetic balance) gene
2 male tendency
gene autosome femal
tendency gene X
autosome
X
autosome / X
chromosome = 1

48. 2.
diploid , 2n
= 32
haploid , n =
16
meiosis
= 16
meiosis
= 16
32

50. 2
1.
2
1.1
1
47
45 1 2
XX
XY

51. 1) Down's syndrome)
-
-
-
-
-

52. Edward's syndrome)
-
-
-
-
- -

53. Cri-du-chat
syndrome)
-
-
-
Cat-cry-syndrome

54. X Y
X
X
X
XO
Turner's syndrome)

55. X
XXX
XXXX
XXX XXXX
Super
female)
XXY
XXXY
XXY XXXY

56. Y
Y
Y
XYY
XYY
Super men)
-
-
-
-
-

58. Mutation
mutation
chromosome
mutation)
gene mutation point
mutation)

59. 1. chromosome
mutation)
1)
2)

60. 2. gene mutation
point mutation)

61. radiation)
Ionizing Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation
colchicine)
dichlovos)
paraquat)

62. Somatic
cell)
Sex cell)

63. Genetic
Engineering)
genetic engineering)
GMOs(genetically modified organisms)

64. GMO
DNA
GENE)
GMO
GMO
GMO
GMO
GMO

65. 2. 1.
2.1 Agro-Bacterium
2.2 GENE GUN)
DNA
DNA

66. ,

67. ,
2539

68. GMO
GMO)
-
-
-
delay ripening)
-

69. - (Potato)
Bacillus thuringiensis

70. GMO
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

71. GMOs
1. GMOs
2.
DNA
GMOs
3. GMOs
4.
allergen)
6.
10.

73. 1. plasmid
2.
3. PCR

74. 1.
2.

75. oocyte
metaphase II
(recipient
cell)
Wilmut
1997
(dolly)

77. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.