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nflu jftfj/0f ldnfpg' lyof] .
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klg dflg;n] lsGb}g lyof], sf/0f pAhgL cToGt Go'g lyof] .
-u_ v]tL jiff{sf] e/n] x'GYof] . af]l/¨ tyf klDk¨;]6sf] Joj:yf lyPg .
s'jf vg]/ v]tdf kfgL k6fpg' kb{Yof] . kf]v/L tyf glbdf sf7sf]
s:g] -kfgL k6fpg] ef“8f]_ agfP/ xftsf] ann] kfgL k6fpg' kYof]{ .
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?kdf b]jfgu+h ahf/ hfg], Toxf“ gf:tf lrof vfg], r'/f]6 vfg], ;'tL{
;]jg ug]{ / kmls{bf lrofklQ, lrgL, ;'tL{ O= lsg]/ 3/df Nofpg] /
lgoldt ;]jg ug]{ afgL kl/jf/sf] pGgtLsf] d'Vo afws lyof] . d}n]
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u/fP / 3/ agfP . Tolt a]nf df w/fgdf :6fkmg;{df hflu/ ub{y] .

3/df d} d'Vo dflns lyP . gftfuf]tf tyf cGo kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?;+u
/fd|f] ;DaGw lyPg . d ;f]Rby] Pp6f /fd|f] kl/jf/sf] s]6L;+u d}n] ljjfx
u/]df d]/f] kl/jf/sf] eljio pHhjn x'G5 . ;f]lx cg';f/ ;Ltfk'/af6
ljjfxsf] k|:tfj cfp“bf 5fgljg ug{ nufP / d}n] /fd|f] vfgbfg ePsf]n]
ljjfx ug{ :jLsf/ u/] . Tolta]nf dnfO{ ef? #),)))÷– cfkmgf] OR5f
n] ltns lbg] k|:tfj ul/of] / d OR5fn] :jLsf/ u/] . d]/f] tkm{af6
s'g}klg bx]hsf] dfu d}n] ul/g / :j]R5fn] ljjfx k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/] .
ljjfx x'g' eGbf cuf8L tyf ljjfxsf] af/]df ;d]t ljleGg k|k+r /
hfnem]n d]/} gft]bf/x?af6 u/]sf] 36gf d]/f] lbdfudf tfb} h:tf]
nfUb5 . æs]6L sfnL 5ÚÚ, h:tf zAbx?n] d]/f] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?nfO{
e8sfpg] u/]sf] / ;f]sf] arfj d}n] lgs} s8f ;fy u/]sf] 36gf clxn]
klg d ;DemG5' . d}n] cfÏgf] kl/jf/sf] pGgtLsf] nflu h:tf] s]6L
vf]h]sf] lyP, To:t} kfPkl5 dnfO{ s'g} b'v];f] lyPg . xfd|f] kl/jf/Ls
hLjg clxn] ;Dd ;kmntfk"j{s rNb} 5 / cfp“bf lbgdf d O{Zj/n]
rnfpg' x'g]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf]5' .
;Gtfgsf] hGd M
;Gtfgsf] hGd M
;Gtfgsf] hGd M
;Gtfgsf] hGd Mljjfxsf] b'O{ jif{ kl5 ;g !((* cS6'a/ ! df d]/f]
5f]/f ;'/h s'df/ d]xtfsf] hGd w/fg c:ktfndf eof] . xfd|f] Pp6f
dfq 5f]/f 5 . uef{j:yfdf ;d:of b]lvPsf]n] z'? b]lv cGt ;Dd d]/L
>LdltnfO{ ;fjwfgL tyf Onfhdf a:g' k¥of] . lgoldt c:ktfn hf“r,
j]8/]i6, lgoldt cf}iflw ;]jg tyf k|fdz{n] cGtdf /fd|/L aRrfsf] hGd
eof] . uef{j:yfsf] lk8f d}n] clxn] ;Dembf klg dnfO{ 8/ nfU5 . t/
O{Zj/sf] s[kfn] /fd|f] eof] . d]/f] 5f]/fsf] gfd ;'/h s'df/ d]xtf, d]/L
>Ldlt n]] /fv]sL x'g . pgsf] cg';f/ ;'/h eg]sf] k|sfz xf] / xfd|f]
gfd /f];g u5{g eGg] p2]Zon] /flvPsf] xf] .
