Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions and allow metabolic processes to occur fast enough to sustain life. They are mostly proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum according to the codes in DNA. Enzymes can be intracellular, retained in the cell and involved in reactions in the cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Or they can be extracellular, produced in the cell and secreted to function outside the cell, like digestive enzymes from the pancreas. Enzymes help speed up reactions without affecting products, are highly specific, function with tiny amounts, and are sensitive to changes in temperature, pH and substrate concentration.

2. The enzymes are the macromolecular
biological catalyst. Enzyme accelerate
chemical reactions.
Almost all metabolic process in cell need
enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough
to sustain life.
The set of enzymes produced in a cell
determines which metabolic pathway happen
in that cell. The study of cell is call
enzymology.

3. Enzyme are named to catalyze more
than 5000 biochemical reactions.
Most enzymes are protiens, although a
few are catalytic RNA molecules.
Mostly the enzymes are protiens which
are tertiary and quartenary structute.
Enzymes act by weakening bonds
which lowers activation energy.

4. Sites of enzyme
synthesis
Enzymes are synthesized by ribosome
which are attached to rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
The synthesis of enzyme’s Information
is carried by DNA. According to the
DNA’s codes amino acids are bonded
together to form specific enzyme.

5. Intracellular enzymes
Intracellular enzyme are synthesized and
retained in the cell for use of the cell itself.
They are found in cytoplasm, nucleus,
chloroplast and mitochondria.
Example: Oxidoreductase catalyses biological
oxidation. Enzyme participating in reduction in
the mitichondria.

6. Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes are produced in the cell but
secreted from the cell to work
externally.
Example: Digestive enzyme produced
by pancreas are not used by pancreas
cells but are transported to the
duodenum.

7. Charcteristics of enzymes
Enzyme helps in speed up reaction. It
does not affect the nature of end
product. It is highly specific.
Tiny amount of enzymes can accelerate
chemical reactions. They are sensitive to
change in ph, temperature and substrate
concentration.

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