Medieval Islam Essay

Medieval Islam Essay
During the medieval era, series of crusading brought significant impact for Western Europe.
Increased cultural and intellectual contact with the Islamic world influenced on learning, literature,
art, and other areas in society. Muslim accomplishment in science especially in medicine,
mathematics, and astronomy were equally remarkable. More than that Muslim people studied wide
variety range of science topics including astrology, geography, physics, chemistry, optics and other.
This essay will be discussing about how science developed in medieval Islam, two main science
topics they focused on most which are including mathematics and medicine and how science in
Muslim emerge to Western Europe. The processes of scientific inquiry developed ... Show more
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Most of time, translating was done in Spain. As the result, cultural crossroads joining in Western
Europe and medieval Islam. After the Christian re–conquest of Spain increased cultural and
intellectual contact with Islamic world and make Arabic works available to scientists and scholars in
Western Europe.
During the Golden age of Islam, achievements in mathematics, medicines and astronomy and many
other topics were remarkable and significantly changed Wester Europe and later society. For
Muslim, studying science provided knowledge to follow proper path in life and serve God's
purpose. Now, their discovered or created systems create our basic life and develop advanced
technologies and strategies such as building bridges, sky towers, computing variety calculation for
global economy, and doing pharmaceutical research. We have to appreciate what they have done,
and their contribution on our current
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Islamic Golden Age
Many believe the medieval period to be a dark time during which little human progress was made.
However, this was only happening in the Western European world. In fact, Islamic civilization was
at its peak during this time period. During this era, the Islamic Golden Age, Islam was a thriving and
advanced civilization, and Arabic was the progressive, scientific language of the world. This
research paper will examine Islam's rise as a civilization during the medieval era. Between the
eighth and thirteenth century, the Islamic Golden Age took place. This golden age began with the
Arab conquest of the Middle Eastern region. This conquest helped to establish the Middle East as a
distinct region. Islamic civilization was thriving, powerful, and diverse ... Show more content on
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Islam was and is extremely encouraging of pursuing knowledge and learning. The medieval period
was being undeniably free–thinking and the knowledge gained comes from a diverse blend of many
different fields of knowledge (Habib, 2008: 55–56). Scholars have many different theories on what
caused this rise in scientific activity and learning in Islam. Gutas puts forward two possible causes
of the Islamic scientific flourishing in his monograph "Greek Thought, Arabic Culture." One idea he
proposes is that Christian scholars who were fluent in both Greek and Arabic decided to translate
texts out of enthusiasm for the betterment of society (Gutas, 1998: 3). Gutas also puts forward the
more popular theory that the rampant translation movement and scientific learning ought to be
attributed to the rulers of Islamic society at the time. These rulers and caliphs were enlightened and
enthusiastic of learning for the sake of learning (Gutas, 1998: 3–4). The encyclopedia entry in "The
Muslim Almanac: A Reference Work on the History, Faith, Culture, and Peoples of Islam" credits
Islam's rise in scientific activity primarily to the construction of centres of higher learning,
academies, and institutions, such as the House of Wisdom ("The Sciences," 1996: 409). In "Modern
Science and Islamic Essentialism," Habib emphasizes that internationality and diversity are unique
and distinct characteristics of Islamic science. He claims the reason behind the success of Islamic
science is primarily the diversity and plenitude of the sources translated, rather than the cooperation
of all Islamic citizens in translating as other scholars defend (Habib, 2008: 55–56). Habib conveys
that science and learning will thrive in an environment which supports its study; he expresses that
the Islamic prophet and the Qur'an encouraged followers to search for knowledge by whatever
means necessary. Habib claims "A

Islamic Golden Age Influence
The Influence The Islamic Golden Ages Had on the Modern World The Islamic Golden Age came to
be from the astonishing amount of people who were insisted on gathering knowledge, mostly
acquired from books According to the Faceb Journal's article; Arab science in the golden age (750–
1258 C.E.) and today the Golden Age was started based on several factors. Muslims following the
guidelines of the Prophet and The Quran studied, searched, and yearned for knowledge. Scholars
travelled to teach or share ideas which caused the Arabic language to become more commonly used.
Although they wanted more knowledge so they translated books from Greek, Latin, and Chinese
into Arabic helped deteriorate the language barriers. At the same time, Arabs were learning

The Siege Of Baghdad: The Islamic Golden Age
The siege of Baghdad is a turning point in world history. This single event ended the Islamic golden
age, many buildings were destroyed, but after their invasion the city became an economic center and
religious affairs flourished.
The siege on Baghdad by the Mongols marked the end of the Islamic golden age. How? The
Mongols sacked Baghdad, committing numerous atrocities and destroyed the Abbasids' vast
libraries, including the House of Wisdom. The Mongols executed Al–Musta'sim and massacred
many residents of the city, which was left greatly depopulated. This siege is considered to mark the
end of the Islamic Golden Age, during which the caliphs had extended their rule from the Iberian
Peninsula to Sindh, and which was also marked by many

Astronomy Of The Islamic World
Astronomy in Medieval Islam Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects,
space, and the universe as a whole. During the medieval era, a golden age of innovations in science
took part in the Islamic world. In particular cities in the Iberian Peninsula, like Cordoba, astronomy
blossomed and thrived as an aftermath of the genius and creativity that took place there. Innovations
in astronomy were vital in inspiring the other scientific discoveries, and were greatly encouraged by
the religious groups during the time. In the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, S. Nomanul
Haq and Massimo Campanini wrote that "astronomy is the only natural science that escaped the
censure of the medieval Muslim opponents of secular sciences (ʿulūm al–awāʿil) and found a home
in mosques, receiving the blessing of mainstream religious circles."1 Because of this support and
encouragement, scientists of astronomy were set up to thrive and innovate. Discoveries during this
period made fundamental advancements on Greek and Mesopotamian astronomy and were crucial
for the later advances of Copernicus and Kepler that give the view on astronomy that is held today.
The support of astronomy that garnered during the medieval era had many influences. One influence
was religion. Marking time accurately is essential for many religions including Islam, Judaism, and
Christianity. The Koran requires the faithful to pray five times a day at five very precise times: at the
exact moment

The Impact Of Arabic Numerals In Medieval Europe
Impact of Arabic Numerals on Medieval Europe Medieval European society was changed by the
introduction of the Arabic numerals into their society. The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of
innovative thought into the world, and eventually those ideas made their way into Europe, one of
which was the Arabic numerals. They revolutionized the way that daily tasks, like merchant
bookkeeping, and academia were approached. Medieval Europe was transformed by the Islamic
Golden Age and that is highlighted through the transformation Arabic numerals had on society.
Preceding the Islamic Golden Age, Indian culture had a revolution of thought which was seen in the
Islamic Empire. One thing from Indian culture that transcended into Islamic culture was the concept
of zero. This was something that was not considered in earlier mathematic studies. It read in "Math
Roots: Zero: A Special Case," "the Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system, adapted the
numerals and computation, and spread the ideas in their travels." The Arabic people saw the power
in this numbering system because there was a place holder number. This concept was accepted into
Islamic thought; however, it was not received well in Europe. For the greater part of the European
society, it was a strange system, in comparison to the Roman numeral system, and was not widely
accepted. At the beginning of Arabic numeral introduction into European society, scholars and
mathematicians were primarily the only ones who accepted