@=# kfl/jfl/s cj:yf M
@=# kfl/jfl/s cj:yf M d Pp6f wlgkl/jf/sf] ul/a a'jfsf] ul/a
;Gtfgsf] ?kdf cfkmgf] o'jf cj:yf ;Dd Joltt u/] . d]/f] xh'/a'jfsf]
rf/efO{ 5f]/fx? lyP, h;df d]/f] a'jf ;aeGbf sfG5f lyP .
xh'/a'jf;+u sl/a @% -klRr;_ lj3f hUuf lyP, h;df jxf“n] /fd|f]
vfn] ( -gf}+_ lj3f hUuf cf“km' ;+u /fvL af“ls rf/ efO{ df a/fa/ u/L
efu nufPsf] lyof] . hUufsf] pAhfn] jif{el/ vfg k'Ub}gYof] / C0f tyf
;fk6Ln] kl/jf/ rnfpg' kb{Yof] . hDdf gf} kl/jf/ -a'jf, cfdf, tLg
efO{ 5f]/f / $ hgf alxgL_ nfO{ kfng kf]if0f ug{ a'jfnfO{ ;fx|} ufx|f]
kYof]{ . a'jfsf] cfwfeGbf a9L pd]/ tgfa, shf{, cefj, tyf kl/aGb}
kl/aGbn] ljtfpg' eP / cGTodf sl/a $% jif{sf] cNkfo'df SofG;/
nfu]/ d[To'j/0f ug'{ eof] .
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"dL M
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"dL M xfd|f] k'vf}{nL 3/ xfnsf] ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] sf]zL
5]pdf lyof] . sf]zLsf] af9Ln] ;Dk"0f{ 3/ v]t s6fg ubf{ sl/a !%) jif{
cuf8L xfd|f] lhh'a'jf aRrf kl/of/ sf]O/L ;Kt/Laf6 ;'g;/Lsf] /fhu+h
l;d'af/L df a;fO{ ;/]sf] xf] / jxf“sf] Pp6} 5f]/f wd'{bf; sf]O/L lyof] .
jxf“sf] klg Pp6} 5f]/f gf/fo0f bf; sf]O/L lyof] h'g d]/f] xh'/ a'jf xf] .
xh'/a'jf -gf/fo0f bf; sf]O/L_ ;dfh;]js x'g'x'GYof] . jxf“n] ufp“df
:s"nsf] :yfkgf u/fpg' eof] . jxf“ tTsfnLg e'ld;'wf/ of]hgf cGtu{t
;+rflnt wd{ avf/L sf] ;lrj x'g'x'GYof] . xh'/a'af ;dfhsf] Pp6f
k|ltli7t JolQmTj x'g'x'GYof] . c+zj08f kl5 jxf“ h]7f] a'jf -;/o'u d]xtf_
;+u a:g yfNg' eof] / cfkmgf] lhljsf sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ 7"nf]a'jfnfO{
pkof]u ug{ lbg' eof] . hLjgsf] pQ/fw{df jxf“ dxGt -;Gt_ aGg' eof]
/ sl/a (% jif{sf] cfo'df k|f0f TofUg' eof] .
d]/f] a'jfsf] hLjgL M
d]/f] a'jfsf] hLjgL M d]/f] a'jf -:j=efujt d]xtf_ rf/ efO{ 5f]/f dWo]
sfG5f] x'g'x'GYof] . jxf“ sIff ( ;Dd xl/gu/f :s"ndf k9g' eof] . t/
P;=Pn=;L= kf; ug{ ;Sg' ePg . d]/f] a'jfsf] hLjg sfn d]xgt gul/
ljTof] . jxf“ k9fOdf Wofg lbg' x'b}g lyof] . jxf“nfO{ :s"n hfg, Pp6f
5'§} 3f]8fsf] Joj:yf lyof], t/ jxf“ :s"n guO{ af6f] d} jf xl/du/f
ahf/df ;do ljtfO{ 5'§L ePkl5 3/ kms{g' x'GYof] . / k9fO{nfO{ dxTj
lbg' x'Gg lyof], sf/0f kl/jf/df sf]lx klg k9]sf] lyPg / jxf“ sfG5f]
5f]/f ePsf] / ;DklQ k|of{Kt ePsf]n] o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] x'g ;S5 .
