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ยีน โครโมโซม และพันธุศาสตร์วิศวกรรม
- 3. - 2412 Friendrech Mieseher) - 2453 Albrecht Rossel 2 1. pyrimidine) 2. purine)
- 4. - 2492 Erwin Chargaff) DNA A=T,C=G - 2493 – 2495 (M.H.F. Wilkins) DNA DNA (helix) polynucleotide 1
- 5. JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C. CRICK DNA 1. DNA 2. 3. (DEOXYRIBOSE) 4. 5. DNA ADENINE (A) THYMINE (TP) ( 2 CYTOSINE(C) GUANIN (G) (
- 8. - 1 - UAA, UGA mRNA Terminating Codo - mRNA Codon - tRNA tRNA mRNA tRNA mRNA tRNA ant codon GCA mRNA
- 11. Triplet Code 3 Nucleotides Codon Amino acid
- 13. 1. helicase) replication fork)
- 14. SSB (Single Strand Binding protein)
- 15. RNA RNA primer) RNA primase) DNA
- 16. deoxy - DNA leading strand)
- 17. DNA leading DNA - origin of replication) Okazaki fragment) lagging strand)
- 18. DNA - - exonuclease) ligase) DNA
- 19. genetic information) RNA (single - stranded) (copy) RNA gene RNA Synthesis base pairs (structural gene / gene proper) DNA
- 21. ** Transcription Non - sense strand base RN Non-template strand Sense s
- 22. 1.DNA template Promoter Structural gene( Terminator 2. RNApolymerase 3.Ribonucleotides Adenine triphosphate(ATP) Guanine triphosphate(GTP) Uridine triphosphate(UTP) Cytosine triphosphate (CTP)
- 23. **DNA Gene DNA Promoter……gene proper....... Terminator (Coding region)
- 24. Transcription InitiationInitiation 2.2.Elongation 3.3.Termination
- 25. anscription 3 steps Initiation Elongation Termination
- 26. -InitiationInitiation Trans ** RNA polymerase promoter promoter : * RNA polymerase DNA -- Coding s RNA polymerase ribonucleotide Start point
- 27. – Elongation : ** RNA polymerase ribonucleotides RNA -- ribonucelotides RNA DNA RNA
- 28. – Termination : DNA gene Terminator terminator Rho - independent termination RNA hairpin) RNA polymerase --> 2.2.Rho - dependent termination RhoRhofactor factor ) terminator
- 30. mRNA tRNA AUG ’
- 31. tRNA mRNA ’ ’ tRNA
- 32. tRNA mRNA
- 33. U UGA tRNA
- 34. DNA Replication Transcription S phase Protein synthesis DNA TAGC UAGC RNA primer DNA polymerase RNA polymerase ’ 3’ 5’ 3’
- 37. - Friedrich Miescher - - chromosome theory of inheritance - R. Feulgen Fuchsin -
- 38. Walter S. Sutton ) - Walter S. Sutton ) Walter Sutton) chromosome theory of inheritance)
- 42. 2 autosome sex chromosome 1. 2.
- 43. 1. 1.1 XO 21 20 + XO 2 10 + X 10 + O (10 + X) X (10 + O) autosome
- 44. 1.2 XY AA + XY 2 A+X A+Y X Y AA + XX A+X
- 45. 1.3 ZW XY XY AA + ZZ A+Z AA + ZW 2 A+Z
- 46. - . . 1922 autosome X gene (genetic balance) gene 2 male tendency gene autosome femal tendency gene X autosome X autosome / X chromosome = 1
- 47. 2. diploid , 2n = 32 haploid , n = 16 meiosis = 16 meiosis = 16 32
- 49. 2 1. 2 1.1 1 47 45 1 2 XX XY
- 50. 1) Down's syndrome) - - - - -
- 51. Edward's syndrome) - - - - - -
- 52. Cri-du-chat syndrome) - - - Cat- cry-syndrome
- 53. X Y X X X XO Turner's syndrome)
- 54. X XXX XXXX XXX XXXX Super female) XXY XXXY XXY XXXY
- 55. Y Y Y XYY XYY Super men) - - - - -
- 57. Mutation mutation chromosome mutation) gene mutation point mutation)
- 58. 1. chromosome mutation) 1) 2)
- 59. 2. gene mutation point mutation)
- 60. radiation) Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation colchicine) dichlovos) paraquat)
- 61. Somatic cell) Sex cell)
- 62. Genetic Engineering) genetic engineering) GMOs(genetically modified organisms)
- 63. GMO DNA GENE) GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO
- 64. 2. 1. 2.1 Agro-Bacterium 2.2 GENE GUN) DNA DNA
- 65. ,
- 66. , 2539
- 67. GMO GMO) - - - delay ripening) -
- 68. - (Potato) Bacillus thuringiensis
- 70. GMOs 1. GMOs 2. DNA GMOs 3. GMOs 4. allergen) 6. 10.
- 72. 1. plasmid 2. 3. PCR
- 73. 1. 2.
- 74. oocyte metaphase II (recipient cell) Wilmut 1997 (dolly)
- 76. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.