Abbasid Caliphate Dbq
The Abbasid caliphate was the empire of the golden age in the Islamic culture. This dynasty ruled
the Islamic caliphate for a very long time, which made it one of the most influential dynasties. Since
it ruled the Islamic empire for a very long time it became the largest empire in the world which
helped it have contact with neighboring places like China, India, and the Byzantine empire which
helped majorly with cultural diffusion. But, in what ways would the Abbasid caliphate be
considered a golden age throughout the dynasties in Islam?
Two major ways they could be in a golden age was from their literature and art. Since in the
beginning of the rise of the Islamic empire, they would only write poetry. As said in document 3 "As
salt resolved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For centuries in the Muslim land the harsh and dry conditions made it hard to collect store and
transport water. Most of the progress made in technology and engineering. As said in the quote
"Muslim engineers also perfected the waterwheel and built underground water channels some fifty
feet underground. The underground channels had manholes (openings from the street) so that they
could be cleaned and repaired."(document 7) They created these inventions to help keep water and
keep it clean so that they would be able to survive and thrive in where they were staying. As for
astronomy most of their work was based off Hellenistic and Indian writing. This could show they
were in a golden age because they took the time and effort to figure out what would work and what
wouldn't work and try and fix it. Under one of the early caliphates most Muslim scholars started
learning from these writings. As said in this quote "The astrolabe, pictured, allowed people to find
their precise latitude by using the position of the stars. The astrolabe was later modified to be used
on ships. This innovation allowed Europeans to begin exploring the seas more safely. This lead to
the Europeans finding faster trade routes to Asia by sea and Christopher Columbus's "discovery" of
the New World."(Document 6) It talks about the creation and perfection of the astrolabe and how it
helped people find their exact latitude using the positions of the stars. This didn't just help
throughout the Muslim time but helped other generations of people after. It helped the Europeans
find trade routes faster and help Christopher Columbus "discover" the new world. Not only that but
it helped people navigate through the seas more

Why Do We Use Quadratic Equations?
It might seem as if these contributions have no real world applications, however, that would be very
incorrect. Completing the square is very useful for quadratic equations, which we have mentioned
before. The question lies, where do we use quadratic equations? When projectiles are put into
motion they create a parabolic path, to calculate the speed and height at which they travel
completing the square would come in handy. Another example would be traveling by boat, or foot,
or any other method. You would go one way, then probably return to your original location. This
would also be similar to a parabolic path which can be solved by completing the square. Pictured
below is what a parabolic track would look like. Figure 5. Parabolic Graph Without the foundation
that al–Khwarizmi laid out for all mathematicians to come, there would not be the mathematical
field we know today. In every aspect of calculus, geometry and other forms of mathematics, the
methods of reduction, completion and balancing come into play. The combinations that those three
methods have created can be attributed to the many discoveries we have today. Just some examples
are the creation of the World Wide Web, in other words, the internet. Without the algebraic
foundation the strings of Booleans, cannot be translated to create the internet as we know it. Without
the very intricate mathematics we know today, man would have never made it into space. This one,
seemingly insignificant

Islamic Golden Age
From the 7th century to the end of the 13th century there were two Islamic golden ages. In the first
Golden Age, society is being integrated in all dimensions, political, social, and moral, under the
aegis of Islam, during this Golden Age (Lapidus 14). During the second Golden Age the state,
religious institutions, differentiated political, and religious elites become divided during this Golden
Age (Lapidus 13). Muhammad, not an immense influence to start out, had a strong political and
economic influence during the Islamic Golden Age, because he, being not only a prophet, but the
political leader of southern Arabia.
Muhammad was born after the death of his dad in 570ad (Gabriel 53). He was born in the town of
Mecca which at the time the religion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muhammad ordered the killing of several poets and singers that ridiculed him (Gabriel 65).
Muhammad went to war with the Meccans. His first strikes were at the Meccan caravans. The
caravans had food that is heading to the Mecca in them, as well as an armed guard to protect it. This
made caravans the root of Meccan economy and military power. Muhammad wanted to cut the
commercial lifeline that sustained Quraysh, the merchant tribe that controlled Mecca, control of
Meccan politics and isolate and weaken enemies' social and economic base of power (Gabriel73–
75). Even though the split between Sunni and Shia was more around theology than politics, we still
see a change in politics around the split (Hazleton 206). Central political authority was getting
harder to maintain due to the wide range of ethnic differences in the vast empire (Hazleton 206).
Religious and political authorities were separating (Halzeton

Islamic Golden Age Research Paper
The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally dated from the mid 7th century to the mid 13th century.
During this time, Muslim rulers established one of the largest empires in history. Artists, engineers,
scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders contributed to the Islamic world with
agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature,navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology
and technology. They were able to contribute because they preserved earlier traditions and used
inventions and innovations of their own. Also at this time, the Muslim world became a major
intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education. In Baghdad, the "House of
Wisdom" was established. It was a place where scholars, both ... Show more content on
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Many classic works of antiquity, that would otherwise have been forgotten, were translated into
Arabic and later in turn translated into Turkish, Sindhi, Persian, Hebrew and Latin. Knowledge was
synthesized from works originating in ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, China, India, Persia,
Ancient Egypt, North Africa, Ancient Greece and Byzantine civilizations. Rival Muslim Dynasties,
such as the Fatimids of Egypt and the Umayyads of Al–Andalus, were also major intellectual
centres. Cities such as Cairo and Córdoba were rivals Baghdad. The Islamic empire was the first
"truly universal civilization," which brought together for the first time "peoples as diverse as the
Chinese, the Indians, the people of the Middle East and North Africa, black Africans, and white
Europeans." A major innovation of this period was paper – originally a secret tightly guarded by the
Chinese. The art of paper making was obtained from prisoners taken at the Battle of Talas spreading
to the Islamic cities of Samarkand and Baghdad. The Arabs improved upon the Chinese techniques
of using mulberry bark by using starch to account for the Muslim preference for pens vs. the
Chinese for brushes. By AD 900, there were hundreds of shops employing scribes and binders for
books in Baghdad and public libraries began to be