jxf“ k9g grfx]sf]n] e};L x]g{ sfdtdf -u]nxfjf8L, xfn sf] k'j{–s'zxf_
lhDdf lbOof] . jxf“ vfgkfgsf] lgs} ;f]lvg x'g'x'GYof] . d]/f] a'jfsf]

ljjfx sl/a !& jif{sf] pd]/df dWox?;fxLdf v'aL dxtf]sf] 5f]/L;+u
;DkGg eof] . v'aL dxtf] To; a]nfsf] gfdrn]sf] JolQm x'g'x'GYof] .
ljjfxsf] a]nf d]/f] cfdfsf] pd]/ sl/a !)–!@ jif{sf] dfq lyof] .
a'jfsf] efO{x?sf] lardf c+zj08f x'“bf, d]/f] a'jf;+u sl/a ;f9] tLg
lj3f hUuf dfq lyof] . Tolt j]nf d]/f] hGd ePsf] lyof] . ljefhg kl5
d]/f] a'jfsf] sf“wdf 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L cfof] / To;kl5 cfly{s cj:yf klg
;jn gePsfn] jxf“sf] hLjg ;+3if{do tyf cefju|:t x'g' yfNof] .
jxf“n] kl/jf/ rnfpg C0f tyf ;fk6L lng z'? ug'{ eof] / cj:yf
cToGt gfh's eof] . gfgf n] dWo;fxLdf !) s77f hUuf lbg' ePsf]
lyof], Tof] Pp6f kfgL tfGg] sn ;femfaf6 dfdfn] lbnfO{ lbbf kl5 C0f
/ Aofh ltbf{ pQm hUuf dfdfn] km]l/ lkmtf{ lng' eof] . cfkm"n] nufpg]
38L ;d]t jxf“n] a+wls /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . cfdf;+u ePsf] uxgfx/
PsPs ul/ ;a} l;Wofpg' eof] . yf]/} k};f sf] a9L Ahfon] ubf{ ePsf
;a] u/uxgfx? a]Rg' k¥of] . cfdf;+u sl/a b'O{ lsnf] rf“bL tyf @ tf]nf
;'gsf uxgfx? lyP. d ;fgf] 5bf w]/} h;f] ;do gfgf–gfgL;+u
dfjnLdf ljtfpy] .
d]/f] hGd /fhu+h l;g'jf/L jf8{ g+= % df @)@@ ;fn sflQ{sdf ePsf]
xf] . t/ gful/stf l56f] kfpg' / hGdsf] pNn]v gePsf]n] d]/f] hGd
ldlt gful/stf agfpgsf] nflu @)!(÷(÷!% ut] n]vfOPsf] xf] .
d klg ;fgf] pd]/df v]ns'b tyf dfofddtfn] k9fO{df Wofg lbGgy] .
3/sf] jftfj/0f cwoogsf] nflu gePsf] / lgb]{zg lbg]sf] cefjn]
o:tf] ePsf] x'g;S5 . t/ a'jfn] hg b'Mv kfpg' yfNg' eof], clg
jxf“nfO{ r]tgf eof] 5]f/f nfO{ k9fpg' k5{ / a'jfn] dnfO{ k9gsf] nflu
bafa lbg yfNg' eof] .
kl/jf/sf] c+zj08f kl5sf] cj:yf M
kl/jf/sf] c+zj08f kl5sf] cj:yf M a'jfsf] b]xfGt kl5 d}n] ;DklQsf]
c+zj08fsf] k|lqmof cuf8L a9fP . sl/a @% lj3f hUuf ;uf]ndf lyof]
. * lj3f hlt 7"nf] a'jf ;/o'u d]xtf / c? xh'/a'jfsf] gfddf lyof] .
