1. 13
35
5.

3. DNA
?

4. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
DNA

5. DNA
JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C.
CRICK
DNA

6. DNA

7. - Adenine A
- Guanine G
- Thymine T A
- Cytosine CT , C G
P

9. DNA
DNA
polynucleotide 2
TAGC
Deoxyribose

10. 20
mRNA
4
ATC U 4
3 1
1

11. AUG
mRNA
UAA , UAG UGA

13. DNA replication
DNA
replication

14. DNA
(DNA REPLICATION)
S
DNA(DNA REPLICATION)
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE DNA
RNA 3
DNA
DNA

15. DNA replication

16. DNA
DNA template
DNA Gyrase DNA
2. Enzyme Helicase H-
bond
ATP SSB
polynucleotide

17. DNA
DNA Primase RNA Primer
Leading strand
DNA polymerase
DNA nucleotide
RNA primer A T
C G

18. DNA
5. RNA Primer
DNA Polymerase nucleotide
Lagging Strand DNA Ligase
ATP

19. Polynucleotide
- Leading Strand ’
’
- Lagging Strand RNA Primer
’ ’
Okazaki fragment”
Polynucleotide
’ ’

20. Transcription
DNA

21. RNA polymerase
DNA RNA
DNA 2

22. DNA

23. RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
DNA

24. Translation ( )
Translation
mRNA
polypeptide
1.
2.
3.

25. 1.
mRNA
tRNA

26. 1.tRNA
mRNA
tRNA

27. UAA,UAG,UGA tRNA
tRNA
mRNA

29. • Gregor
Mendel)

30. •
•
Chromosome)

31. •
2
(haploid cell)

32. •

33. 2 2

35. -
cytoplasm
- cytoplasm
-
-

36. -
-

37. -
egg
- cytoplasm
cytoplasm

39. Down’s syndrome

40. •
•
•
•

41. Edward’s syndrome
-
-
-

42. Patau’s syndrome
•
•
•
•

43. Cri-du-chat syndrome Cat-cry
syndrome

44. •
•
•

45. X
Y
Klinefelter’s syndrome
X
XXY

46. •
•

47. Turner’s syndrome
X
XO

48. -
-
-

49. 3.Triple X syndrome Super Female X
XXX
•
•

50. 4.Double Y syndrome Superman Y
XYY
•
•
•

51. •

52. •
•
•
•
•

54. Albino
•

55. •
X
=
=

56. :1

57. • 2
-
2
-

58. • Clor blindness)
Red –
Green blindness)
X

59. • =
=
•
•

60. Sex Determination)
2
1.
2.

61. 1.
3
1. XY
2. XO
3. ZW

62. 1. XY
Y Y
Testis)
Y X
- XY
- XX

63. 2. XO
Orthoptera)
Hemiptera)
X
XX
- XO
- XX

64. 3. ZW
ZW
ZZ
2
Z W
Z

65. 2.
Hymennoptera)
- n)
- 2n)
16 32

66. 1.
- XY XY XX
,
- XO XO XX ,
X ,
- ZW ZZ(XX) ZW(XY)
,
,
,
,

67. (mutation)
2
- (gene mutation)
- (chromosomal mutation)

68. • Gene mutation)
(A, T, C, G)
DNA

69. (

70. (chromosomal
mutation)
2
-
-

71. • 1.1
- aneuploidy)
46 47
45
momosomic)
disomic)
trisomic)
polysomic) 21
1 47 trisomic-21)

72. - euploidy)
haploid=n)
monoploid = n)
diploid = 2n)
triploid = 3n)
polyploid = n)

73. 1.2
(deletion)
5
• duplication)
• inversion)
• translocation)

74. (mutagen)
1. (radiation) 2
-Ionizing Radiation , ,
-Non-Ionizing Radiation
2.
- (colchicine)
-
***
(carcinogen) (aflatoxins)

75. 2
1. (Somatic cell)
2. (Sex cell)

76. • Genetic Engineering
insulin
insulin

77. • DNA
DNA
DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
• DNA DNA DNA vector
DNA DNA
DNA DNA
DNA
Plasmid

78. • Restriction enzyme
DNA
rDNA
• . .2513 Hamilton Smith
DNA
DNA
Restriction enzyme
• DNA
5’ 3’
• DNA
Blunt end Stricky
end

81. DNA Ligase Enzyme
• DNA
2 DNA

83. • 1.
DNA
• 2. DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
• 3. DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA

86. • DNA
DNA
DNA
GMO-genetically modified organism

87. BT
BT

88. - -
-
- -
-
- -

89. Cloning
“ ” 2539

92. DNA
DNA cloning) DNA
gene
cloning)

93. •
•
•
•
•