Teaching Morality More Important Than Sex Education In...

Teaching Morality More Important than Sex Education in...
A controversy is rising in America about the nature of sex education in the nation's high schools.
Studies show that 81 percent of American adults support a joint program teaching abstinence and
contraception as opposed to an abstinence–only program (Roper 0316946), and 79 percent support
contraception education regardless of the level of sexual activity in teenagers (Roper 0340807). The
sad fact is, contraception is society's attempt at a "quick fix" for a problem that runs far deeper than
the issue of teen sex. In the debate over the "best safe sex," educators and parents must consider not
only the health issues, but must also reevaluate the morality of the nation's young people.
Leafing through Planned Parenthood's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To top it all off, you were given a 'safer sex packet.' But you've been lied to."
At that point the crowd was becoming a little indignant with the speaker. Then he asked the
question: "After all the information on 'safer sex' you have received this week, how many of you
heard this week the statistical failure rate of the condom?" Not one hand went up! Suddenly the
auditorium was as quiet as a cemetery. We looked at each other with expressions of astonishment.
We realized we hadn't been told the whole truth about "safer" sex (McDowell and Hostetler162).
The fact is, condoms have a failure rate of over 15 percent (Dobson 207). "One researcher, Dr.
George Grant, puts it in these terms. . . . : 'A fourteen–year–old girl faithfully using the pill . . . has a
69 percent chance of getting pregnant at least once before she finishes college . . . Using condoms,
the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy while she is in school rises to nearly 87 percent' (McDowell
and Hostetler 142). Perhaps this is why over one million teenagers in the U.S. become pregnant per
year ("Reducing Teenage Pregnancy"). And certainly a contributing factor is shown in the study
published in Consumer Reports: The FDA "checked more than 150,000 samples from lots
representing 120 million condoms. The agents had to reject about one lot in ten of domestic
condoms because too many leaked.
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Media Ethics: The Future Of American Democracy
Faisal AlSawadi
Proof–F
Media Ethics
Jan 28th ,2016
The future of American democracy
Ethics is one way of regulatory human behavior, a special form of social consciousness and a view
of public relations. There are a number of definitions of morality, which set off certain of its
essential properties. The morality is one way to control the behavior of people in society. It is a
system of principles and norms governing relations between people in accordance with the concepts
in the society of good and evil, just and unjust, worthy and unworthy. Compliance with the
requirements of morality provided spiritual influence, public opinion, inner conviction, a person's
conscience. Democracy is a fragile system, and without appropriate conditions for its maintenance,
it will be destroyed.
In the modern sense of ethics and philosophical science that studies morality as one of the most
important aspects of human life and society. If morality is objectively there is a specific
phenomenon of social life, the ethics of science studying morality, its essence, nature and structure
patterns of occurrence and development in the system of other social relations, theoretically justifies
certain moral system.
Historically, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In ethics problems; can be divided two kinds; the actual theoretical problems of the nature and
essence of morality and ethics – teaching about how people should behave, what principles and rules
must be guided" (Altemeyer77). The system is isolated science, in particular, the ethical axiology,
which studies issues of good and evil; deontology, examines the problem of debt and adequate;
ethics that studies the morality of a society in a sociological and historical aspects; Genealogy of
Morals, historical ethics, sociology, ethics, professional

Barbaric And Inhumane The Role Of Morality
Role of morality Morals are shaped and applied based upon values that are determined critical to
allowing all people the same opportunity to a "good life" as the other. Morals are best understood as
the justification as to what determines if an act or action is consistent with the understood values of
the society. One of the most common examples used to define a moral principle is "never kill an
innocent human being" (Williams & Arrigo, 2012, p. 5). In the film you learn that the Nazi regime
has stripped the Jewish people of their classification as a human being and therefore it is not
considered immoral for them to be exterminated as a part of the process to cleanse German occupied
land of an inferior race, referred to as the Final Solution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social Justice is defined by Bruce Arrigo as a "perspective of justice that evaluates how a society
provides for needs of its members and the extent in which it treats its subgroups equally" (Williams
& Arrigo, 2012, p.15). Social justice forms the basis on which the morals of the society are
established and how they are applied to the society. Certain types of actions are considered to be
social justice and societies are judged based on how these actions are conducted and how effective
these actions are in promoting equality in the society. In regards to social justice in [conspiracy]
there is little actual justice to be seen. The authorization to exterminate an entire subgroup of a
society goes against what exactly social justice is defined as. It can be argued that because the
society that the Nazi regime viewed as its society excluded Jewish people and any others who were
not of pure German descent that those actions were not socially unjust. In order to calibrate the
social justice of a society, there is a series of question that must be answered. How well does the
society provide for its old, young, and poor? Are all the subgroups of the society represented equally
to their counterparts? Do the laws of the land

Profesional Ethics
The issues discussed by Thomas Nagel in "Ruthlessness in Public Life" are that continuities and
discontinuities exist between the public and private morality. Public officials need to recognize that
there are clear limitations on actions which conflict with morality concerns. Nagel explored how
public and private sectors need to adhere to certain ordinary moral standards.
To rectify these issues of construed morality, Nagel explores a few options. Nagel states that "If one
of them takes on a public role, he/she accepts certain obligations, certain restrictions, and certain
limitations on what he/she accepts" This statement incurs that public officials have distinct authority
over the public which maybe construed by personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The lawyer's situation is different from that of other professionals. The lawyer is vulnerable to
some moral criticism that does not as readily or as easily attach to any other professional." This
statement acknowledges that lawyers are faced with a variety of issues that many other professional
do not have to cope with. Wasserstrom also considers the fact that in many situations lawyers have
the optional ability to remove themselves form issues that may contradict their individual ethics.
"Having once agreed to represent the client, the lawyer in under an obligation to do his or her best to
defend that person at trial." With in the process of contracting a lawyer, the lawyer has the option of
acceptance or refusal of representing the client. Therefore the lawyer can asses the case and decide if
it violates any of their own individual ethics.
The fact that lawyers are positioned in an amoral world was one of Wasserstrom arguments. A
lawyer's relationship with their clients consists of complex inequalities. Some of the reasons that
Wasserstrom indicates that a lawyer exists in an amoral world is explicitly evident in the example of
the Watergate cover up. "I think, at least a plausible hypothesis that the predominance of lawyers
was not accidental." Wasserstrom goes one to say "the lawyer as professional comes to inhabit a