c+zj08fdf 7"nf] a'jf jfws lyof] . lhjLsfsf] * lj3f hldg klg jxf“n]
g} k|of]u ug'{ x'GYof] . w]/] d]xgt, k|of;, rfs8L tyf ;+3if{ kl5 d}n]
b'Oj6f sfsfx? nvg d]xtf / ;'d/lt d]xtfnfO{ c+zj08fsf] nflu /fhL
u/fP / kl5 ;/o'u d]xtf klg /fhL x'g'eof] . b'O{ lj3f hUuf lhljsfdf
xh'/cfdf nfO{ lbg] zt{df jxf“x? c+zj08fsf] nflu /fhL x'g'eof] /
cGTodf ;a} ;d:ofs]f ;dfwfg d}n] u/] / c+zj08f u/fP kl5
lhljsfdf lbO{Psf] b'O{ lj3f hUuf dWo] Ps lj3f hUuf xh'/ cfdfnfO{
kmsfO{ 7"nf] a'jfn] cfkmgf] 5f]/f lji0f' sfGtsf] gfddf kf; u/fP .
pQm c+zj08f kl5 xfd|f] bfh'efO{sf] ;DaGwdf lgs} kl/jt{g eof] . xfdL
klg hldgsf] dflns eof] . sfsfx? klg v'lz eP . t/ 7"nf] a'jf /
pgsf 5f]/fx? 56k6fpg yfn] . d}n] c+zj08f u/fpbf s;}sf] klg xfgL
gf]S;fgL u/fpg] r]i6f ul/g . ;fob To;}n] O{Zj/n] dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{
eof] .
7"nf] a'jfsf] kl/jf/n] c?sf] ;DklQsf] xs df/]/ vfPsf]n] xf]nf
kfl/jfl/s ;+j[l4 tyf ;Ddfg lbgsf lbg 36b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
c+zj08fsf] a]nf d]/f] a'jfn] lng' ePsf] C0fsf] lx;fa ubf{ sl/a ^)–
&) xhf/ hlt lyof] . a'jfsf] b]xfGt kl5 d}n] ;a} C0f /sdx? af/]
vf]htnf; u/] . d}n] vf]Hb} hfbf xl/; df/jf8L ;“u !^,)))÷–
tg'snfn d]xtf -sfsf_ ;+u *,)))÷– z+s/k'/df Ps hgf Jofkf/L ;+u
%,)))÷– cGo shf{x? #)–$) x/ hlt lyP . w]/} hgf;“u t lnvt
klg lyPg . d'vsf] e/n] shf{x? / Aofhb/sf] lgwf{/0f lyof] . lgs} s8f
Aofhb/ -%∞ k|lt dlxgf ;Dd_ df slt k};f lng' ePsf] lyof] . jxf“n]
tLgj6f 5f]/Lx? -sdnL, ljdnL / ldgf_ sf] ljxfsf] nflu C0f lng'sf]
;fy} b}lgs 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu C0f lng' ePsf] lyof] .
c+zj08f ubf{ d}n] xfd|f] lx:;fsf] Ps lj3f b'O{ s67f hUuf dfq ?= $@
xhf/df 7"nf] a'jfnfO{ C0f r'Qmf ug{ kf; ul/ lbP pQm hUuf lbg' klg
c+zj08fsf] nflu ;xdt x'g' d'Vo cfwf/ lyof] . d}n] hUuf a]r]afktsf]
/sdaf6 s]lx shf{ tyf kl5 gf]s/L af6 sdfpb} C0f ltg{ yfn] . b'O{–

tLg jif{df d}n] ;a} shf{x/ lt/] / a'jfsf] lkt[ C0faf6 d'Qm eP .
zfob a'jfsf] d[t cfTdfn] dnfO{ cflzjf{b lbg' x'g]5 eGg] cfzf 5 .
uf“psf] 3/
uf“psf] 3/
uf“psf] 3/
uf“psf] 3/ -
-
-
-/fhu+h_ s;/L agfP M
/fhu+h_ s;/L agfP M
/fhu+h_ s;/L agfP M
/fhu+h_ s;/L agfP M c+zj08f u/]kl5 @)%@ ;fndf 3/
glhssf] hdLgx? $ efu nufpbf d]/f] 3/ /x]sf] 7fp“ ;'dl/t sfsfd
kg{ uof] . h;n] dnfO{ gof“ 3/ agfpg' k¥of] . d}n] k'/fgf 3/sf ;a}
vDafx? -sf7sf]_ hDdf kf/] . d}n] Tolta]nf sl/a ?= %&,)))÷–
cfÏgf] tna af6 tyf C0f / k]ZsL lnP/ pQm 3/ agfP . Tolta]nfsf]
;dodf b'Otn] kf“rsf]7f ePsf] 3/ agfpg' 7]s]bf/ nfO{ ;ft xhf/,
l6gf !%,)))÷– ns8L s6fO{ !),)))÷– tyf cGo vr{x? ;a} d}n]
:jo+ Joxf]/]sf] lyP . d}n] cfÏgf] k|of;df Tolta]nf Toqf] 7"nf] 3/
agfpbf dnfO{ uj{sf] dx;'; eof] . d}n] slxn] klg cfkmgf] :jfy{sf]
ljrf/ ul/g / ;a} efO{x?n] ;dfg ?kn] k|of]u u/f]; eGg] dg;foaf6
pQm 3/ agfOPsf] xf] .
