- The document describes the design and testing of a homemade PVC wind turbine by students at Sagar Institute of Research & Technology in Bhopal. - It includes sections on the components of wind turbines, how PVC was used for the turbine blades, and the experimental setup testing the turbine's ability to generate power from wind energy using PVC blades. - The students found that the PVC blade profile generated better power capacity as the rotational speed of the rotor increased. Further testing is needed to confirm these initial results showing the potential of PVC blades for small wind turbines.

1. SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY-
EXCELLENCE, BHOPAL
DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
NEHAL AHMAD [Enroll. 16147M02071]
WASEEM AKHTAR [Enroll.
16147M02116]
SOMESH MATHORE [Enroll.
16147M02104]
"HOME MADE PVC WIND TURBINE"

2. INDEX
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Components
 Turbine Monitoring And Diagnostics
 Pvc Wind Turbine
 Operability
 Conclusion
 Referenced

3. ABSTRACT:
Growing concern for the environment degradation has led to the
world’s interest in renewable energy sources. Wind energy is
rapidly emerging as one of the most cost-effective forms of
renewable energy with very significant increases in annual
installed capacity being reported around the world. The favoured
form of turbines used for electricity generation purposes is the
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) with low solidity ratio
(ratio of blade area to swept area) and high tip speed ratio, λ =
ΩR/Vwind, where R is the radius of the blades and Vwind is the
wind velocity.

4. INTRODUCTION

5.  A wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind energy
converter, is a device that converts the wind's kinetic
energy into electrical energy.
 Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and
horizontal axis. The smallest turbines are used for applications
such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats
or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Larger turbines
can be used for making contributions to a domestic power
supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier
via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind
farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of
intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries
as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. One
assessment claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest
relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption
demands and... the most favourable social impacts" compared
to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas.

6. RESOURCES
Wind Power Density (WPD) is a quantitative measure of wind energy
available at any location. It is the mean annual power available per
square meter of swept area of a turbine, and is calculated for different
heights above ground. Calculation of wind power density includes the
effect of wind velocity and air density.[13]
Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for,
from class I to class III, with A to C referring to the turbulence intensity
of the wind. [14]

7. EFFICIENCY
Wind-to-rotor efficiency (including rotor blade friction and drag)
are among the factors impacting the final price of wind
power.[16] Further inefficiencies, such as gearbox losses, generator
and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind
turbine. To protect components from undue wear, extracted power
is held constant above the rated operating speed as theoretical
power increases at the cube of wind speed, further reducing
theoretical efficiency. In 2001, commercial utility-connected
turbines deliver 75% to 80% of the Betz limit of power extractable
from the wind, at rated operating speed

10. Parallel
The parallel turbine is similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal
fan. It uses the ground effect. Vertical axis turbines of this type
have been tried for many years: a unit producing 10 kW was built
by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s.

11. COMPONENTS

12. Wind turbines convert wind energy to electrical energy for
distribution. Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided
into three components:
The rotor, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost,
includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed
rotational energy.
The generator, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine
cost, includes the electrical generator,[43][44] the control
electronics, and most likely a gear box (e.g. planetary gear
box),[45] adjustable-speed drive or continuously variable
transmission[46] component for converting the low-speed
incoming rotation to high-speed rotation suitable for generating
electricity.
The surrounding structure, which is approximately 15% of the
wind turbine cost, includes the tower and rotor yaw
mechanism.[47]

13. TURBINE MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS
Turbine monitoring and diagnostics
Due to data transmission problems, structural health monitoring of
wind turbines is usually performed using several accelerometers
and strain gages attached to the nacelle to monitor the gearbox and
equipments. Currently, digital image correlation and
stereophotogrammetry are used to measure dynamics of wind
turbine blades. These methods usually measure displacement and
strain to identify location of defects. Dynamic characteristics of
non-rotating wind turbines have been measured using digital
image correlation and photogrammetry.[49]Three dimensional point
tracking has also been used to measure rotating dynamics of wind
turbines.[50]

14. NEW DESIGNS
As competition in the wind market increases, companies are seeking
ways to draw greater efficiency from their designs. One of the
predominant ways wind turbines have gained performance is by
increasing rotor diameters, and thus blade length. Retrofitting current
turbines with larger blades mitigates the need and risks associated
with a system-level redesign. As the size of the blade increases, its
tendency to deflect also increases. Thus, from a materials
Materials for blades
Some of the most common materials which are being used for turbine
blades now and will be in the future are summarized below:

15. PVC WIND TURBINE

16. PVC WIND TURBINE

17. Conceptual Development of the HAWT Figure 3 shows the
experimental setup of windmill using PVC as blade materials.
PVC blades are an excellent, quick, light, cheap and very easy.
There has been some development in using large diameter PVC
pipe as blade material. By cutting a PVC pipe lengthways and
reshaping the leading and trailing edge with a file, and achieve a
near perfect blade profile, and the process is simple.

18. Experimental Setup of HAWT Wind Mill

19. OPERABILITY

20. Wind turbines need regular maintenance to
stay reliable and available. In the best case turbines are available to
generate energy 98% of the time.[71][72]
Modern turbines usually have a small onboard crane for hoisting
maintenance tools and minor components. However, large heavy
components like generator, gearbox, blades and so on are rarely
replaced and a heavy lift external crane is needed in those cases. If
the turbine has a difficult access road, a containerized crane can be
lifted up by the internal crane to provide heavier lifting.[73]
MAINTENANCE

21. Repowering
Main article: Repowering
Installation of new wind turbines can be controversial. An
alternative is repowering, where existing wind turbines are
replaced with bigger, more powerful ones, sometimes in smaller
numbers while keeping or increasing capacity.
Demolition
Older turbines were in some early cases not required to be
removed when reaching the end of their life. Some still stand,
waiting to be recycled or repowered.[74][75]

22. CONCLUSION
On the earth, the search of safe clean and renewable energy is lesser, so
we should use maximum renewable energy of the earth as wind. The
mechanical and electrical energy is produced by wind energy using
wind turbine at high altitude and seashore and open spaces. The present
work demonstrates that PVC blade profile gives better power capacity
with respect to increase in rotational speed of rotor. Further testing is
required to confirm these initial tests. The project has proven to provide
very successful training in wind energy for engineering undergraduate
students.

23. REFERENCES:
1. Patel M.R. 1999. Wind and Solar Power Systems. CRC Press,
New York.
2. Burton T., Sharpe D., Jenkins N., Bossanyi E. 2001. Wind Energy
Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Spera D.A. 1994. Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental
Concepts of Wind Turbine Engineering. Chapter 9, ASME Press,
New York
4. Jagadeesh A. 2000. Wind energy development in Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh, IndiaInstitutional dynamics and barriers - A case
study. Energy Policy, 28 (1), 157-168.
5. MNES. 2006. Annual Report: 2005-06. Ministry of
Nonconventional Energy Sources, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

24. THANK YOU