Partnership And Participation : Partnership
Partnership and Participation
In recent years, development focuses have shifted from leaving the power in the hands of
multilateral organizations to distributing the power to a range of actors. The idea that the
government has the ultimate knowledge and power an out–dated (CCIC, 1). Partnerships and
participation refer to the stakeholders in decision–making for projects and development and how
they interact. These strategies ensure that every one has a voice in decision–making and the project
is being implemented in a fair way. These strategies include all of the international development
agents; NGOs, CSOs, governmental institutions, working in partnerships for international
development. The term 'partnership' is often used to describe the relationship between the
government, civil society, and NGOs in development. It has also been applied to North–South
relationships in development. The International Institute for Sustainable Development sees
partnership as having "the aim to create an infrastructure 'dream team' by combining the best
capabilities of the public (legislation, regulations, social concern) and private (innovation,
efficiency, finances) sectors to find a solution to infrastructure–related public needs" (IISD, 2). In
other words, by combining private and public sectors, we are expanding the range of input and
capabilities in development. Each stakeholder attempts to resolve the same issues, they simply have
different means and approaches to

Describe and Explain the Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate...
The decline of the Abbasids was not a steady of rapid series of events. There were numerous
revivals of the Caliphate in which certain strong Caliphs gained more control and influence over the
Islamic world than their predecessors had had. However at no point after the death of Harun al–
Rahid (reigned 786–809) was the Caliphate ever as powerful. This period is regarded as the Golden
Age of the Abbasid Caliphate and was followed immediately by civil war between his sons. Harun's
two sons were called Al–Amin and Al–Mamun. Al–Amin was the elder and was nominated as the
heir to the Caliphate. However Al–Mamun, who was the effective governor of the eastern provinces
was ambitious. He was spurred towards seizing the Caliphate for ... Show more content on
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Such a compromise was a symptom of a relatively weak Caliph. Further revolts led to the temporary
loss of the Caliph's power in Egypt, Syria and Palestine for substantial periods. However with Tahir
and his family at his side, al–Mamun was able to regain these lands, leaving the Caliphate in 833
much less weak than it had been although not as strong as al–Rashid had in 809. Al–Mamun's
successor and son was a man called Al Mu'tasim. His reign was particularly important in the gradual
decline of the Abbasids. Although he was not the first to use the infamous 'slave soldiers', they had
been used from 814 onwards, he expanded their usage massively. The slave soldiers were mostly
Turks from areas like modern Turkmenistan. These were hard nomadic peoples from the grass
planes of the Steppe who were brutal worriers and provided the Caliph with military security for a
price. These Turk soldiers were to play a crucial part in the decline of the Caliphate as their
influence and power grew over their masters. The Turks soon formed the palace guard of the Caliph,
taking on a similar to the Praetorian Guard of the Roman Empire. As their presence increased they
became increasingly unpopular in Baghdad. This unpopularity and the Caliphs increasing
dependence on his mercenaries lead to Mu'tasim relocating the capital from Baghdad to Samarra in
835. This only diminished the power of the Caliphate in

The Golden Age Of Islamic Culture
The modern university does manifest itself in the Islamic world. The Golden Age of Islamic culture
traces its roots back to the modern university. Throughout Islamic history, education was a point of
pride and a field Muslims have always excelled in. The Islamic world was rich, diverse, and
creative. Muslims became founders of the most major accomplishments in the world which later
leads to western and world civilizations. The Muslims were most advanced in many fields such as
mathematics, art, medicine, literature, and astronomy. It also led the way into the development of
libraries and universities. Muslims greatly advanced the study of mathematics. Arabic numerals, the
numbers the Western World uses today, were developed by the Muslims. Compared to earlier
systems, such as Roman numerals, they made it easier for people to do calculations and check their
work. Muslims also spread the Indian concept of zero. Zero also made it easier to write large
numbers. Muslim scholar, Al–Khwarizmi, is best known as the "the father of Algebra". Al–
Khwarizmi's famous book on algebra was translated into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They established the first primary schools for children and universities for continuing education.
They opened their public and private libraries to the public internationally. Muslims built great
libraries and learning centers in places such as Baghdad, Cordoba, and Cairo. Mosques were used as
a meeting place where people could gather around a learned scholar, attend his lectures, read books
with him/her, and gain knowledge. Libraries developed early in the Islamic world as a result of the
commitment to literacy on the part of early Muslims. Collections of texts were attached to mosques,
madrasahs (schools), and bayt al–hikma (research institutions). The Muslims were the forerunners
of European universities, having established hundreds of colleges in advance of

A Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & MANKIND
DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF
BOOK REVIEW:
Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
(30th NOVEMBER 2012)
BY
MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005)
AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD SAYID SABIQ (AC102001)
1. Introduction
The book that we have chosen to review is titled "Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim
Scientists, Thinkers and Artists". The author of the book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book
was published in the year 2007 and also holds the same copyright date. The book is a non–fiction.
The main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These facts certainly challenge the modern western civilization which claims that the above
mentioned advancements in science as mathematics were made by Greek philosophers.
The author also delightfully reminds the reader that it was in Baghdad that Scheherazade told the
famous tales of the One Thousand and One Nights.
The author also states the qualities of Muslim leadership using examples from Caliph Abū Bakr,
Caliph `Alī and others who championed an ethos of social fairness and justice, advanced public
health and tolerance of diversity in faith, nationality, and ethnicity.
He also mentions the character and work style of Hārūn al–Rashīd and focuses on the manner in
which the Christian Crusaders treated the population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099.
They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which Saladin
treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187.
These facts are a rebuttal to the modern western civilizations who call the system of the Islamic
Caliphate a dictatorship.
The author has also used the method of narration in his book where he provides the reader with a
timeline of events starting from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

The Umayyad And The Golden Age
The long tale of how the Abbasids came into creating the finest era the Islamic world has ever
known started off in 750. Due to the Abbasids and the Prophet (PBUH) originating from a common
ancestor, the Abbasids believed that they were more entitled to leadership than the currently
reigning Umayyad dynasty, which was very prejudiced against non–Arabs and unjust in their rule.
With the help of Persians, and several other newly converted Muslims, the Abbasids fought against
the Umayyad forces in the Battle of the Zab. Commanded by the Persian leader Abu Muslim, the
Abbasid's army defeated the Umayyad's. The first Caliph was Abu Al–Abbas (Al–Saffah). The
defining moment was the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad in 762, which was ...
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For some time, the only form of writing material was exported from Egypt; papyrus was a rough
substance that was made from a plant and used to write on. After the capture of a couple of Chinese,
the Abbasid society was allowed to boom as the introduction of paper, a strong, durable, and
economical material spread through Baghdad. More efficient methods of creating gunpowder, silk
and poetry, and alchemy were also learnt from the Chinese. From India, the field of mathematics
was greatly improved as the concept of zero and Indian numerals made mathematics much more
comprehensible. Muhammad Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi who is known as the father of algebra
conveyed this mathematical system of reckoning. From the Persians, disciplines of administration
such as the secretarial staff and their genre of writing were introduced, along with methods of
agriculture and irrigation. Scientists such as Ibn Sina revolutionized the field of medicine with his
works, one of which is the book, the Canon of Medicine. Another scientists is Al Battani, whose
work helped with the measurement of Earth's axis, which led to further improvements of the
geocentric model. And finally, Jabir Ibn Hayyan brought to light several key principles of
Chemistry; he is often referred to as the father of

The Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age (750–1258) was a stark contrast to the Dark Ages (500–1500) in Europe.
While the Islamic Empire thrived with riches and knowledge, Europe shied away from a more
prosperous future. Europe was very driven by religion and did not accept the modern scientific
innovations of the Islamic Empire. Many churches and mosques from these ancient times still stand
today and although they are different in many ways, they have many similar aspects that have been
worked into them. Finally, religion plays a major role in both societies but has many discrepancies
between both the Islamic Empire and the Medieval Times. There have been many clashes between
the Bible and modern works of science in the Dark Ages. During this time, modern science was not
accepted in that society because the many beliefs of people were solely based on the Bible. When
the plague struck in 1347, many people contracted the disease. They would go see religious doctors
who would tell them to pray and based medical assumptions on astrology. The doctor would not
look at the symptoms of the patient but by the position of the stars to cure the sick. (Doc 7) The
Muslims used modern tools and advancements in healthcare to treat their patients as well as
recorded their findings in encyclopedias. (Doc 8) They had special diagrams of the human body
(Doc 13) to track a specific spot on the body for treatment. Both Europeans and Muslims had some
form of medical science to treat patients. The Europeans used

Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age is rooted in the city of Baghdad, a city of architectural splendor. It was here
that they discovered a need for science that was necessary to run this newfound empire. In efforts to
fulfill this need, it resulted in the recruitment of the finest minds from all over the empire where
they were welcomed to center for scholarship, Baghdad's House of Wisdom. Those recruited were
intellectuals and scholars who came to work in the academies and were the ones challenged with the
daunting task of transforming the great works of the ancients into a new body of knowledge. The
scholars came from various faiths (Christians, Jews, Muslims, etc.) they were chosen and dispatched
across the empire for the sole purpose of locating as much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
6:39). They also understood the importance of first quarantining and then treating illness and disease
within an institution, the equivalent of today's hospital. These Muslim institutions had distinct wards
for patients suffering from different diseases, as well as for those suffering from mental illness.
Their studies of the human anatomy were extremely sophisticated, so much so that they would
remain in use for well over 600 hundred years. "Muslim scientists were especially intrigued by light,
lenses, and the physiology of the human eye" (THTV, 2010, marker. 7:41). Ibm Al–haytham was the
father of optics and credited for producing the first treatise in which he explained how the eye sees.
Also, it was his work in the field of optics that eventually led to the invention of the modern camera.
Amazingly, Muslim physicians were performing cataract surgery 1,000 years before the West
adopted such a

The Surgical Practices Of Modern Western Medicine
The foundation for the surgical practices of modern western medicine can easily be traced back to
the crusader interaction with the Arabs. The fact that Al–Zahrawi's work is still even the slightest bit
relevant to modern western surgical practices is evidence of this. It can be said that if the crusades
not happened, then western surgical practices could have remained stagnant and inferior to the
practices throughout the rest of the world.
The hospital system throughout early medieval Europe was heavily dependent upon the Catholic
Church and the monasteries. Hospitals throughout early medieval Europe started as house sized
additions to monasteries, and held relatively few sick people. The hospitals at the monasteries were
staffed by monks and supplied with herbs for treatment from the medical gardens at the monasteries.
These small house sized hospitals were insignificant in comparison with the hospital in the Middle
East at the time. The European hospitals did not become larger hubs for patient care or more
efficient in the care they provided until the crusades.
The Middle East had superior hospitals for hundreds of years; these were huge hospitals that were in
some cases paid for by the caliphs and princes. Islamic hospitals in the Middle East have been
characterized as a highly developed system, with a network of urban institutions that included a
plentiful staff, which provided numerous services and had teaching centers attached. The hospitals
had operating procedures

The Islamic Of The Middle East And How It Affects The...
Majid Khadduri is an Iraqi born author who was known for his prolific work in regards to the
history of the Middle East and how it affects the current geopolitical climate. Born on September
27th, 1909 in Mosul, Khadduri received his education at the American University of Beirut for his
BA and PhD; for 12 years, from 1937 to 1949, he served as a law professor for the Iraqi ministry of
education and as a member of the first Iraqi delegation to the UN. The Islamic Conception of Justice
takes a very comprehensive approach to the question of justice found in Islam and reflected in the
Islamic community, and is among the last of Khadduri's published works (Killgore, 1996). Khadduri
has written books and works in regards to individual states, its history, relation to other states, as
well as taking broader, more holistic approach when he writes about general concepts and ideas and
how they are understood by different groups of people in space in time. Khadduri served as a
lecturer in the University of Indiana and then Chicago before finally settling at Johns Hopkins
University. During his tenure Khadduri served as a visiting professor for at Columbia University,
Harvard University, the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. He died on January 25,
2007, in Potomac, Maryland, United States at the age of 97 (Klubes, 2007). The Islamic Conception
of Justice (Khadduri, 1984) is a book that goes into great length not only about the details of the
different terms

Essay on The History of Islamic Political Ideas
Al–Ghazali:
In past 20years, political role of Islam increased considerably which resulted in overgrown interest
in finding the history of Islamic political ideas existing in medieval Muslim society. The evaluation
of ideas enabled it to find out the development of mechanism known as 'Muslim society' and
discover its functioning as an efficient government. Among many Islamic schools of ideas, Al–
ghazali is also one of those renowned Islamic scholars who gave his ideas regarding efficient
government and political system.
Al–Ghazali was born at Ghazzalah near Tuss in 1058.He is one of the renowned and distinguished
philosophers in the history of human thought. He is considered as Mujaddid and also considered as
imam among the four Imams. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Islam, ulemas are given tremendous importance due to their knowledge about Sharia, because
Sharia is the direct source of authority. Because of not having the concept of any church institute in
Islam, ulemas' function exceed the bounds of pure religious issues. Since religion plays a vital role
in caliphate. So considering this fact, ulemas' authority because of having broad knowledge about
religion, played a key role in political life of the state. Caliph of the state used to base his authority
on the imam's divine authority.in such crucial conditions, al–Ghazali gave his political theory of
caliphate and expounded it as a defender and champion for the unity of Muslim world.al–ghazali
was inspired by both Islamic as well as non–Islamic sources like Persia. The major work contributed
to political ideas by al–ghazali includes the following remarkable attributes:
1) Munqidh Min ad.Dalal
2) ihyn–ul–ulam
3) Tibr–ul– Masbuk
4) Kimiya_i_sa'adat
5) Iqtisad fil–I'tiqad
6) kitab–ul–wajiz
7)Mustazkhiri
Political treaties:
Al ghazali pointed out two core aspects of the"caliph and sultan" issue.first the relation hukm and
secular authority i:e sultan .second– religion and state.he also gave the description and told the
characteristics possessed by caliph and also depicted the selection procedure.In his imamate theory
he gave the three main conditions 1)power to ensure the order in state 2)caliph as source of