lj/f6gu/sf] 38]/L s;/L lsg]
lj/f6gu/sf] 38]/L s;/L lsg] MMMM d}n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfaf6 /fhLgfdf
lb“bf cf}ifwL vr{ jfkt s]lx /sd / s]lx /sd ;+rosf]ifsf] d ;+u lyof]
. d}n] d]/f ;fyLx? uofgGb d+8n, /fdfgGb rf}w/L tyf cf]d k|sfz
>Ljf:tj ;+u s]xL k};f ;fk6L lnP / ;;'/fnLaf6 ?= !),)))÷– dfu],
u/uxgf lwtf] /fv], / k|lti7fgaf6 # dlxgfsf] cu|Ld tna k]ZsL ;d]t
lnP/ hUuf lsGg] cf“6 u/] . dnfO{ hUuf lsGgdf d]/f] gft]bf/ lj/]Gb|
k|;fb d]xtf -lj/]Gb| ;/_ sf] 7"nf] e'ldsf 5 . d}n] 8]9nfvsf] b/n] !%
w'/ hUuf sl/a ! nfv !% xhf/df h]gt]g kf; u/fP, h'g d]/f] wf]sf]
w]/} cuf8L b]lv lyof] .
dnfO{ hUuf lsGgdf ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] / dbt ug'{x'g] lj/]Gb| d]xtf;/,
d+8nhL, /dfgGbhL tyf cf]dk|sfz ;/nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
lj/f6gu/sf] 3/]8Lsf] hUufdf d}n] ?= ! nfv #) xhf/ vr{ ul/
rf/}lt/ afpG8«L jfn tyf k5f8L @ sf]7fsf] ?dx? 6jfOn]6 jfy?d
;d]t agfP / ef8fdf nufO lbP .
d]/f] hLjgsf] tLy{ ofqf / k'hfkf7 M
d]/f] hLjgsf] tLy{ ofqf / k'hfkf7 M hLjgsf] k"jf{w df d O{Zj/k|lt
Tolt cf:yfjg lyOg / ef}ltsjfb tyf d]xgtdf ljZjf; ub{y] .
lj:tf/} hLjgdf 36b} uPsf] 36gfx? tyf hLjgdf cfOk/]sf
;d:ofx?nfO{ cg'ej ub}{ hfbf O{Zj/ k|ltsf] cf:yfdf j[l4 x'b} cfof] .
d d]xgt df ljZjf; u5'{ t/ O{Zj/sf] ;Demgfn] zflGt lbG5 / s'g}
;xf/f gx'bf cfzfsf] ls/0f lbg] cfwf/ x'G5 eGg] cg'ej k|fKt u/] .
d lj=Pg= k9bf b]lv al9 k"hfkf7 tyf O{Zj/dfly cf:yf /fVg k'u] .
sf7df8f}df lj=Pg= k9bf 3/df ^–& dlxgfsf] 5f]/f lyof] / lgoldt
Zjf;k|:jf;sf] /f]un] RofkL /xGYof] . Tolta]nf df]afOnsf] l;:6d lyPg
. xf]:6ndf kmf]g cfp5 ls s'g'{ kb{Yof] . 6fOd ldnfP/ kmf]g ug{' kYof]{ .
ufp“df kmf]g lyPg . kmf]g ug{ Og?jf cyjf lj/f6gu/ cfpg' kb{Yof] .
kl5 d]/f] ufp lg/sf] ahf/ b]jfgu+hdf lk=;L=cf]= kmf]g a'y ;'? eof] /
xKtf jf @ xKtfdf ! k6s kmf]gdf s'/f x'GYof] .
kmf]g xf]:6ndf cfp“bf afh]n] gfd af]nfO{ xNnf ul/ va/ ug'{ x'GYof] .