Essay about Canadian Morality and the Law
Canadian Morality and the Law
In legal theory, there is a great debate over whether or not law should be used to enforce morality.
The sides of the debate can be presented as a continuum. At one end, there is the libertarian view,
which holds that morality is an individual belief and that the state should not interfere in the affairs
of the individual. According to this view, a democracy cannot limit or enforce morality. At the other
end, there is the communitarian position, which justifies the community as a whole deciding what
moral values are, and hence justifies using the law to enforce community values. For libertarians,
judges should play a prominent role in limiting the state, while for communitarians, judges should ...
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The collective agreement between the government and Mossap's union afford bereavement leave
only in the case of the death of Mossap's "immediate family." Although this definition included a
common–law spouse, it precluded members of the opposite sex. Mossap, who argued that he was
being unfairly discriminated against, filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights
Commission (CHRC). The CHRC agreed, and ordered that he be given bereavement leave and that
the collective agreement be restated to include persons of the same sex. The government appealed
this decision and the case was brought before the Supreme Court. The Supreme Could held that the
"family status" provision in the Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) was meant to uphold an
implicit legal interpretation which excluded homosexuals from anti–discriminatory protection. In his
decision, Judge Lamer argued that the CHRA had been amended in 1983 to include the "family
status" provision, and if the CHRA had meant it to include homosexuals, they would have made it
explicit then. Instead, according to Lamer, Parliament (through the CHRA) had a clear intent to not
extend anyone protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation [354]. Since the
legislature had not willed it, Lamer did not feel it was appropriate to amend it. But the decision was
not unanimous. Judge L'Heureux–Dube, representing the voice of dissent, argued that the majority

Lying to Patients and Ethical Relativism
I. Lying to Patients and Ethical Relativism Ethical Relativism and Ethical Subjectivism
Ethical Relativism – theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. * a
culture. i.e.: nobody should ever steal) Objective vs. Subjective (Telling right from wrong)
Paternalism vs. Autonomy Paternalism – authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of
those lower than them
Autonomy is a binomial 1) Enlightenment ethics – celebration of the individual's reason, free will,
self seat of values, 2) Politics – celebrating of the individual's ability to know what is best for the
government, religion, or public opinion.
Medical field turns from med paternalism to self–ruling autonomy ... Show more content on
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Can you look someone in the eye? Eyes give someone away because eyes can express difference
between lies and truth. People who lack integrity would rather get someone to deliver bad news to
someone rather than delivering it themselves. In business, managers would rather fire an employee
face to face rather than with an anonymous letter. (yay, integrity) Common sense can determine
right from wrong Ex: if someone is uncomfortable with a bad action being publicized, they know it
is a wrong act. Existentialist philosophers (think Jean–Paul Sartre) emphasize that in times of moral
crises, people shape their characters in profound ways ("choosing not to choose" method can alter
destiny) Physician–patient relationships are examples of moral relationships. They need truthful
communication in order for the physician do their job properly and keep the patient healthy.
Physicians adopt a helping role toward patients, which is a moral role. Patients must be truthful with
all answers when their physician asks them questions, no matter how embarrassing, in order for
them to make an accurate diagnosis. Deception by physicians can undermine the patient's trust in
them. Lying to a patient is a terrible flaw because patients need to go to physicians to get the truth
on what is wrong with them. Mass media has exposed corruption, incompetence or fraud in public

Religion, Morality, And Atheism
In the generally fair conditions in the United States, many Americans may be unaware that events
similar to Christianity's counter–reformation are more of a current reality with other religions in
other countries. As of February 2012, an Indonesian man, Alexander Aan, is serving 5 years in
prison for a single Facebook post: "God doesn't exist." An event like this should certainly cause us
to question our thoughts on religion and how much good it actually does. While some studies show
that "religious people... donate more money to charities including non–religious charities," specific
religious groups have targeted and tortured others to enforce conversions to their religion. Prejudice
against LGBTQ+ groups is widespread throughout religious groups as they claim their deities are
against it. However, these are just a couple of examples showing just how unethical religions can
appear to be. But these are only the connotations of religion, morality, and atheism. The true
definition of religion is "an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god
or group of gods." Note that morality has the separate definition of "beliefs about what is right and
wrong behavior" and the counterpart of religion is atheism, or the lack of the "belief in the existence
of a deity or deities." These definitions are crucial to objectively viewing each argument when
answering whether religion's effects on different culture's morals are positive or negative. The
argument

The Governing Techniques Promoted By Socrates And Machiavelli
What is good and what is right?
A comparison of the governing techniques promoted by Socrates and Machiavelli
Prompt: Machiavelli lived during a time of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence.
For him, a focus on how to create political power that is long–lasting is critical. Indeed,
Machiavelli strives to create a political system that is not characterized by violence as the means to
engage in politics. Socrates, too, lived during times of war and political transition. How would
Socrates view Machiavelli's concept of a Prince? Would he find that this Prince would lead to a
political system of which he would be supportive?
Socrates and Machiavelli may be coming from similar circumstances of political upheaval, but their
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rest of the world is not operating on a strict code of morality and thus "a prince who wants to
maintain his state is often forced not to be good" (The
Prince, pg. 77). Protection of the state requires that a ruler not always be faithful to a moral code.
When discussing this moral code Machiavelli is referring to a religious–specifically a Christian
–sense of morality. Christianity has been thoroughly entranced in politics and Machiavelli believes it
could be partly responsible for the failure of states and princes in the past. Despite disliking
religious morality, Machiavelli does not undervalue the importance of being perceived as faithful.
Disrespecting morality publicly will create an evil image of the Prince, one that loses there support
of the people, and "thus it is not necessary for a prince to have all the abovementioned qualities in
fact, but it is indeed necessary to appear to have them" (pg. 70). The
Prince should shed the code of Christianity and instead take up a new political–based morality.
Political morality would promote the state, meaning doing the right thing would be doing what will
help the state the most.
For Socrates doing the right thing is simply doing what is good, which he believes would eventually
lead to a prosperous society. His ideal ruler would be highly moral and highly religious. Though
Socrates does label his religious beliefs private, he admits that they will impact the public and the
political

Christian Morality Has Become A Tale Of Shame
According to Nietzsche genealogy of Christian morality has become a tale of shame – wherein the
weak promote the propagation of a lie and foster a mistaken explanation for suffering. By
overlooking the will to power that occurs naturally in all the people, Christianity cages, and dulls the
will preventing it from expressing itself. This in turn creates problems by removing the individual's
ability to master their own life – turning them into puppets under the guidance of the government.
From the Christian perspective, nihilistic views empower the people – giving them hope and a belief
in internal strength. From Nietzsche's view point Christianity and its by–product – democracy – in
fact remove any sense of power or self from the realm of the weak. There is no room for
advancement until death. Nietzsche points to alternative sources of suffering and punishment –
noting a sadistic expression of will to power that in some ways is reminiscent of sociopathic
tendencies. The best human life uses will to power as a motivator. The weak and the strong seek to
fulfill their desires and the expression as such can be varied. It can be the source of punishment as
expressed in the past and modernity. According to Nietzsche, man should murder and taunt to fulfill
his needs. This all became restricted with the advent of modern society creating only a space for
internal suffering and anger. In moments of public suffering, will to power is expressed – but is still
primarily constrained by