Muslim Spain (711-1492)
Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural
enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the
nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the
Arabs and Moors of al–Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi–cultural mix of the people of three great
monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval
Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural
civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas
as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture, ... Show more content on
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Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straight of 'Gibraltar' at first with the sole intention of avenging king
Roderic for the crime he committed. However, because of the weakness of the kingdom due to civil
war, Tariq opted to continue his occupation of Roderic's entire empire. Another theory for the
occupation by the Arab Muslims of Spain is that because of their persecution, the Jews called upon
their contacts in North Africa, who in turn encouraged the able Arabs to capture Spain. This allowed
the Almoravids and the Almohads to establish themselves in Spain.Nevertheless, without a doubt,
the Jews supported and welcomed Muslims in Spain because they were great beneficiaries under
Muslim rule. Rule The majority of the Army as well as commander Tariq himself were not Arab but
Islamic Berbers, and in timeIslamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen and
Syria came to live in the Iberian peninsula.The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al–
Andalus", which some say means "Paradise." That was the rootfor the name of the present–day
region of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. For a time, the area that is today Spain and
Portugal was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summitwith the Umayyad Caliphate
in the 10th century.Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.
Muslim Spain had the following chronological phases: The Emirate

Essay About The Middle Ages
Since the beginning of the world, there have been a various types of time periods such as Classical
antiquity, Archaic Period, Macedonian Era, Ancient Rome, and more. All the people who lived in
different generations have different lives. Of course, this includes people who lived during the
Middle Ages. Middle Ages, also known as Medieval period, is the period in European history
starting from the collapse of Roman civilization to the period of Renaissance. These people who
have lived during the had an antithetic lifestyle from other generations. Life in Middle Ages was
different from the life of people in other time periods politically, economically, and technologically.
To begin with, people had different political systems in the Middle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike modern times, transportation systems in the Middle Ages were not diverse. On land, people
usually traveled by riding on horses. Aristocrats usually rode on the wagons, and commoners rode
on horses. People usually did not transport through sea, but when they did, they used ships. Ships
were usually used during the war, or trade between Middle East countries. Military technology in
the Medieval period was discrete from other generations. Because there were knights during the
Middle Ages, they used the swords and arrows to fight. Other than these weapons, they had special
kinds of weapon, biological and psychological weapon. Biological weapons such as dead bodies and
dead animals were used to spread the disease over the enemy camp. Psychological weapons were
used to arouse fear of the knights to the enemy lines. For example, they would make an armor that is
several times larger than the normal size. Then they would put the armor in the scene of victory to
show the enemies. By doing this, rumors would spread throughout the enemy camp and those
rumors would arouse fear of the knights. Agricultural tool was also distinct in the Middle Ages. The
plow was considered to be one of the most important technologies developed especially in the
Medieval period. During this period, the plow was used with multiple–oxen teams. By this, farmers
were able to plow the heavier and wetter soils, leading

The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Islamic Golden age provided the Abbasid Caliphate with an immense amount of political power
and influence. The empire controlled lands from West Africa to parts of current day Iran and the
new capital, Baghdad, quickly developed to into a large and advanced city . With control over
previous Greek, Egyptian, and Persian lands, the locality of the empire set base for the academic,
philosophical and medicinal advancement that define the Islamic Golden Age. Several schools of
thought began setting up in Baghdad, such as Gundishapur which brought Greek medicine, science,
and philosophy to the Islamic culture. Schools like these helped Islamic scholars to learn from these
texts in order to build their own thoughts and treatises. The pursuit for academic advancement in
fields of philosophy, technology, and medicine defines the Golden Age of Islam at it allowed a
proliferation of scholars from different regions to study under one empire and one language. The
size and stability of the Caliphate of the time proves their political and economic power, however
the success of the society would not have amounted to its potential if it were not for the academic
advances that flourished throughout this time period. The translation of Hellenic philosophers
provided the stepping stone for Islamic philosophy. For example, Islamic Neoplatonism began
flourishing under the first systematic philosopher of Islam, Abu Nasr al–Farabi. His texts, which
mirrored

Western Societies And The Decline Of The Islamic Golden Age
Western societies compared to Muslim and other non–Eurocentric societies have diverse
interpretations of 'the rise of the West' and the 'decline of the Islamic Golden Age'. The "Long
Decline Paradigm" revolves around the European perspective of Western European history and
defines the "success" of non–Eurocentric societies based on how closely they follow the guidelines
of Western history (Voll 2010:1). However, the LDP excludes the contributions and achievements
that Muslim and other non–Eurocentric societies have made (Voll 2010:1). From 1300–1500, the
Muslim empire was establishing their government and followers of the Muslim religion (Voll
2010:1). Western views ignored this expansion since 'the rise of the west' was interpreted as
revolutionary and superior to outsiders because of their "understanding [of] the natural world...[and]
secular values" (Goody 2011:765–766). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caught up in their successes of the Industrial Revolution, Renaissance, and other eras of
accomplishments, Western societies portrayed a misleading vision of how the Muslim world
significantly impacted global communities (Voll 2010:2). When critiquing the 'the rise of the West',
non–Eurocentric societies expose flaws in what the West deem "achievements". The West claims the
Renaissance as their success, however, the Renaissance is "recovered Greek and Roman science and
literature" (Goody 2011:765). Additionally, important scriptures shared with the West, originated
from "Arabic translations" (Goody 2011:765). From this perspective, the 'rise of the west' can be
credited not only to the Western world but to other non–Eurocentric societies as

The Golden Age Of Science In The Medieval Islamic World
The medieval Islamic world of science started as a controversial field to be working in. The
scientific practices went against the beliefs of the people because it stated things that were the
opposite of the readings in the Koran. Religious peoples said that Allah created everything in
existence himself while scientists said that everything occurred naturally. Even though there was
conflict over the beliefs of the people, the Islamic scientists still managed to prosper and produce a
Golden Age of Science in the medieval Islamic world. The contribution of the Arabo–Islamic
scholars to the genesis of modern sciences constitutes a passionately debated topic of research, and
in many encyclopedias of science and its history, the Arabo–Islamic ... Show more content on
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Islamic engineers invented a distillation process that expanded the kinds of medicines that could be
used. This allowed physicians to prescribe even more precise treatments for their patients. The
Islamic world of science produced a large amount of forward progress in the medical industry,
which helped people for centuries afterwards. Astronomy was a discipline that was very serious to
Islamic scholars and scientists, and throughout the Golden Age of Science they consistently worked
to further develop astronomy, even applying other fields to help them. In the opening years of the
Golden Age, astronomy was studied vigorously and even was used to assist the religion of the
people. Because of its importance to religious duties (for example, calculating the qibla and prayer
times), astronomy held a prominent place on the scientific scene. Rulers sponsored the construction
of observatories and large observation instruments and employed scientists such as al–Battani, al–
Khayyan, and al–Tusi to construct astronomical tables and keep time. An instrument that was well
known around the world was the astrolabe. It came from a Hellenistic origin and was perfected by
Muslim scientists and craftsmen. Many problems involving astronomy, that would normally take the
likes of mundane computing, could be solved quickly and easily with the astrolabe.

