2. 2
CONTENTS
• INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?
• HISTORY-INVENTION
• PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
• ADVANTAGES OVER SILICON
• APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS
• DESIGN-MOST OF THE COMPUTER
PARTS
• FUTURE USE
• LIMITATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
3. 3
INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?
• Graphene is a one-atom-
thick planar sheet of carbon
atoms that are densely packed
in a honeycomb crystal lattice.
• Graphite itself consists of
many graphene sheets stacked
together.
• It is an allotrope of carbon
that are densely packed in a
honeycomb crystal lattice.[1]
4. 4
CONTINUE-
• The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is
approximately 0.142 nm.[1]
• Strongest material known to science and
conducts electricity better than any other known
substance.
5. 5
• Thin, transparent and flexible
substance..
• Can be used in touch screen,
light panel, solar cells (ITO)
and flexible display [8]
6. 6
HISTORY
• The theory behind the substance graphene was
first explored by Scientist Philip Wallace in 1947’s
but didn’t get promising results…[1]
• Since then, in the past 8 years, scientists have
discovered that the substance retains some
amazing properties
• After that-----
7. 7
The inventors
Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov
have shown that
carbon in such a flat
form has exceptional
properties
8. 8
PROPERTIES[1]
• It is 10 times faster than COPPER.
• In Graphene, electrons can flow at very high
speed due to a lack of friction.
• Graphene is stronger and more flexible than
steel and also than diamond.
9. 9
• It can carries 1,000 times the density of
electric current as compared to copper wires.
• With the placement of a sheet of graphene just
one-carbon-atom-thick, we transformed the
originally passive device into an active one that
generate microwave photonic signals
10. 10
Properties continue-
• Graphene can boost optical
nonlinearity, a property
required for the digital
on/off two-state switching
using bilayer graphene and
memory.
Due to this special property, graphene has wide
application in ultrafast photonics
11. 11
• The resistance of graphene
is so much lower than
copper and silicon, it’s not
using any more current, or
wasting any more energy…
.
12. 12
ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHENE OVER
SILICON [3]
• Researcher found the velocity of electrons in the
GRAPHENE was something like 1,000 times
faster than silicon.
• Graphene holds remarkable advantages over
silicon in terms of processing speed, obviating
the need for internal cooling fans as it functions
well at room temperature than SILICON...
13. 13
NON- Volatile memories[1]
What is bottleneck with traditional RAM’s ???
• DRAM face severe technological and physical
limitations as device dimensions shrink
• So what is an alternative
Resistive RAM –
- Uses high speed switching mechanism based on
change in resistance
- It has simple structure,high density and fast
switching capabilities.
15. 15
Terahertz devices:[4]
terahertz devices
WHY TERAHERTZ
MODULATING DEVICES ?
THz waves can carry more
information than radio/microwaves
for communications devices
WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????
lack of efficient materials and devices that
manipulate these energy waves including traditional
semiconductor devices
16. 16
HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS
PROBLEM???
• Using Graphenes’s high speed switcing property
we can sample data at THz speed.
• Researchers at the University of Notre Dame
have shown that it is possible to efficiently
manipulate THz electromagnetic waves with
atomically thin graphene layers.
17. Breakthrough in microchip technology
WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????
• problem of making ever faster computers and smaller mobile devices than
current silicon microchip technology
HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS PROBLEM????
• Using Graphene & and hexagonal boron nitride has incredible electronic
properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greater than silicon
A team of Penn State researchers has
developed field effect transistors using
graphene and hexagonal boron nitride
on a 75-millimeter wafer, a significant
step toward graphene-based electronics.
18. 18
OPTOELETRIC DEVICES
• BY combining Graphene
with silicon photonic crystal
structures such as LED’s,
We can design
optoelectronic device
applications, such as
ultrafast chip-scale high-
speed optical
communications.
19. 19
SUPERFAST INTERNET [6]
• By combining graphene with
metallic nanostructures, they
show a 20-fold enhancement in
harvesting light by graphene,
paves advances in high-speed
internet and other
communications.
• Graphene devices can be
incredibly fast and potentially
hundred times faster than
communication rates in the
fastest internet cables..