The Distinction Of Ethics And Morality
The Distinction Of Ethics And Morality:
The use of the words ethics and morality are often confused with each other especially these are
commonly used in Philosophy and other related fields. This paper will discuss the distinction
between these two concepts. According to Gammel (2007), the difference between the terms
morality and ethics has a very thin line particularly in the daily language. Adding to this confusion is
that other philosophical resources and materials use the terms interchangeably but some provide a
definite distinction in between them. The word ethics is derived from the Greek word 'ethos' that
refers to the habits, mores, and customs of the people. On the other hand, morality comes from the
Latin word 'moralis' that signifies nearly the same definition like ethics which was introduced by the
philosopher Cicero as the counterpart to the Greek word ethos. To put clarity on this matter, the
author Gammel assumed that the uniform definition of morality points out to customs wherein these
are the rules of do's and don'ts that are accepted and shared as the governing standard and
regulations in their community or society. These are often the accepted basis of life lessons which
are not needed to be questioned on a rational way. On the contrary, ethics is the reflection
philosophically towards these rules derived from morality and the manners of living together
including the habits, customs, culture, and tradition of the people. This is very similar to the

Summary And Synthesis With Argument Paper
An,Shiwen
Prof. S. Steinberg
2I First Draft, Summary & Synthesis with argument Paper
Nov. 1st, 2016 The originate of uncertainty–––– How does thin–sliced judgment compose the
society of United States & help us think critically?
The thin–sliced judgment, explained most commonly, is the impression we have when we meet
someone or experience something impressive. In the article, On the Face of It: The Psychology of
Electability, Konnikova said "Those facial cues, in turn may stem from a far more basic impulse,
since we respond to those same features as children.." this kind of intuitive reaction is originated
from childhood and grows up with all the people, and it is supported by the data that in French
parliamentary election. People rate candidates only by their facial creatures and then 72% of the data
is corresponding to the actual election result, which is unbelievable for most people. Since the thin–
sliced judgment is part of instinct and it is hard for us to change it, it does not limit or stablize our
mind but makes us more creative. This kind of statement could be illustrated by several arguments.
In Johnson's article Race–Baiting for the Presidency, it talks about the racism used by the candidates
to win the campaign. The statements inside another article , Study: Sexist Insults Hurt Female
Politicians by Page, hold the negative points about the treating for women politicians.
In the article of Konnikova, it says "Few people knew that the

Morality And Public Order In The Criminal Justice System
Public order is the domain of police or other policing agencies, courts, prosecution services and
prisons all of which make up the criminal justice system. This criminal justice system is chain–
linked which mean that all elements need to work together. Public order can also be defined as the
principle of law that holds no citizen can lawfully do that which has a tendency to be injurious to the
public or against the public good.
Morality is defined by the Oxford dictionary as "a degree of conformity to moral principles which
includes the totality of the accepted norms which are deeply rooted in a particular culture". In
general, morality is the distinction between right and wrong. It is the determination of what should
be done and what should not be done. Law or a legal system is distinguished from morality or a
moral system by having explicit written rules, penalties, and officials who interpret the laws and
apply the penalties. Although there is often considerable overlap in the conduct governed by
morality and that governed by law, laws are often evaluated on moral grounds. Moral criticism is
often used to support a change in the law. Some have even maintained that the interpretation of law
must make use of morality (Dworkin). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New invention means any invention or technology which has not been anticipated by publication in
any document or used in the country or elsewhere in the world before the date of filing of patent
application with complete specification, i.e., the subject matter has not fallen in public domain or
that it does not form part of the state of the art. In Japanese Patent Act 1959, invention means the
highly advanced creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of

Criminal Law And Its Effect On Society
Criminal law is an immense part in society, including the following functions: to deter a person from
acts that harms them or society. Additionally, people who do not follow the rules that are being set
by the authority, they will be punished. The criminal law is formed to guide the general public
behaviour, which are seen acceptable by society. (Jonathan Herring criminal law eighth edition)
Criminal laws are set of rules, created by the authority to establish control in society. While,
morality is the principles and values that are recognised by society to institute right from wrong and
good from bad. As there are different cultures, age groups and gender in society have different
beliefs, attitudes and values as Jock Young has pointed out. What one may view as moral others may
view immoral. While society goes through development, people's views change and the way they
react to certain ideas such as manner offences (littering). The definition of 'morality' has changed
over time and will have different meaning for various cultures. Another main reason why law should
not enforce moral ideas is because there are different concepts in society in which they view moral.
(Regina v R) is a case that challenges the idea of morality, where a husband rapes his wife. In 1736
Chief Justice Hale had argued "the husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his
lawful wife". On the other hand, this was a time when the law was based on religion values and
people use to

Morality And The Human Genome Project Essay
Morality and the Human Genome Project
Does the Human Genome Project affect the moral standards of society? Can the information
produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil? For example, in a genetic race or class
distinction the use of the X chromosome markers can be used for the identification of a persons
ethnicity or class
(Murphy,34). A seemingly harmless collection of information from the advancement of the Human
Genome Project. But, lets assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into
countries, determine social class, or even who gets preferential treatment. Can the outcome of this
information effect the moral standards of a society?
The answers to the above and many other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The complete set of genes for an organism is called it's genome (Congress,3).
These traits can be explained due to the inheritance of single or multiple genes affected by factors in
the environment (3). Mendel also correctly stated that two copies of every factor exists and that one
factor of inheritance could be dominate over another (Gert,3).The next major events of genetic
history involved
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA, as a part of genes, was discovered to be a double helix that
encodes the blueprints for all living things (Congress,3). DNA was found to be packed into
chromosomes, of which 23 pairs existed in each cell of the human body. Furthermore, one
chromosome of each pair is donated from each parent. DNA was also found to be made of
nucleotide chains made of four bases, commonly represented by A, C, T, and G. Any ordered pair of
bases makes a sequence. These sequences are the instructions that produce molecules, proteins, for
cellular structure and biochemical functions. In relation, a marker is any location on a chromosome
where inheritance can be identified and tracked (202). Markers can be expressed areas of genes
(DNA) or some segment of
DNA with no known coding function but an inheritance could be traced (3). It is these markers that
are used to do genetic mapping. By the use of genetic mapping isolated areas of DNA are used to
find if a person has a specific trait,
inherent