Speech And Speech: The Golden Age Of Islam
Purpose
At the end of my speech, the audience will have a clear view of the most important achievements of
the "Islamic golden age".
Introduction
At the beginning of the 8th to the 13th century, a new era has emerged and placed a stamp in the
Islamic history that is called "the golden age of Islam", throughout which the Islamic history was
ruled by various important caliphates where many scientific, economical, and cultural developments
took place. The Abbasid caliph Harun Al–Rashid was the ruler during that time (786 to 809) with
the existence of House of wisdom in Baghdad, all the researchers from around the world with
different backgrounds and knowledge gathered to translate the traditional information into Arabic
language.
The main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim engineers also created crankshafts and water turbines which worked for the better
techniques of extracting natural resources like water and fossil fuels, they also established the use of
dams as sources of water power. These advances replaced the manual tasks that were previously
made by labor with machinery in Islamic world. An uprising industrial growth also emerged to
Europe after these technologies were transferred to

The Representation Of The Saracens In The Song Of Roland
From the beginning of the Song of Roland, the narrator of the story lets us know exactly whose side
to be on. The Saracens would be seen as equal to Franks but on the opposing side. The way the
Saracens were represented in a negative light to make the Franks seem as though they are good
guys. The representation of the Saracens in The Song of Roland is noticeably different from the way
the Franks are viewed in the text by shedding a negative light over the Saracens to ensure that the
Saracens are seen as a negative character. This helps build a larger conflict within the story. The
leaders mentioned in the Song of Roland are represented differently to show conflict between
characters. In the first laisses they speak greatly about King Charles who is the leader of the Franks.
Then transitions into something that is not seen as good which is speaking of the King Marsile as a
person who does not love God. If the word love was replaced with the word believe it might have
given the story a new context. This would've made the Saracens have a chance in the story. Showing
conflict between leaders in the story at the beginning is a lead into the larger conflict within the
story. This helps with choosing a side within the story. The Saracens and ... Show more content on
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The occident, which are the Franks, had a strong spiritual wealth. Their plans were to do anything
they had to do to get closer to God. The orient or the Saracens were more worried about physical
wealth. When Ganelon converted to the Saracens he was offered tangible things such as a sword
instead of blessings or access to heaven. The Franks are very heavenly and consistently trying to
figure out what they have to next to get into heaven. The Saracens are Earthly and are constantly
trying to gain wealth on Earth. This brought upon conflict within the story by creating a division
between morals and values of the

The Science And Achievements Of The Islamic Golden Age
The Abbasid Empire began in 750 AD, ruling over Baghdad until the Mongols conquered and took
over in 1258. Although the period was brief, the influence of the Arabs was not only through
religion, but in math, the arts, and science. Many scientific and mathematical discoveries, as well as
architectural designs made in the 9th to 14th century stimulated research that might not be known
today. By creating armies to conquer neighboring lands, Islam spread their knowledge to other
countries, but also gained knowledge from those neighboring lands. The Islamic Empires had a
strong and welcoming attitude towards knowledge, and made some incredible achievements in the
arts and sciences.
The Islamic Golden Age was a time in which many inteculatal accomplishments and advancements
were made, and the Islamic Empire was at its most successful state.
The Islamic Golden Age started in the 13 century with the Abbasid family in control. During this
time, rulers and other people of high positions had merchants go out and search for writings from
other lands to bring back and add to Islam's knowledge of the world. As more and more text from all
different parts of the world began to come back to Islam, they were translated into Arabic, and were
kept at a "place for studying and keeping safe foreign texts", called the House of Wisdom. There,
scholars could read up on topics of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, the arts and more.
Scholars studied and observed the new found

The Fall Of The Great Library
The Fall of the Great Library
The Beginning of the End
The House of Wisdom thrived under the rule of Al Mamun. Along with it, Baghdad and the rest of
the Muslim world experienced developments in different fields – from the arts to the sciences. There
were more scholars than ever and exchange of ideas between the Middle East and other parts of the
world flourished. However, when Al Mutawaki succeeded the throne in 847, things began to
change. Known to be a strict follower of the Qur'an, literally interpreting its laws, Al Mutawaki
prohibited the entry of foreign visitors in the House of Wisdom.
Al Mutawaki also stopped collecting books and other texts from Greece and other non–Muslim
countries. "He believed that spreading Greek philosophies was anti–Islamic." Moreover, the new
caliph significantly cut funding for the improvement and maintenance of the library. Instead, he
diverted funds to expanding the council of elders' powers to implement Islamic Law. Indeed, this
was the beginning of the end.
The War That Destroyed Everything
By the early 1200s, the Abbasid caliphate had significantly weakened. On the other side of the
world, the Mongol empire was gaining more power beyond their borders. They had assembled a
strong army, subjugating the tribes in the Mongolian Plateau. This included the Tatars, a community
of hunters and warriors. Swearing allegiance to the Khan, the Tatars turned into the Mongols' most
dangerous army.
To extend his rule further, Mongke Khan

Islmaic Achievements and Muslim Contributions and Their...
The Muslim Empire grew to encompass a wide range of territory. Their empire included India,
Greece, and Rome in addition to many other places. The Muslims were much more advanced than
other nations because of their tolerance of other cultures. This enabled them to adopt many of the
developments and innovations of the people whose land they conquered. They were able to attain
intelligence at the highest level of the time from a specific area they conquered whose main focus of
study was that field. The Muslim people made many exceptional achievements and great
contributions that spread to and affected the entire world, particularly Europe. Several factors
encouraged them to pursue experimentations and developments in different fields. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, in European places, such as Paris and London, there were still muddy pathways and
dark alleys. This proves that the Muslim Empire was much more advanced and intelligent in many
different aspects. (Document 2) The Muslims made much significant advancement in the medical
field. The rulers of the Muslim Empire encouraged this research in the medical field. They wanted
people who knew about diseases and medical procedures treating them were they were ill. This
made the Muslims much more advanced and knowledgeable in medicine than other parts of the
world. In fact, Muslim cities boasted some of the best hospitals in the world. One reason they were
so efficient is that doctors and pharmacists were required to complete a specific course of study and
pass a formal examination before being able o practice medicine. However, this knowledge was not
exclusive to the Muslim Empire, but rather it was translated into Latin and was used in European
schools. The spread of this knowledge made Europe significantly more knowledgeable regarding
diseases and medical procedures than they were prior to them receiving this information. In addition
to advancements in the medical field, other scientific advancements were made. The created the
practice of the experiment as well as a method of classification into three distinct categories: animal,
vegetable, or mineral. (Documents 1 and 3) Muslim mathematicians made amazing advances

