Graphene_complete description_Introduction_history_synthesis_electrical appliactions other other miscellineus applcations,challeneges explained with full of animated diagrams. If you need in PPT file with full of beautiful animations and transitions for FREE, then just email me on this adress: kashifwattu798@gmail.com ENJOY ...!!!

8. To the world of ..

9. :The Wonder Material

10. Here i will discuss about :
History
Introduction
Properties
Electrical applications
Other applications
Challenges
Presented by:
Muhammad Kashif Hanif
M.Sc Chemistry
University of Education,Lahore
Pakistan

11. Introduction
 Graphene is an allotropic form of carbon
consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms
arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
 It is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly
packed into a two dimensional honeycomb
lattice.
 An isolated single layer of graphite.

13. Discovery:
Graphene was discovered by Russian Professor Andre
Gein and former student Konstantin Novoselov at the
university of manchestor, England in 2004.
They discovered thin graphene flakes on the scotch
tape, While cleaning a block of graphite.
They got Noble Prize for this ground breaking
achievement in 2010.

15. GrapheneGraphite

16. Structure:
It is composed of carbon atoms only that are
arranged together in a honeycomb like
structure.
It is a hexagonal 2D material comprising of sp2
hybridized carbon atoms.
Although it has single atom thickness yet it
can be seen with naked eye.
Covalent Bond
Carbon

17. Each atom has four bonds, three of which are σ and one is π-bond that
is oriented out of plane.
Its honeycomb like structure can bee seen with the help of :
• Transmission electron microscopy.
• Electron microscopy
• Optical microscope

18. Graphene
and
Other
allotropic
forms of
carbon

21. Mechanical Properties

22. • Strongest material ever
discovered, about 200 times more
stronger than steel with Young’s
Modulus of 1TPa. (for steel 0.2
Tpa).
• 1 square meter graphene
hammock would support a 4 kg
cat but would weigh only as much
as one of the cat's whiskers, at
0.77 mg.

23. This picture clarifies graphene’s
toughness, light weightness and
flexibility properties.
0.77mg of
graphene lifting
up a 4 kg cat.
Stronger than steel

24. Despite being the lightest known material… It’s also the strongest.

25. Perfect graphene can
take about 100
Gigapascals (14 million
pounds per square inch)
of force before it breaks.
But the imperfect
graphene the
researchers made can
withstand about 4
Megapascals (580
pounds per square inch).

26. • Thinnest imaginable 2D material, just one atom thickness.(~0.345 nm thick)
• Hardest known material, four times harder than diamond.
• Most stretchable crystal ,can stretch upto 20% of its total volume.

28. Optical
Properties

29.  One-atom-thick crystal.
 Can be seen with the naked eye.
 Absorbs approximately 2.3% of
white light while rest 97.7% is
transmitted.
FIG; 4 inch scale graphene film
on Stretchable Substrate

30. It would take 3 million stacked sheets of it to equal the width…

31. ...of a pencil tip (1mm thick).

33. • Charge carriers behave
massless
• High mobility
5000 W/mK.
• High electrical, 1million times more
conductive than copper
conductivity about
• Zero Band Gap
• Least Resistivity 10-6Ω cm

34. Flow of current

36. Graphene can self-repair holes in its
sheets, when exposed to molecules
containing carbon, such as
hydrocarbons.
Bombarded with pure carbon
atoms, the atoms perfectly align
into hexagons completely filling the
holes.
StructuralStructural

37. Length Of a
Hexagon side is
0.142 nanometers.

38.  Atoms have high degree of freedom due to 2D
structure and more production of phonons.
 Because of it’s large specific area, smaller mass
density, and larger number of phonons that
transmit the heat away makes it thermal
conductivity excellent.

39. It expands on cooling while shrinks on
heating.

40. APPLICATIONS

41. •Artificial muscels
•Aeroplanes
•Water distillation
•Glowing Wallpapers
•Rust Removal Forever
•Bionic Human
•Electrical appplications
•Super strong Body
Arms

43. • Very fast recharge
• Longer life span
• Two sheet of graphene with electrolyte
in between
• May replace batteries
• High surface to mass ratio
• Highest current retention time

44. • Flexible Smartphones
• Solar cells
• Integrated circuits
• Transparent conducting electrodes

45. 3rd day2nd day1st day
Longer life span

47. GRAPHENE
TRANSISTORS
• More efficient than silicon
transistors
• Easily controlled
• Enhanced speed
• Can run at higher frequency

48.  Will definitely replace silicon and germanium as a device
material.
 Conducting material on PCBs.
 Single molecule sensors
 Touchscreens
 Graphene chips.
 It will replace copper as conducting material

49. • Stiffer, stronger and
lighter plastics
• Speakers
• Microphones

50. • Frequency multiplier
• Optoelectronics
• Half effect sensors
• Quantum Dots
• Organic electronics
• Spintronics
• Conductive inks

51. • Frequency multiplier
• Optoelectronics
• Hall effect sensors
• Quantum dots
• Organic electronics
• Spintronics
• Conductive inks

52. Hall effect transisitors N-Doped Quantum dots Graphene-organic hybrid electronics
Spintronics Conductive inks

54. Water Filtration :
It allows nothing to pass through it
except water,so it is perfect way for
water purification.

55. Rust RemovalRust Removal
• Most impermeable material
• Can be applied over rusting
substances by mixing with paints as
anti-corrosion material.

56. One of the biggest problem of the world today is to
manage nuclear waste as it is extremely dangerous
and highly radioactive.
Can be used as radiations adsorbent and thus waste
can be disposed off.

57. Glowing
wallpapers

58. Graphene can be used for production LECs, inexpensive plastic-based lighting and
display components in the form of large flexible sheets. This kind of illumination or
display can be rolled up or can be applied as wallpaper or on ceilings.

59. It is attached to the rubber and polymers in
their stretching form, it contracts back with
these materials .It can be expanded again by
applying heat or electrical energy.

60. Night Vision CamerasNight Vision Cameras
If sensors of cameras are made from graphene, then it becomes
very easy to see in darkness.
So it is used for making night vision cameras and contact lenses.

61. Running shoes
Running shoes are made by combining with rubber
that are more stretch, flexible and durable.

62. Body armour
It can remain intact even if diamond is used to
perforate through it. Thus can be used to make super
strong body armour protecting the body.

63. Hair dying
Other hair diers are somewhat toxic while graphene
based hair diers are non-toxic, anti-bacterial and
thermal dissipation properties. A gel based on
graphene oxide is applied onto the hairs. Dyes can
remain even after more than 30 washes.

64. Detecting Cancer cells
Graphene can assist to detect cancer cells in the
body. Researchers in university of texas have
invented temporary Tatoos made from graphene
that can inform body’s vitals like dehydration, skin
temperature and even glucose level.

65. This idea arises in 1979 by arthur clark in a sci-fi novel
called the fountain of paradise. The elevator looked like a
tower having paper thin walls and hollow interior. Tower
was 12 miles apart and 22000 miles high.

66. • Tennis racquet
• Fuel from air
• Bionic human

67. Challenges and Limitations

68.  It is very costly to prepare it
 Very light and highly voluminous.
 Hard to produce
 Can’t work as a switch like silicon

69. Challenges Applications