The Moral Limits of Market by Michael Sandel
What Money Can't Buy; The Moral Limits of Market by Michael Sandel argues the relationship
between markets and our morality. His central concern is the influence of money on the sphere of
life traditionally governed by nonmarket norms such as rights as a citizen, care for others, and civic
duties. He demonstrated that market is responsible for destroying our sense of morality by placing
monetary value to it. This paper will argue the relationship between market and morality through
demonstrating the type of goods corrupted by money, the flaws in the market system that causes
such problems, and the political solution for this problem as suggested by Michael Sandel
respectively.
Sandel argues, "almost everything can be bought and sold." ... Show more content on
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Sandel account these examples as economic inequality where "in a society where everything is for
sale, life is harder for modest means." The market is not equal because society do not have equal
amount of wealth. Economists would dismiss such idea, saying the free market revolve around
demand and supply, and willingness to buy or sell goods and services. However, Sandel thinks those
who willing to pay extra for goods and services always won. Based on above example, those who
have the money will certainly be better off whereas those who cannot afford have no choice, but to
be content. Thus, this creates an unequal distribution of wealth in the society.
Sandel further argues, "Commercialism erodes commonality." He points to the division of society
through acquisition of certain goods. For example, the skyboxes at baseball stadiums are affordable
only to the wealthy, which separate themselves with the rest of the society. He argues that because
the wealthy can buy social advantages such as better education, healthcare, and clothing, they create
an exclusive grouping that further divide the society. In this case, money changes the perception of
goods. Given the more expensive goods are considered of better quality, increasing the price of a
certain good will increase its value. This is adamant in our current time where the same product,
such as ice cream, is more expensive in the wealthier neighborhood compared to poorer
neighborhood. Thus, he

Exposing The Weakness Of Confucianism
Exposing the Weakness in Confucianism Confucianism, often mistaken as a religion, is a
philosophical system that helped shaped society during Ancient China from 551–479 B.C. A
Chinese philosopher named Confucius developed the idea in hopes of eliminating China's problem
of disorder in society. The ideology of Confucianism helped Ancient China build a foundation to
establish institution and social order. Confucius intent was to create social harmony in society, and
in order achieve social harmony; individuals must live by moral examples of superiority. This
entailed unequal relationship in human society: the father has power over his son, the husband has
power of his wife, the older brother has power over his younger brother, the eldest son has power
over his mother, and of course, leaders had power of individuals. With this idea, Confucius believed
that this would create equal balance between the importance of families and the importance of state
and nation. Juggling between these the importance of families and state had people question whether
or not individuals were able to maintain serving the nation and state while fulfilling their family's
obligations. In this paper, I will be researching whether or not Confucianism benefited Ancient
China's society as a whole, or if the idea of Confucianism leads to social destruction rather than
social harmony with the help of two articles. In Cui Dahua "A Weakness in Confucianism: Private
and Public moral," and Wellington Koo

Public Morality In Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne
Bags packed, the town harlot shrank back into her shawl, her only protection from the cold. This
was her last chance to take a look at the place where she had served faithfully as a upstanding
citizen. However, after one mistake, everyone turned on her; children before wedlock was
considered a sin in her town and for this she was casted out. No one even stopped to question the
long–standing rule. The concept of public morality is what a society's –not a person's– ethics and
beliefs are based on. Typically, it is based on majority opinion but a central power such as a leader
or a region can serve as moral guidance. In the short story "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel
Hawthorne, this idea is explored. The main character Goodman Brown lives in a Puritan community
and is tempted to stray away from his faith and his wife, Faith, by a disguised Devil. The character
Faith is an important symbol in the story as she symbolizes religion. Overall, Hawthorne uses
"Young Goodman Brown" as a commentary on the fragility of public morality. Public morality
should stop being a basis for moral judgements and other beliefs because it is a flawed, ineffective
concept that causes a 'follow–the–leader' mentality and weaker personal beliefs.
To begin with, people can be less likely to think for themselves due to public morality. Initially,
Goodman Brown identifies as an honest Christian. He starts off as a man strong in his faith who
would not abide any sort of wickedness, but throughout the

The Ethical Issue Of Software Piracy
Introduction In this paper we are going to examine why personal morality is an oxymoron and how
a moral system is analogous to a game. Then we are going to analyze how the ethical issue of
software piracy is seen from the notion of common moral system according to Gert.
Personal morality is an oxymoron
So let's first see why Gert believes that the notion of 'personal morality" is an oxymoron. According
to Gert, a moral system is public because everyone should know and be familiar with the rules that
define it. Those set of rules which define a moral system apply to all of the members of that system,
thus the system cannot be simply reduced to being private or personal. We all know that morality is
a system of normative rules and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, if we accept a notion of private morality, no one could have a fair and meaningful ethical
discussion about an issue, because everyone would have their own views and perspectives on what
is morally right or wrong. That is why according to Gert, the notion of personal morality is
contradictory to itself.
Moral system analogous to a game
Another point and comparison Gert make about moral system, is how a moral system is both similar
to, and different from, a game. As a game has a goal and corresponding set of rules, the same way a
moral system has a set of rules and a goal. The rules are understood by all the players, and the
players use those rules to guide themselves in achieving the goal of the game. The players are also
able to use the rules to judge the behavior of other players in the game. The one difference we have
is that not everyone is required to participate in a game, but we are all obligated to participate in a
moral system.
Gert's notion of a moral system and a concrete ethical issue in cybertechnology seen from the
perspective of that notion As we have already seen, the notion of personal morality is contradictory
according to Gert. So we cannot talk about a moral system seen from personal standpoint. Rather we
can say that there are four characteristics to a moral system, and they are: the system has to be
public, informal,

The Importance Of Morality In Things Fall Apart
How do we decide what is good? How do we decide what is bad? We make these decisions based on
our morality, which is the "principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good
and bad behaviour." Morality groups people together, and, as Jonathan Haidt says, "it gives us
tribalism, it gives us genocide, war, and politics. But it also gives us heroism, altruism, and
sainthood."
Things Fall Apart is a work of fiction that deals with issues relating to morality. The Igbo natives
and white colonizers had differing ideas about what is moral and what is immoral, which led to the
white men jailing the natives for killing twins and mutilating Ogbanje children. Additionally, the
Igbo in the village of Umuofia burned the house of another village named Enoch and a church that
the white men built. They believed that they were justified in doing these things because Enoch had
unmasked an Egwugwu, an ancestral spirit, but the white men thought otherwise. In retaliation, the
District Commissioner of the white colonizers invited the village leaders to a meeting where he
imprisoned them until they payed a hefty fine. Many of the things that the Igbo believed was
completely reasonable was seen as completely intolerable by the white colonizers.
Morality also has a large effect on who we view as heroes, altruists, and saints. Mother Teresa is
viewed as a saint by the public, while Bill Gates is hated and Norman Borlaug is hardly known,
even though Gates and Borlaug did much more objectively saintly things. Gates and Borlaug have
saved millions of lives, while Teresa only provided very primitive medical care to "sick patrons. The
reason that only one out of these three, Mother Teresa, is seen as a saint, is because of our morality.
" In contrast to Teresa, who has been "beatified by the Vatican, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and
ranked in an American poll as the most admired person of the 20th century," Bill Gates "has been
decapitated in effigy in 'I Hate Gates' websites and hit with a pie in the face." The reason Bill Gates
is hated is because he is the world's richest man, so we view him as money–hungry and selfish. In
reality, the opposite is true, but people ignore that fact. Borlaug kept himself and his work