Tolta]nf 5f]/f lj/fdL af/Da/ kg]{ x'bf kmf]gd} cf}iflw atfpy] / lsg]/
v'jfOGYof] . o:tf] l;nl;nf @ jif{ ;Dd rNof] . kl5 >Ldlt nfO{ ;d]t
gzfsf] ;d:of b]vf k¥of] . d}n] k9fO{sf] ;fy ;fy} ;fgf] aRrf, >Ldlt,
cfdf tyf efO{alxgLsf] ;d]t Vofn /fVg' kb{Yof] .
o;/L dfgl;s tgfa a9b} hfbf d sf7df8f} df a;'Gh]n k|fo
kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ hfg] ub{Yof] . Toxf“ Ps–b'O{ 3+6f lgoldt ?kdf
ljtfpy] / dg zfGt ePkl5 km]/L xf]:6]ndf uP/ k9g] ub{y] . d}n]
sf7df8f}sf] k|foM ;a} dlGb/sf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf] 5' . r08Lu9df k9bf
d}n] r08Lu9sf] ;a} dlGb/sf] e|d0f tyf pQ/ ef/tsf] k|foM ;a} k|d'v
tLy{x? dg;fb]jL, j}zgjb]jL, lt?ktL, sfnsf O=sf= bz{g tyf k'hf
ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/] .
d}n] ef/tsf] tLy{x?df lt?klt, j}zgjb]jL, sfnLdlGb/ snstf,
sGofs'df/L dlGb/, ;f“O{afaf dlGb/ k'§fktL{ nufot ljleGg dlGb/ tyf
b]jfnodf k"hfkf7 tyf bz{g ug]{ df}sf kfP / cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL

7fGb5' . d}n] k"hfkf7 tyf O{Zj/;+u k|fy{gf ubf{ d]/f] >LdtL sf]
:jf:Yonfe, 5f]/fsf] /fd|f] k9fO{, kl/jf/sf] ;'v, lk=Pr=l8= l8u|L sf]
nflu k|fy{gf ug]{ ub{5' / O{Zj/n] ;f]lx cg';f/ dnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ d]/f
OR5fx? kl/k'lt{ ub}{ cfpg' ePsf]5 . d O{Zj/nfO{ x[bo b]lv wGojfb
lbg rfxG5' / cfpbf lbgdf s[kf agfO{ /x]f; eGg] sfdgf ub{5' . d}n]
3/df Psk6s 7"nf] k'hf /fv]sf] lyP . h;df efujt >j0f tyf
ci6ofd lyof] . d}n] k"0f{?kdf pQm efujt syfsf] >j0f u/] . d}n]
efujt syfaf6 a]b df pNn]lvt hLjg lhpg] snf ;DalGw dxTjk"0f{
1fg k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ kfP .
d}n] syfdf >j0f u/]sf 1fg, h'g wd{u|Gy x?sf] ;|f]t xf] af6 s] yfxf
kfP eg] dflg; sd{cg';f/ kmn kfpb5 . dflg; cfkmgf] sfo{df r'Sg'
x'b}g . kl/0ffd l9nf] rf8f] cjZo kfOG5 . JolQmsf] ;Tsd{ af6 kl/jf/
/ ;dfhsf] pTyfg / ljsf; x'G5 eg] Tolx g} wd{ xf] . ;Tosf] af6f]
slxn] TofUg' x'b}g . cfkmgf] kmfObfsf] nflu unt af6f] ckgfpg' kfk
xf] . c?nfO{ b'v lbg' kfk xf] / c?nfO{ d2t ug'{ jf ;xof]u ug'{ k'0o
xf] . ;a} lbg a/fa/ x'G5 . s'g} klg hft, lbg, ;do /fd|f] g/fd|f] x'b}g .