20. 20
Touch screens [8]
• The graphene-based
electrodes could be used
to replace the
increasingly expensive
indium tin oxide (ITO)
in touch-screen
displays. [7]
21. 21
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
• Bottleneck-
INDIUM is brittle, which rules it out for
use in flexible displays and heightens the
risk of the screen of your smartphone
cracking when the device is dropped.
Solution
• On the other hand GRAPHENE is flexible,
NON BREAKABLE, transparent electronic
components, so it is the best choice to
replace ITO from SMARTPHONES.
22. 22
Use in CAMERA Sensor
PROPERTY:
• Graphene absorb only 2.3% of
incident light
RECENT IMPLEMENTATION
• Nokia is already developed 41 MP
camera based on a graphene photo
detector.
• It has already filed a patent for it as
well
23. 23
Current scenario-IBM in GRAPHENE
• Last year, the IBM team
demonstrated the first
graphene-based
transistor, capable of
operating at speed of 100
GHz
• This transistor showing
promising result…SO….
24. 24
• IBM integrated transistor into a complete circuit.
• The circuit, a 10-gigahertz frequency mixer,
could give wireless devices greater range.
• This First Graphene-Based Computer Chip Shake Up the
Silicon Valley.
• Now they are looking toward manufacturing a complete
processors..
25. 25
FUTURE USE
GRAPHENE might be stuffed
into your pocket or wrapped
computers around your wrist
like watch.
PROPERTY USED:
• AS Graphene is a Flexible and
Ultra-Slim and strong.
26. 26
Imagine flexible cell phones.
TVs, thin as wallpaper, that you
could roll up and take with you.
27. 27
FUTURE USE
• Graphene will use in manufacturing of computer
eletronics because it needs minimal retooling.[1]
• In fact, IBM has already created working
on 30GHz test devices using graphene
transistors by 2020.
28. 28
• The first products are expected to enter the
market by 2014, according to estimates by
Samsung.[6]
• Many leading electronics companies consider
graphene for the next generation of devices. This
work certainly boosts graphene's chances even
further.
29. 29
• A number of multinationals are active in
graphene research and development
e.g. Intel and IBM in computing, Dow
Chemicals and BASF as suppliers of basic
graphene material
• In other words, graphene could begin making its
way into computers as early as 2014 to 2015, and
almost certainly by 2020..
30. 30
• We might be able to see graphene based photo
sensors in Nokia’s smart phones.
• Graphene for use in graphene-saturated battery and
super-charging capacitor applications ..[8]
31. 31
LIMITATIONS
• IBM has revealed that graphene can't yet
(Graphene single layer) fully replace silicon
inside CPUs, as a graphene transistor can't
actually be completely switched off.
• Highly complex to implement as compared to
semiconductor based electronics.
• Some new techniques require to control high
electrical conductivity & Fast
switching…..because in some cases it is not
required.
32. 32
CONCLUSION
• – We are convinced that exploiting the full potential
of graphene will have huge impacts on society at
large.
• Better ,efficent & elegent replacement for
semiconductor based eletronics devices
• Energy efficient as comp ared to other material.
• Using low cost devices, transparent flexible displays
and touch screens based on graphene seamlessly
integrated with plastic.
33. 33
• In future New Material, Graphene may replace
Silicon in Technology Industry as Experts
say....[8]
34. 34
34
Why should we get excited about
graphene?[5]
• It’s extremely thin, it has extremely good
connectivity.
• What we’ve found that it is bigger substance
than what we had expected.
• It is called as a ‘MIRACLE’ material,which has
an applications in numerous fields..
35. 35
CAN WE DESIGHN COMPUTER USING
GRAPHENE ?
• Processor
Using fast switching property of graphene we can
manufacture high speed processor having clk speed
30 GHz – 100 GHz.
• Memory
• Graphene based super fast resistive memory is 10 times
faster than traditional semiconductor RAM’s
• On board chips & other components
• We can manufacture efficient modulators, demodulators,
capacitors , microchips Using graphene
37. 37
REFERENCES
[1](Google) THE RISE OF GRAPHENE
.[Online].Available:
http://arxiv.org/ftp/condmat/papers/0702/0702595.pdf
A.K. Geim and K.S. Novoselov
Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology,
University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, United Kingdom
[2] (Google) Valkyrie Ice,”GRAPHENE IS NEXT”
.[Online].Available: http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/05/03/graphene-
next/operating-system.html, MaY 3, 2010.