The Producers Play Analysis
"The Producers" "The Producers" is one of the most famous musicals in Broadway. Mel Brooks and
Thomas Meehan adapted the musical from the 1968 film of the same name. The musical is about
two producers that oversell interest in a Broadway flop in order to become wealthy. The musical
consist in play with in the musical. The producers, Max and Leo, choose the worst play ever written
and the worst director. However, the play turns out to be successful and Max goes to jail and Leo
escapes with the money to Rio. The two more important external event in the play are the event
when Leo decides to help Max and the moment when the play becomes a success.
Leo is a public account and he meets Max when he is checking his accounting books. Leo notices ...
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Max has been a producer without conscience or morality. Max involves Leo because he can use him
to change the figures for the IRS. Leo violates his principles because he is willing to steal and lie in
order to fulfill his purpose. The second event violates the morality and conscious of the audience.
The vehicle that is used to violate the basic moral is the play. "Spring Time for Hitler" is the
dramatic seed. The connection between the external events and the play is base in double morality.
The play, seed, is designed to disgust people to be able to keep the raised money as the same way
that Leo abandons his integrity for money. The audience responds in an acceptable way ignoring the
outrage that Hitler represents. Max and Leo cannot conceive the idea that the audience viewed the
play as a "satiric masterpiece." Even, Max and Leo that lack of integrity question themselves where
they did go right? Haft of the audience were Jews and they equally love the idea that representing
Hitler as gay besmirches Hitler's image. Max, Leo, and the audience break the principles of
morality. Their actions and the play itself reveal the action's theme which is double moral standards.
Societies arrange sets of principles that are applied unfairly to the people regardless of true morality.
The Producers exemplifies double morality in

The Connection Between Law And Morality
II. WHAT IS MORALITY? "Law would not be really imperative, we know, unless behind the sword
of the magistrate, the bulk of mankind felt the weight of social obligation, the irresistible burden of
custom, of immemorial tradition, and the like, a social, and even a religious sanctity." The
connection of law and morality has been much discussed ever since the revival of the scientific
study of jurisprudence, but the question is not yet, and perhaps never will be, settled. Every variety
of opinion has been entertained, from the extreme doctrine held that law is absolutely independent
of morality, almost to the opposite position that morality and law are one. The popular conception of
the connection between law and morality is that in some way the law exists to promote morality, to
preserve those conditions which make the moral life possible, and thus to enable men to lead sober
and industrious lives. Morality is a value–impregnated concept relating to certain normative patterns
which aim at the augmentation of good and reduction of evil on individual and social life. The
sphere of morality denotes rules or principles governing human behaviour which apply universally
within a community or class. Morality is made up of actual standards which are adopted in the life
of any particular community. Positive morality, like law therefore, emphasizes conduct rather than
states of mind; it is similar to law in that it is imposed on individual for it has behind it the effective

Genetic Enhancement of a Child’s Memory: A Search for a...
Genetic Enhancement of a Child's Memory: A Search for a Private and Public Morality
ABSTRACT: Prospects of human genetic modification raise the question of genetic enhancement of
memory. A moral framework that takes into account the tension between the roles of parent and
citizen on the question of genetically enhancing a child's memory is presented. Weaknesses of both
moral liberalism and moral communitarianism are addressed: a tyranny of a powerful minority of
liberalism, while a tyranny of orthodoxy and a tyranny of perfectionism plague different forms of
communitarianism. A position is advanced that draws on the strengths of both a Rawlsian form of
contractarianism and a moderate version of communitarianism. I argue that genetic ... Show more
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When self–interest is held to be the main motivation of parents, unanimous agreement on the issue
of enhancing a child's abilities is clearly an impossibility.
These problems with libertarianism lead me to turn to a utilitarian justification and ask whether a
policy of the greatest good of the greatest number would work. Green describes utilitarian decision–
making in the card game as a majority vote cast with the cards up. Utilitarian decision makers are
motivated primarily by benevolence, but this too has its problems. The greatest good of the greatest
number can, under some circumstances, produce a tyranny of the majority. The views of a minority
that conscientiously objects would not be heard, for example, if the majority of parents favored
genetic memory enhancements for their children. This would raise a serious issue of fairness if the
children of the majority were to enjoy a social advantage due to their enhanced memories.
Although both of these cards–up perspectives – the libertarian and utilitarian – have initial
plausibility, their difficulties prompt me to consider the second moral perspective that Green
describes. This is the cards–down perspective and is identical with the veil of ignorance described
by John Rawls, Ronald Green's teacher. Both the tyranny of the minority and the tyranny of the
majority can be avoided if people can choose a policy unanimously with the

The Theme Of Private Morality In The Crucible By Arthur...
The concept of morality can be broken down into two major spheres, categorized by their differing
values. Private morality values responsibility to one's immediate family, whereas public morality is
concerned with obligations to society and the world at large. Every member of society makes
independent decisions based on what they themselves believe is right and wrong. Some may identify
more closely with private morality and aim to benefit their families alone, while others emphasize
public morality and work for the greater good of society. But which is considered moral in reality?
These differences influence everything from politics and law, to day–to–day, individual decisions. In
everyday life, we make our decisions by first weighing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is an American businessman who genuinely values his family and his success more than
anything else. He diligently ran his factory throughout World War II, cranking out airplane heads
and other technologies that would contribute to the war effort. In this way, Keller was able to
provide for his family while his two sons were out fighting in the war. Miller makes it clear in the
play that Joe made one grave, indisputable mistake, however. He indirectly authorized the sale and
implication of "a hundred and twenty cracked" airplane heads with the sole intention of protecting
his business. After twenty–one pilots were killed due to airplane malfunctions, Joe desperately tried
to justify his actions by saying "a man is in business" and won't be able "to operate" without a
successful company (Miller, 419). In his eyes, Joe easily met his goals by fulfilling his obligation to
his corporation and his family; making a profit on the faulty parts and keeping the extra money.
Morality has something else to say about the end result however. Joe Keller has no excuse for
putting lives at risk and facilitating the deaths of soldiers. Lastly, to top off his terrible, immoral
actions, Joe Keller blamed the sale of defective parts on his partner, Steve, who went to jail while
Joe hid from his guilt for more than three years. Keller's endeavors and all that he stands for is
undeniably wrong. His decisions are distinctly prompted by private