a|fxd0fx?n] cfÏgf] lhljsf]kfh{g ug{ tyf ;dfhdf lgoGq0f /fVg'
pklgifbsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g . a]b d"n zf:q xf], oxf“ ;Gtfg hGdfpg'
b]lv lnP/ o'jf cj:yf, of}jg cj:yf, j[4 cj:yfsf] st{Josf] ;fy} d[To'
;+:sf/ af/] ;d]t pNn]v 5g . dflg;n] Ps k6s ab] tyf uLtfsf]
cWoog ug{' k5{ .
d]/f] a'jfsf] b]
d]/f] a'jfsf] b]
d]/f] a'jfsf] b]
d]/f] a'jfsf] b]xfGt / To; kl5sf] d]/f] lhDd]jf/L M
xfGt / To; kl5sf] d]/f] lhDd]jf/L M
xfGt / To; kl5sf] d]/f] lhDd]jf/L M
xfGt / To; kl5sf] d]/f] lhDd]jf/L M d]/f a'jf ;fgf] pd]/
b]lv lgoldt lrof vfg], ;'tL{ vfg], r'/f]6 ;]jg ug]{ / vfgkfgsf]
;f}lvg x'g'x'GYof] . 3/sf] sfG5f] 5f]/f ePsf]n] ;a}n] jxf“nfO{ dfof
ug'{x'GYof], t/ jxf“nfO{ cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w c+zj08f u/]kl5 eof] .
jxf“sf] pd]/ $* jif{ k'Ubf k]6b'Vg] ;d:of z'? eof] / Onfh z'? eof] .
d g]kfnu+hsf] kl/jf/ lgof]hgdf sfd ub}{ ubf{ @)$* ;fn lt/ dnfO{
crfgs cfjf -cfsf;jf0fL va/_ k7fOof] / d gfO6a;af6 t'?Gt
lj/f6gu/ cfOk'u] . lj/f6gu/ cfpbf a'jfnfO{ Onfhsf] nflu k'l0f{of -
ef/t_ nu]sf] lyof] / d k'l0f{of hfbf jxfnfO{ Onfhkl5 cfdf / pd]z
d]xtfn] lnP/ lkmtf{ 6«]g :6]zgdf kms{b} x'g'x'GYof] .
k'l0f{ofaf6 6«]gdf cfO{ /flt hf]uagLsf] Kn]6 kmd{df /ft ljtfP .
ef]lnkN6 a'jfnfO{ sf]zL c+rn c:ktfndf egf{ u/fP . d]l8sn jf8{df
!% lbg /fv]kl5 SofG;/sf] z+sf u/]/ jL/ c:ktfndf l/km/ u/] . sf]zL
c+rn c:ktfndf egf{ /x]sf] a]8df d / d]/L cfdfn] !% lbg ;Dd
lgoldt x]/rfx uy]{ . Onfh ug{ jL/c:ktfn nUg dnfO{ uf]ljGbk'/afnf
-ljxf/L dxtf]_ gft]bf/n] ?= &)))÷– dbt ug'{eof] / C0f lnP/ d
a'jfnfO{ lj/c:ktfn nu] / Toxf“ !% lbg hlt egf{ u/fO{ Onfh u/fP .
jL/ c:ktfndf Onfh u/fpbf d]/f] ;fyL pd]z d]xtf / d b'O{ hgf
dfq lyof} . kfnf] kfnf] u/L gfO6df a:Yof] / lgs} d]xgtsf ;fy !%
lbg;Dd a'jfsf] ;]jf u/] .
jL/ c:ktfndf ;Dk"0f{ hf“r kl5 k]6sf] SofG;/ clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf]
kQf nfUof] / km}ln;s]sf]n] Onfh ug{ g;Sg] / af“Rg] ;Defjgf yf]/} lbg
/x]sf] hfgsf/L 8f= nf]sljqmd yfkfn] dnfO{ lbOof] . a'jfsf] cfo' s]xL
xKtf dfq 5 , eGbf d]/f] hLjgsf] ;aeGbf b'Mvsf] If0f x'g k'Uof] . of]
va/ d}n] d]/f] ;fyL pd]z d]xtfnfO{ dfq eg] / c? s;}nfO{ klg elgg
. 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ a'jfnfO{ l7s x'G5 eGg] em'7f] cfZjf;g lbb}
cf}iflw 3/d} a;]/ vfg' k5{ eGb} 3/ NofOof] . sl/a ! xKtf kl5 jxf“sf]
b]xfGt eof] .