[3] (Google) First Graphene-Based Computer Chip May Shake Up
Silicon Valley
.[Online].Available:http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2011/06/13/first-graphene-
based-computer-chip-may-shake-up-silicon-valley/ JUNE 13,2011
38. 38
[4] (Google),”GRAPHENE Wonder material ”
.[Online].Available: www.Phys.org/graphene
[5]GRAPHENE
Link site:http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphene
[6]GRAPHENE-Flagship
Link site: http://www.graphene-flagship.eu/GF/reports.php
[7] Professor Konstantin Novoselov , Interview,Graphene
[Video].Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4
[8] Dream touch-screens from graphene at Rice University
[Video].Available:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4
Editor's Notes
And THESE ARE THE contents……
NOW basically what THE gRaphene is all about?Graphene. If you’ve never heard about it, don’t worry, a lot of people haven’t, because it’s really only been “discovered” relatively recently, and most of the truly interesting news about it has been in the couple of years.
Stronrst material……..200 times stronger than steel…..It is packed in the sense that all molecules are equal in size…
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, may be the most amazing and versatile substance available to mankind
In 1960’s it was believed that physically graphene cannot exist a because of thermodynamic unstability
They were awarded by the Nobel Prize at the University of Manchester ,2010
"ballistic" transport could lead to a new generation of superfast, super-efficient electronics.exciting engineers and scientists all over the world with grand new possibilities for all sorts of applications…* Since bus on the motherboard are basic building block which is made of copper.We know that copper is a basic building block of most of the integrated circuit….Gap between valence band and conduction band is very small…..So we can say that at todays date graphene is said to be strongest element on earth……So we can replace copper by graphene in IC’s….
and performed parametric wavelength conversion at telecommunication wavelengthsActive components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition.[1] Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Which use in transistorAs electrons can fastly transfer through it switch on/off at very high rate as compared to traditional transistors more than tera hertz….. Since we require control over flow of eletrons through it we use bilayer grapheneBECAUSE IN SINGLE LAYER GRAPHENE IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL SPEED OF ELECTRONS….
Graphene-silicon hybrid photonic chip is an important step forward in building all-optical processing elements.We’re talking about that smartphone in your pocket having a thousand times the computing power of your desktop PC, but using no more power than it does right now.that even though it’s running at 1000 times the speed
In silicon,roomtemp does not allow electros to jump from valenece band to conduction band..bcoz energy gap is more in silicon………
Charge-based memory devices such as dynamic random access memory and flash memory, while omnipresent today, proves promising next generation nonvolatile memory change in resistanceResistive RAM
www.Phys.org/graphene
Graphene is the wonder material that could solve the problem of making ever fastercomputers and smaller mobile devices when current silicon microchip technology hits an inevitablewall. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms in a tight hexagonal arrangement, has been highlyresearched because of its incredible electronic properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greaterthan silicon. But putting the material into a microchip that could outperform current silicontechnology has proven difficult.
Graphene promises to revolutionize electronics but we're still waiting for graphene-based technologies to hit the market. Rice University researchers have now created transparent, graphene-based electrodes that they say could be the "killer app" that finally puts graphene into the commercial spotlight.
As ITO is used in almost evrey SMARTPHONE,so indium getting RARE and EXPENSIVE
If anyone is thinking that, why is grapheme for the sensor then the simple answer to this question is that, because of its transparency. Only 2.3% of the passing light is absorbed by this single layer of carbon cells, and the whole process of filtering light is even all across the whole light spectrum. This is the main reason why Nokia believes that this sensor would perform much better than its CMOS sensors in low light conditions.We can capture good images in moon light
in the not-too-distant future.Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes
Obviously, ultrafast computers are going to have a very far-reaching effect on the way we do things, as well as how we interact with each other and our world, so the real questions are how practical is it to make graphene chips, and how soon can they be made? The answer is probably going to surprise you. Graphene has already been proven to be usable in current chip manufacturing processes with only
graphene will not replace silicon in microelectronics; probably, silicon will still be at the heart of computers and microprocessors, but graphene will allow information processing and communication to reach a new level of diffusion in our life; materials
Below, from Rice University why I think the 2030 silicon estimate may be a little too pessimistic. Replacing silicon is the golden fleece of graphene research. There’s too much money to be made by whoever gets there first. I suspect it will be closer to 2020, but then I’m a trader and not a scientist