The Impact Of Arabic Numerals In Medieval Europe
The Impact of Arabic Numerals on Medieval Europe The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of
innovative thought into the world, and eventually those ideas made their way into Europe, one of
which was the Arabic numerals. Medieval European society was changed by the introduction of the
Arabic numerals into their society because these numbers revolutionized the way that daily tasks,
like merchant bookkeeping, and academia were approached. Medieval European understanding of
mathematics, physical sciences, and accounting was transformed by the translation of texts into
Latin, allowing Arabic numerals to become the primary numeric system and therefore easing the
burdens of daily life in academia and bookkeeping. Arabic numerals arose from the transferring of
ideas from Hindu scholarship into Islamic caliphates of the Golden Age, and from there, into
European culture. One thing from Indian culture that transcended into Islamic culture was the
concept of zero. This was something that was not considered in earlier mathematic studies. It reads
in "Math Roots: Zero: A Special Case," "the Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system,
adapted the numerals and computation, and spread the ideas in their travels." The Arabic people saw
the power in this numbering system because there was a placeholder number. This concept was
accepted into Islamic thought; however, it was not received well in Europe. For the greater part of
the European society, it was a strange system, in comparison to

Islamic Golden Age Research Paper
The Islamic Golden Age was a time of development and change. This period lasted from 632 to
1258 CE. It began with the death of Muhammad and ended with the Mongols invading Baghdad.
During the time between these two major events, many things were invented and discovered, and
many wars took place. Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, died in Medina after a short illness in
632 CE. Abu Bakr, the father of Muhammad's favorite wife, A'isha, was his successor. Abu Bakr
continued with Muhammad's teachings. He ordered the people who had written down Muhammad's
teachings to collect them into a book called the Quran. There were many Caliphs after Abu Bakr.
However, due to the split of Muslims into Shi'ites and Sunnis, all except for Abu Bakr were killed.
The Abbasid Caliphate began to decline in the middle of the ninth century, when more people began
to convert to Islam. The Abbasid Caliphate fell and the Islamic Golden Age ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al–Khwārizmī developed algebra and algorithms. Spherical trigonometry and
the "addition of the decimal point notation to the Arabic numerals" (Islamic Golden Age) were
introduced by the Muslim mathematician Sind Ibn Ali. Al–Kindi introduced cryptanalysis,
frequency analysis, algebraic calculus, and proof by mathematical induction. Ibn al–Haytham
developed "analytic geometry and the earliest general formula for infinitesimal and integral
calculus" (Islamic Golden Age). Symbolic algebra which is used today in computer sciences was
developed by Abū al–Hasan Ibn Alī al–Qalasādī. "Arabs picked up two concepts essential to the
evolution of mathematics: the place value digit and zero. Both of these were vital to being able to do
much more complex calculations than the old system of using letters to represent numbers" (Butler).
Although Muslims made many technological, medical, as well as other advancements, they also
endured a great amount of

African Americans In The Crusades
Jerusalem is of significant value to all Christians since it is the city where Jesus Christ lived and
died. Therefore, it is no surprise that Christians would want to protect this city from Muslim
invaders, just as Muslims had conquered North Africa, Palestine, Mesopotamia, the Persian Empire,
and territories in southern Asia and the Indian subcontinent for their jihad. The word jihad can be
translated as struggle or holy war. Further, Christians often had to work side–by–side with Muslims
in the territories they captured, specifically when the crusaders formed an alliance with Egyptians
against invading Seljuk Turks because the captured territories often lacked settlers and defenders.
This would mean that crusaders were far more likely to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An account by a Muslim diplomat, politician, and historian, Usamah Ibn–Munqidh, gives an
interesting depiction of medical treatment in the West before the Crusades. In his account, he
describes how his uncle was asked to send a doctor to look at some urgent cases by the governor of
Al–Mounaitira. The uncle sent a Christian doctor named Thabit that was able to successfully treat a
knight with an abscess on his leg and a woman with consumptive fever. A Frankish doctor then said
the man was incapable of treating the patients and proceeded to order the leg of the knight to be cut
off, through which the knight died during the procedure, and told the woman that the devil had taken
possession of her head, shaving her hair off then later using a razor to cut her head open in the shape
of a cross, scraping away the skin so that bone was showing, and rubbing her head with salt, from
which the woman died . The credibility of this source is questionable because it is most likely
biased, but gives a good description of common medical practices by Westerners during that time.
Medical treatments hadn't truly improved for hundreds of years, despite the contact between
Muslims and Westerners in Crusader–States.
An additional benefit of the Crusades was the rediscovery of Aristotle, who the Muslims read from
texts translated from Latin to Arabic.

The House of Wisdom and its Contribution to the...
Part A: The purpose of this investigation will be to assess how the House of Wisdom contributed to
the preservation of knowledge. This question is important because it addresses the academic
advances with the Islamic civilization that lead to new information. To determine the extent of the
contribution to the preservation of knowledge, this investigation will examine the achievements al–
Khawarizmi made in science and the achievements that were made in this library and how they were
preserved through time. The area of research will be focused during the time of the Islamic Golden
Age, 750–1258, and in the city of Baghdad, where the House of Wisdom flourished. A method that
will be used during this investigation is the examination of ... Show more content on
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Long before his reign, al–Ma'mun's great grandfather, al–Mansur, began the translation movement.
This movement was the foundation of the House of Wisdom; it spread the idea that seeking
knowledge is a necessary factor of life to society. Among the many scholars working in the House
of Wisdom, there was Al–Khawarizmi, known as the father of algebra. Born around 800 in
Baghdad, al–Khwarizmi worked in the House of Wisdom as a scholar. Being involved in the center's
translation of ancient scientific knowledge helped him develop a unique knowledge of the
accumulated wisdom of the world. His importance lies in his discoveries of mathematical
knowledge which was later transferred to Arab and European scholars. His masterpiece, a book of
clear explanations of what would become algebra, was his entire life's work compiled into one
collection of information. The word algebra comes from the Arabic word, al–jabr, which means
"completion". In his work, al–Khwarizmi explains the principles of solving linear and quadratic
equations, the concept that an equation can be created to find the value of an unknown variable.
Another crucial work of al–Khwarizmi's was The Book on the Art of Reckoning of the Hindus,
which introduced the numbering system used in the Islamic culture to the west. This is the
numerical system that is still used today and offered many advantages over the existing Roman
numerals. An

