Enzymes are organic catalysts in organisms. Why are they so importan.pdf

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Enzymes are organic catalysts in organisms. Why are they so important for sustaining life? Solution Answer : All biological macromolecules are much less thermodynamically stable than their monomeric subunits, yet they are kinetically stable: their uncatalyzed breakdown occurs so slowly (over years rather than seconds) that, on a time scale that matters for the organism, these molecules are stable. Virtually every chemical reaction in a cell occurs at a significant rate only because of the presence of enzymes—biocatalysts that, like all other catalysts, greatly enhance the rate of specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The thousands of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in cells are functionally organized into many sequences of consecutive reactions, called pathways, in which the product of one reaction becomes the reactant in the next.The overall network of enzyme-catalyzed pathways constitutes cellular metabolism. So enzymes are the most important molecules which carries out every reaction in cells required for their growth, development etc.,.

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Module 2 Overview The Cell and Energy Every tissue in every body of every organism is made of cells. The complexity of life ranges from the single-celled amoeba to large mammals containing innumerable cells, with many distinct types performing specific functions. This module will introduce you to the structure and function of cells and will describe the two major types—prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You will then be introduced to the various types and functions of specific protein molecules called enzymes, which facilitate cellular processes. All organisms require energy to perform the functions that sustain their lives. The chemical reactions at the heart of these functions are referred to as an organism's metabolism. The biochemical or metabolic pathways that these reactions take are a series of linked reactions that transform energy into a usable form. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this module, you should be able to: 2A Identify the typical organelles associated with eukaryotic cells. 2B Examine the differences in organelles found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2C Describe the function of each of the organelles associated with eukaryotic cells. 2D Name examples of organisms composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3A State the controlled methods by which materials can be transported through a cell membrane. 3B Contrast diffusion, osmosis, and dialysis. 3C Classify the components and molecular parts of a typical cell membrane. 3D Explain why cells are small. 3E State what environmental factors are able to alter enzyme activity. 3F Describe to which group of organic molecules enzymes belong. 3G Explain why enzymes are so important to all organisms. 3H Describe what happens when an enzyme and a substrate combine. 3I Contrast active site and binding site. 3J Define the term, denature, and provide negative and positive feedback. 3K Describe enzymatic competition. 3L Relate the shape of an enzyme to its ability to help in chemical reaction. 3M Describe why enzymes work in some situations and not in others. 3N Contrast cofactors, vitamins, and coenzymes. 3O Explain the importance of ATP. 3P Describe how the proton pump mechanism generates ATP. Module 2 Reading Assignment Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapters 4 and 5. Lecture Notes The Cell and Energy Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. While eukaryotic cells can be much larger, they are still small. Cell size is important for a couple different reasons. Logistically, small cells are easier to replace. This is why they replicate and split. When cells become too large, it is more beneficial to split off and remain small and effective than to become too large, become less effective, and become harder to replace. The effectiveness of absorption and expulsion through the plasma membrane is another reason why cells are small. Absorption and expulsion beco ...

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Briefly explain four functions of stems. Solution Function of Stems: 1. It helps store water , as in cacti, and the products of photosynthesis, as in the trunk of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) and sweet palm (Argenga pinnata) which store large stock of starch 2. Young green stem also performs a minor role in the production of food through the process of photosynthesis, but in some species (e.g. cactus) the stem is the chief photosynthesizing organ 3. It supports the leaves, flowers and fruits and connect them with roots. In trees and shrubs the main stem or trunk provides a strong columnar structure from which branches are attached raising the leaves upward to be expressed more fully to the sun 4. The plant stem serves as a means of asexual reproduction in many species..

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AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use A. on-chip flash memory for program storage B. one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM C. both A and B EMBEDDED SYSTEMS is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger A. digital and logical system B. mechanical or electrical system C. both A and B An integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer is A. Microprocessor B. Microcontroller C. Both A and b A main system bus, ram, rom/flash, and typically a set of other devices such as a programmable interrupt controller, analog/digital converters, any number of general purpose 10 devices A. Microcontroller B. Microprocessor C. None of the above ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE is an assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is a A. low-level programming language for a computer B. high-level programming language for a computer A. C. both A and B Solution AVR was one of the first micro controller families to use on chipflash memory for program storage Embedded syatems are mechanical or electrical syatems An integrated circuit that has all functions of a cpu is micro processor Assembler language is low level programming language for a computer A main system........... Micro processor.

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