Legal Method & Moot Court Project
Gujarat National Law University
LEGAL METHOD & MOOT COURT PROJECT – 2014
LAW AND MORALITY
(Submitted as a partial fulfilment for the course requirement of Legal Method & Moot Court)
Submitted To – Ms. Nidhi Hriday Buch
Submitted By – Aditi Jha (14B180)
Email Id: jhaaditi95@gmail.com
B.B.A. L.LB (H), I Semester (2014–19)
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................1.
2. Morality and Ethic......................................................................6.
3. Law and Morality........................................................................8.
4. Relationship between law and morality.......................................9.
1. Establishment of Rules
2. Flexibility and Specification of Rules
3. Magnitude of Sanction
4. Probability of Sanction
5.
INTRODUCTION
Law
When it comes to defining law, you will come across varied views ranging from an authoritative,
rigid one line definition to an absolutely subjective one. Black's law dictionary puts it "Law, in its
generic sense, is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having
binding legal force. " It is something which Is used as a tool to facilitate proper working of the
society.
"All definitions or characterizations of law veer between two extremes positions: One extreme
emphasizes its coercive character; the other lays stress on the social acceptance, the actual
observance of law by the

What Is Nietzsche's Argument Against Good Evil
Friedrich Nietzsche's argument against Christian morality is heavily reliant on a history based
(genealogical) argument. The nihilistic tendencies of Christianity are one source of Nietzsche's
antagonism. He uses nihilism and the resulting asceticism to argue heavily in favor of new and
reevaluated values for the betterment of human life. Nietzsche's argument uses history to contest the
altruistic story of religion and pointedly examine the negative background of Christianity. This in
turn creates a space to tear apart modern morality and promote the growth of Nietzsche's
hierarchical Roman morality. Nietzsche initially appears to have great face validity in his
genealogical argument. However, closer analysis of his discussion provokes criticism ... Show more
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Nietzsche builds his criticism of Christianity by breaking down how the growth of ressentiment
originated in the weak of society's desire to be superior to the aristocracy. Nietzsche presents
psychological analysis to strengthen his argument against Christianity. At the heart of Christian
domination and democratization is the hypocrisy of generations who wished to no longer be slaves
to the weak. Nietzsche then discusses how the psychological drive cause by ressentiment enabled
the public to partake in the deception and turn to asceticism. Asceticism, or the denial of natural
instincts and pleasure, embodies the role of nihilism in modern society. Rather than accepting the
natural inequity of the world, Christian ascetic's focus on a disciplined life which derives no value
from pleasure and in effect turns negative aspects of life into positives in order to better endure the
world. Asceticism is not limited Christianity, but Nietzsche uses it to exemplify his reasons for
rejecting

Should Laws Protect Individual Liberty or Benefit Civil...
Jurisprudence explores what would be the simplest manifestation of law so as to create a civil
society society where both individual liberty and normative goals are practiced. Should the the aim
of law be primarily centered on the protection of individual liberty or, instead, the normative goals
geared toward the benefit of of civil society? The laws in any society ought to not be centered on
normative goals it ought to conjointly defend individual liberty.
The current approach by the legal system seems to be that the law should maintain a common
morality, based on traditional, 'common–good' values, as embraced by Devlin . This might flow
from criticism against the liberalizing values of the Wolfenden report. Cases like Shaw v DPP and
Knuller v DPP made use of the offence of conspiracy to corrupt public morals (previously not been
applied since the 19th century) and beckoned that the law would conceive to uphold society's 'moral
values' consistent with Devlin's school of thought. This approach has continious, as the recent case
of R v Brown (1994) illustrates. The defendants had voluntarily consented to varied sado–
masochistic practices, and none of them complained to the police. Nevertheless, they were
prosecuted, and both the House of Lords and also the European Court of Human Rights, supported
public policy to defend the morality of society, upheld their convictions. The law is therefore seen to
attempt to uphold what it considers to be public morality, even though

Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged : John Galt's Strike Of The Mind
"John Galt is Prometheus who changed his mind. After centuries of being torn by vultures in
payment for having brought to men the fire of the gods, he broke his chains and he withdrew his
fire–until the day when men withdraw their vultures" (517). Francisco's metaphorical explanation of
John Galt's identity symbolizes the major conflict in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: John Galt's strike
of the mind. Throughout the novel, many characters ask "Who is John Galt?" as a rhetorical
expression that conveys a meaning similar to "who knows?" These characters live under the notion
that "knowledge is impossible to man" (133). They have shunned the mind as useless, and
established a collectivist society that caters to mindlessness through the exploitation of the mind.
These ideals are the antithesis to Rand's philosophy, Objectivism, which is developed around the
ideology that man's mind is the motor that keeps the world turning, and thus, the use of it is the
basic standard of morality. John Galt is the epitome of a man who lives and breathes Objectivist
ideals, and acts as Rand's cardinal mouthpiece for the philosophy and how it outlines the essential
rules for living on Earth. In response to the collectivists, John Galt vows to "stop the motor of the
world" (671)–to remove the fire, the men of mind, from society until the vultures, the exploiters,
understand that their backwards thinking will only lead to their demise, as well as, to the destruction
of civilization. The primary

The Importance Of Morality In The United States
The United States government exists to maintain order and harmony in the country; it does so by
ensuring that the individual rights of citizens are not being infringed upon by either other citizens or
the very structure of the government itself. The government is responsible for prohibiting activities
that may cause any possible harm to the well–being of the country or a citizen, and therefore creates
laws that dictate what is right and what is wrong. These laws can be viewed as a reflection of the
moral state of the nation. Morality itself is defined to be the "conformity to ideals of right human
conduct" (Merriam–Webster). In politics, morality aids in distinguishing actions that are deemed
intolerable to the citizens of a society, and lays down the repercussions that would follow if one
were to commit any of these acts. Morality can also be seen as the backbone of human rights, as it is
considered a moral responsibility of a nation to guarantee all its citizens equal opportunities, which
promotes the concept of freedom and equality for all regardless of their backgrounds.
It is the utmost responsibility of the government to maintain morality within a society, as morality is
an integral part of enforcing and creating laws, defining which laws are righteous and which violate
the natural rights of others, and determining what is acceptable in a society.
The purpose of this paper is not to propose that the government should have any hand in imposing
ideas of what is right and