Mid Seventh Century Islam Dbq Essay
Mid seventh century Islam, also know as the golden age was a time of innovation, trade, and
success. Why was this the Golden age above all other times? Well that's easy. The golden age was
the time when Islam established one of its biggest empires in History, which would later go on to
succeed in all fields from math, to law, to industry etc (Doc 1, pg. 11). The biggest components of
this great success, though would probably be the advancements in Math, Science and Trade. The
new things that people were able to discover using simple math and science not only benefited
peoples simple knowledge, but it benefitted the country as a whole. Math and Science were
something that not everyone had access to, but since Islam did it benefited trade as well, which
would later become what connected all of humanity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11) Islam had a thirst for Science. Initially, they thought that with science came medicine, and with
medicine came healthier people, and finally with healthier people came even more knowledge. One
of the biggest achievements during this "discovery stage", was the map. During the time where
Muslim scholars in Islam were discovering Math, they also took an interest in astrology (Doc 1, pg.
13). Since they already had a general understanding of Math, they applied those abilities into a
much larger discoveries which were the map, and the calendar (two of the most used items through
history). Not only were these inventions beneficial for everyday life in Islam, but they were
responsible for trading routes which largely affected the Golden Age, and how long it'd

Arabic Numerals In The Age Of The Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of innovative thought into the world, and eventually those
ideas made their way into Europe, one of which was the Arabic numerals. Medieval European
society was changed by the introduction of the Arabic numerals into their society because these
numbers revolutionized the way that daily tasks, like merchant bookkeeping, and academia were
approached. Medieval European understanding of mathematics, physical sciences, and accounting
was transformed by the translation of texts into Latin, allowing Arabic numerals to become the
primary numeric system and therefore easing the burdens of daily life in academia and
bookkeeping. Arabic numerals arose from the transferring of ideas from Hindu scholarship into
Islamic caliphates of the Golden Age, and from there, into European culture. One thing from Indian
culture that transcended into Islamic culture was the concept of zero. This was something that was
not considered in earlier mathematic studies. It reads in "Math Roots: Zero: A Special Case," "the
Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system, adapted the numerals and computation, and spread
the ideas in their travels." The Arabic people saw the power in this numbering system because there
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was able to simplify accounting and also give rise to more mathematically based fields of study
like geometry and physics. The Islamic Golden Age influenced the influx of translations to Latin
and allowed people the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of mathematics and the physical
sciences. Arabic numerals were able to transform Medieval society and further increase the
connection of people across the world. The world, including business and academia, would not be
the same today if it were not for the adoption of Arabic numerals into the cultures of the Medieval

Did Avicenna Influence Modern Day Medicine?
To what extent did Avicenna influence modern day medicine?
The Islamic Golden Age was a period that spanned from the mid eighth century to the mid thirteenth
century. The Middle East was ruled under the Abbasid Caliphate; during this time period, there were
significant advances in mathematics, science, arts, as well as philosophy. Many prominent figures
emerged as a result of this phenomenon, their contributions to their respective fields having lasted
the test of time; many ideas brought about in the Islamic Golden Age have acted as the founding
principal in the creation of new ideologies. One individual that emerged during these era was
Avicenna; Born in 10th century Iran, Avicenna was a Persian philosopher who practiced natural
science; he made great advances in the field of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Canon of Medicine, Avicenna describes 760 simple and compound drugs, their usage, and
their composition, furthering elaborating on Galen's study concerning humoral pathology. It is
comprised of five parts. The first book covers the four elements known at the time (fire, water,
earth, and air) as well as the basics of anatomy. The second book contains information regarding
cause and symptoms of an illness. The third book covers hygienic practices health and sickness, as
well as the inevitability of death. The fourth book delves into classification of illness, while the fifth
describes the various types of compound drugs. The Canon of Medicine remained a reliable source
to acquire medical information for centuries; in some parts of India, Unani medicine is practiced.
Unani medicine is based on the works of Greek philosophers; Avicenna refined this form of Islamic
medicine, and it is still implemented today, proving that Avicenna's influence has extended until the
present

Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in...
Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and
civilization. One of the major Abrahamic religions, Islam, has made many advances and has
contributed a variety of concepts, ideas and inventions to western civilization. Most of these
contributions have gone unnoticed throughout the years, and have been credited by various people,
when in reality Muslim scholars have formulated these concepts. Although some may believe that
these contributions are irrelevant, the reality is that most of the everyday concepts humans use all
around the world, have been derived from a primarily Islamic school of thought.
In 622 CE, a new world religion, Islam, emerged. The founder, a man by the name of Prophet ...
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While Europe was struggling during the Dark Ages, Islam was prospering greatly. Muslim
intellectual centers were slowly growing over the Asian–African continent. While first only Africa
and India were present as the major Islamic areas, the Islamic empire soon grew to the areas of the
Indonesian islands and China. This combination of the cultures of the Arabs, Indians, Turks,
Chinese, and Persians is contrasting to the popular belief that Islam is a discriminatory race, while
actually all of these cultures along with countless smaller groups aided in the contribution of the
construction of the Islamic civilization. The main logic behind this intellectual boom in the Islamic
civilization is due to the statement made by Prophet Muhammad, which goes as the following: "the
ink of scholars is more precious than the blood of martyrs." These words from the Prophet served as
the impetus of the movement, as scholars from all around attempted to seek out the intellectual
treasures hidden within the minds of themselves and their cultures.
The unabridged list of the accomplishments made during the Golden Age is too lengthy to mention.
However, the major subject areas of advances were in the fields of Science, Mathematics, Medicine,
Culture and Education.
Science One of the most notable advances in the Islamic Golden age was in the field of science.
Scientist everywhere began to

Role Of Fatima Alfihri
Introduction
The Islamic Golden age represents an era of time in which the Muslim world experienced an
intellectual flourishing. At the very heart of this civilization is it's constant pursuit of learning, as
prophet Mohammed said: "the best form of worship is the pursuit of knowledge." People from
different ethnic backgrounds, religions, and even gender came side by side to participate in this vast
intellectual movement. Unlike Europe during the Middle Ages, women played a major role in the
field of education in the Islamic Golden Age. Rather than being seen as second–class citizens,
women had a great impact in public life, particularly in the field of education. One of the many
influential participants in this civilization was Fatima Alfihri, in which she reflects the role and
contribution of Muslim women during that period of time.
Fatima's Life
Fatima Muhammad AlFihri, nicknamed Oum Al Banine (mother of the children), was the daughter
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mariam invested her inheritance in constructing the Andalus Mosque. While, Fatima used her entire
inheritance to establish the great Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes, Morocco. Her interest in
knowledge,art ,and religious learnings inspired her to turn the Mosque into the world's first
university that offered a degree, the University of Qarawiyyin. As Muslims, The Fihris were very
much motivated to provide knowledge that would benefit their entire community.
The Start of AlQarawayn
Fatima Alfehri founded AlQarawayn mosque, with its associated school in Fes, Morocco in the year
859. It is the oldest degree–granting University. Even though Alqarawayan was built under Islamic
foundations, it still offered a broad fully–rounded educational system that was open for all.
Alqarawayn greatly affected the way in which knowledge gaining was perceived in its time.
Accomplishments during the Islamic Golden

Medieval Islam Essay

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