Law's Influence on Morals
In the Oxford dictionary law is defined as the system of rules which a particular country or
community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the
imposition of penalties. In other word its is regulations and principles established in a community to
be applied to its people and those who do not follow these rules could face punishments which are
possible to have an effect on the persons liberty. [Oxford Dictionaries [online]. (2014). From:
<http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/law>. [Accessed 18 March 2014] Morals are
a set of beliefs that people follow based on their culture and society. They are also based on an
individual's interpretation of what is good and what is not, so they are almost always different for
different individuals. They are not written rules, they can be interpreted differently based on factors
such as: culture, society, religion and the way an individual was brought up. There might be a set of
values, which may be common in society. These are what society finds acceptable. A lot of the
societies today are pluralistic. This means that people of different religions, races, social classes etc.
live together in a society and continue to have their own unique traditions and interest. David Emile
Durkeim was a French philosopher, considered to be the father of sociology. In one of his books he
wrote that traditional societies feature people engaging in the same activities and rituals, usually
embodied

Essay on Morality and Religion Debate
Morality and Religion Debate
In an organized religion debate, Alan Dershowitz and Alan Keyes contended many issues on religion
and morality. Alan Dershowitz, a Harvard law professor, believed that "morality can be maintained
without religion." He also stated that it must be maintained without religion because times have
changed. He said that if religion is not separated from state it could have severe damage, such as the
Crusades and the Holocaust. Dershowitz believes that there is a difference between morality and
religion. When people are moral without religion, they are being virtuous on their own, not because
they are afraid of God. He stated that religion should not consist of a Cost–Benefit Analysis. Alan
Keyes, a former ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dershowitz said, in return, that people are not moral if the sole reason for them doing it was to get to
heaven. Dershowitz stated "doing the right thing because it is the right thing is more powerful than
doing it because someone higher than you says so." Fowler's theory emphasises on the form of faith,
not on a particular belief system. He believed that faith could be religious or non–religious, such as
God, science, or humanity. Throughout his six stages, he links religion (faith) with morality, and
how a person becomes increasingly moral as they grow older and learn more about faith. The
relationship between religion and morality has existed throughout all time, and it has cost many
senseless deaths and wars. The Crusades were a major example of how religion can be viewed
negatively in politics. Dershowitz believed that if the Crusades were right, why were there not
counter–Crusades? Keyes retorted that everyone has to be responsible and accountable. He believed
that the horrible things done in the name of religion were just our world's fallen nature. Furthermore,
Dershowitz believed that the Bible was a great source for homophobia, sex inequality, racism, and
egocentrism. Dershowitz and Fowler believed that the Bible is one source of morality, not the only.
Alan Keyes avoided the answer, and he said that his morality comes from the Declaration of
Independence. When it states "all men

Morality from Different Perspectives in a&P by John Updike
What does it take to behave morally and ethically? Do all people know what morality is and how it
can be measured? Certainly, every single person has his or her own set of moral ideas and concepts
of right and wrong. Consequently, various people may understand morality differently. According to
Merriam–Webster dictionary, morality is conformity to ideals of right human conduct. [1] In this
research paper I would like to prove that morality can be seen differently for a different person
under the same circumstances. I have based my research on a story "A&P" written by John Updike.
Though "A&P" is a short story, it definitely has a very deep message. Personally, I believe that John
Updike's writing speaks about moral concepts and decency. ... Show more content on
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In this part of my research paper I would like to talk about Sammy, the protagonist, and his
understanding of morality. Sammy is a nineteen–year–old boy, who works at the checkout line at
A&P where the story happens. He seems to be a little bit sarcastic person, because he is quite
faultfinding with his clients and co–workers. For example, he calls one of the older cash–register–
watchers "a witch with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, who would have been burned
over in Salem" [5] However, he becomes literally mesmerized by Queenie when the girls in
swimming suites show up in A&P. He describes her as "a queen walking straight on slowly on these
white prima donna legs." [5] Certainly, we may notice that in case with Queenie Sammy is
physically attracted, because he sees nothing, but her physical appearance, body, and outfit.
Certainly, this reaction is very typical for a nineteen–year–old man who meets an attractive girl.
Obviously, it doesn't even occur to Sammy that wearing bathing suits in a supermarket or any public
place is not quite appropriate and ethical no matter how cute the person is. Consequently, he
believes that Queenie and her friends have acted absolutely morally while his manager has been
undeservedly rude with them. However, I think that Sammy's quitting the job the way he has done
shows his immaturity and desire to be a superhero in front of girls rather than a protest against
injustice. That is why when he

The Moral Importance of the Beautiful in Kant Essay
The Moral Importance of the Beautiful in Kant
I argue for an interpretation of Kant's aesthetics whereby the experience of the beautiful plays the
same functional role in the invisible church of natural religion as Scripture does for the visible
churches of ecclesiastical religions. Thus, I contend, the links that Kant himself implies between the
aesthetic and the moral (in the third Critique and the Religion) are much stronger than generally
portrayed by commentators. Indeed, for Kant, experience of the beautiful may be necessary in order
to found what Kant views as the final end of morality – the ethical community – since human moral
psychology requires embodiments of moral ideas. Finally, I seek to modify Martha Nussbaums'
argument ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I end by assessing the contemporary significance of this aesthetic–Enlightenment link in light of
criticisms by Richard Shusterman. Though challenged by contemporary charges of elitism, I sketch
out a defense of a Kantian–style, disinterested, free–play link between aesthetics and morality for a
liberal, democratic society. I.
One of the main, stated purposes for writing the Religion is to address a potential shortcoming in his
moral theory: a concern for duty that is merely personal is not satisfying for reason. For Kant, an
individual wonders not only about whether or not she herself has conformed to duty, but also looks
toward a final purpose of morality in general:
...an end does arise out of morality; for how the question, What is to result from this right conduct of
ours? is to be answered, and towards what, as an end – even granted it may not be wholly subject to
our control – we might direct our actions and abstentions so as at least to be in harmony with that
end: these cannot possibly be matters of indifference to reason. (RLR, P. 4)
What consequences may I bring about in the world? What is the ultimate end of moral action? The
thematization of this concern seems something of a departure from Kant's writings on morality thus
far, with the austere demand that one's duty be done

Evolution Of Society 's Social Values
Moral Decline "...Any animal whatever, endowed with well–marked social instincts, would
inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well
developed..." (Wiker). Ten million years ago, the first single cell organism was formed and millions
of years later it evolved into a complex, multi–cellular organism. Evolution is one of Man's greatest
assets; it has enabled us to survive the harshest environments and provided us with the abilities to
beat the odds. Mankind evolves in various ways, psychologically, physically and technologically.
But very few are aware of the evolution of society's social values. "...I have been bewildered by the
rapid degeneration of our American society. Half–century ago, we were a decent people...but by
1990...we had become aware that something was seriously wrong." (Shlichta). How civilization
views and interprets ethics and morals changes as we advance with time; the importance of the
morality is at a decline, and will continue on a downward spiral as civilization advances.
What are morals? How can one define the meaning of morality? Often the answers of those
questions could easily be found online. Dictionaries would define Morality as the "principles
concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior." (The Oxford
Dictionary). Different sources would have slightly different definition, but what all those sources
have in common is their relation of morality to right and

Nietzsche: Moving Beyond Good and Evil Essay
Nietzsche: Moving Beyond Good and Evil
We have grown weary of man. Nietzsche wants something better, to believe in human ability once
again. Nietzsche's weariness is based almost entirely in the culmination of ressentiment, the
dissolution of Nietzsche's concept of morality and the prevailing priestly morality. Nietzsche wants
to move beyond simple concepts of good and evil, abandon the assessment of individuals through
ressentiment, and restore men to their former wonderful ability.
Nietzsche begins his discussion of good and moral with an etymological assessment of the
designations of "good" coined in various languages. He "found they all led back to the same
conceptual transformation–that everywhere 'noble,' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the priests were in the minority in terms of power, they were in the majority in terms of
public opinion, and in gathering the majority together, they declared "the wretched alone are the
good; the poor, impotent, lowly alone are the good; the suffering, deprived, sick, ugly alone are
pious, alone are blessed by God, blessedness is for them alone..." (Nietzsche 912). Nietzsche
describes the common belief here as nothing other than ressentiment, the concept of the mirror
image of morality.
For Nietzsche, "the slave revolt in morality begins when ressentiment itself becomes creative and
gives birth to values: the ressentiment of natures that are denied the true reaction, that of deeds, and
compensate themselves with an imaginary revenge." (Nietzsche 913). This imaginary revenge
causes the complete reversal in defining words of class. The resentful slaves and priests looked up at
the nobility with anger, characterizing them as selfish, corrupted, abusive and tyrannical, among
other things. Ultimately, they came to the conclusion that the nobility were the pinnacle of evil. In
doing so, "he has conceived 'the evil enemy,' 'the Evil One,' and this in fact is his basic concept,
from which he then evolves, as an afterthought and pendant, a 'good one'–himself!" (Nietzsche 915).
Through the venomous eye of ressentiment, the slave class has characterized the good men, those
with strong moral character as evil, and in doing so, has

Compare And Contrast Machiavelli And Hobbes
Hobbes and Machiavelli's understanding of Morality and applications In contrast to the Ancient
Greek Philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who espoused virtue ethics and argued that one ought to be
virtuous and seek to fulfil their role in the community, both Machiavelli and Hobbes could be
described as adherents of a teleological approach to moral reasoning. In a political context, this
means that Machiavelli and Hobbes are more concerned with the outcome of a policy or political
action than with reasoning based on a system of objective morality to determine what is right and
wrong. Machiavelli and Hobbes do differ in a few significant areas, but both philosophers agree that
there. The ideas of Machiavelli and Hobbes are useful for understanding political decision making
and even the behavior of politicians. However, when taken to the extreme or if applied in the wrong
contexts these ideas can cause significant harm to society. Machiavelli wrote The Prince specifically
as a guide for rulers of absolute monarchies. Since he is addressing the ruler of a Sovereign Nation,
one can assume that his intention is not to create a system of ethics for the collective society or for
individuals to follow, but rather that he is making claims about what one specific individual–the
ruler–ought to do to maintain power and insure the stability of the state. Machiavelli's first
requirement of such a ruler and the assumption that he makes which serves as a basis for

Criminal Justice System: Williams And Arrigo State
Setting higher standards for those persons in positions of authority and power over the public
establishes a prescribed set of standards for which the public expects to be upheld if authorities are
to successfully exude their power and authority over the people. Williams and Arrigo state "Along
with power comes an increased responsibility to use it in appropriate ways" (2012). As can be seen
in current events, when officials abuse the authority by excessive use of force, kickbacks, or
unethical or immoral behavior, the public loses trust and respect for the system as a whole, not just
for the individual or individuals in question. An expectation of increased morality and value is
expected in persons holding positions where the enforcement of laws, societal values and morals are
rendered. Williams and Arrigo further state "...with the presence of increased power, discretion, and
thus opportunity, the need for morality increases considerably" ... Show more content on
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Holding those within the criminal justice system to higher standards in effect provides the public
with role models with which to emulate, setting the standard of behavior and for everyone else to

Article Comparison Essay
In comparing and contrasting two articles which analyze and evaluate ethics in business, the impact
of corporate social responsibility and ethical behavior by corporation and their managers can be
understood by the public perception documented in a survey of Hawaiian residents, as well as the
argument of negative value to consumers when self–interest and lack of ethics are part of an
organization's business model. The survey results in Choy's article demonstrate the impression of a
decline in corporate ethical behavior over the past twenty years. Both articles use the environment of
competition to discuss the characteristics of ethical and moral behavior in the corporate realm. The
recommendation based on the evaluation of information in the two articles is for business
organizations to employ ethical and moral practices that include the values of society, and use
traditional morality in all business dealings. The value of corporate social responsibility will be
acknowledged and appreciated by consumers, and both economic and social gains can be achieved.
Ethical and Unethical Behavior in Business
Introduction
The two articles provided for comparison, "How Consumers Perceive The Ethical Conduct of
Businesses And Their Managers" by Derrek Choy, and "Reconciling Traditional Morality and the
Morality of Competition", by Adam D. Bailey, both analyze ethical and unethical behavior in
business, and conclude that moral and ethical standards in business actions are not only

Essay on The Human Genome Project
Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? Can the information
produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil? For example, X chromosome markers can
be used to identify ethnicity. A seemingly harmless collection of information from the Human
Genome Project. But let's assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into
countries, determine social class, or who gets preferential treatment. Whether or not this type of
treatment is acceptable to a moral society remains to be seen.
The major events of genetic history are important to understanding the Human Genome Project.
Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. The basic beginnings of genetic
history lay in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Research and technology efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing large portions or entire
genomes are called Genome projects"(Congress, 202). Genome projects are not the effort of a
single organization, but instead are groups of organizations working in government and private
industry throughout the world. The controversies surrounding the Human Genome Project can be
better explained by explaining the structural and moral aspects of the project. Begun in 1990, the US
Human Genome Project is a 15–year effort coordinated by the US Department of Energy and the
National Institutes of Health. It's purposes are to identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human
DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA, store this
information in databases, and develop tools for data analysis.
The objectives of the Human Genome Project are carried out by organizations such as the National
Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and various other private organizations.
These organizations all have two shared objectives, placing "new methods and instruments
into the tool–kit of molecular biology" and "building research infrastructure for
genetics"(Murphy, 17). Any attempt to resolve moral issues involving new information from
the Human Genome Project

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