pQm ! xKtf d]/f] hLjgsf] Pp6f b'vb IF0f lyof] . d}n] ;a} lk8fx?
cfkm";+u} /fv] . cfdfnfO{ klg d}n} hfgsf/L u/fOg sf/0f jxf“ lrlGtt
x'g'x'GYof] . d]/f efO{alxgLx? klg ;fgf ePsf / # hgf alxgLx? sf]
ljjfx eP/ uO{ ;s]sfn] 3/df ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L d}n] PSn} af]Sg' k¥of] .
d}n] Tolt a]nf a'jfsf] OR5f cg';f/ k'hfkf7 / dgsf] zflGtsf] nflu
wfdL emf“qmL ;d]t nufO{ a'jfnfO{ cfTd;Gt'i6L lbg] lgs} k|of; u/] .
jxf“klg dg]{ a]nfdf eGg'eof], ædnfO{ ca s'g} lrGtf 5}g, d}n] ltdLnfO{

of] kl/jf/ lhDdf nufP/ hfb}5'ÚÚ . dnfO{ Tolta]nf 5f]/f ePsf] /
cfkmgf] st{Jo k'/f u/]sf]df uj{ dx;'; eof] / kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/L
af]Sg' k5{ eGg] k|]/0ff k|fKt eof] .
/flt !) ah]lt/ a'jfsf] b]xfGt eof] . Psl5g kl5 ;a} gft]bf/x?
cfkmgf] cfkmgf] 3/lt/ nfu] d /ftel/ a'jfsf] nf;sf] 5]pdf 3/s]f
j/08fdf cfdfnfO{ sfvdf /fvL, jxf“nfO{ ;Demfpb} /ft ljtfP . dnfO{
pQm /fltdf dx;'; u/]sf] PSnf]kg / b'Mv cem} d]/f] lbdfudf tfhf
h:tf] nfU5 . d}n] cfdfnfO{ ;Demfpby] cfdf lrGtf gug'{; d 5', of]
kl/jf/sf] lhDdf d]/f] xf] / ;f]xL jrg k'/f ug{ dnfO{ clxn] klg
efO{x?nfO{ ljefhg eP/ a:g lbg dgn] dfGb}g . efO{x?nfO{ d}n] 5f]/f
h:tf] Jojxf/ u/] / pgLx?sf] pGglt / k|ultsf] nflu d}n] ;s] hlt
k|of; u/] .
ha a'jf lj/f6gu/ c:ktfndf egf{ x'g'x'GYof] . jxf“nfO{ efg kl/;s]sf]
lyof], ls d ca aflRbg, To;}n] jxf“n] pd]z d]xtf -d]/f ;fyL_ nfO{
eGg'x'GYof], d df lsg k};f vr{ ub}{5, d t ca aflRbg .
a'jfsf] b]xfGt kl5 dnfO{ k"0f{ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ljxf/L dxtf] tyf pd]z
d]xtfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ d x[bob]lv wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . d]/f] a'jfn]
;a}nFO{ dg]{ a]nfdf eGg'x'GYof], dnfO{ dg'{sf] ca s'g} 8/ 5}g, dnfO{
d]/f] 5]f/fn] w]/} ;]jf u¥of] / d}n] d]/f] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ a'jf ;/xsf] lhDdf
/fdz/0f n] lnG5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 . t;y{, xfn;Dd klg d]/f] x[bodf
d]/f] efO{alxgLx?sf] Pstf / pGgtL d]/f] bfloTj ;DemG5' / OZj/n]
cfp“bf lbgdf klg ;f] p2Zo k'/f ug{ zlQm b]cf]; eGg] k|fy{gf ub{5' .
d]/f] efO{nfO{ d}n] @! xhf/ tna k]ZsL tyf ;fyLefO{;+u ;fk6L lnP/
k;n vf]lnlbP . Ps 8]9 jif{ ;Dd k;n /fd|f] rNof] . k;n /fd|f] rNg
yfNbf p;n] kl/jf/ tyf dnfO{ ;d]t jf:tf ug{ 5f]8of] / cfkm' v'zL
hLjgnfO{ /dfOnf] ;fy ljtfpg yfNof] / vr{sf] lx;fj ;d]t /fVg
5f]8of] . kl5 w]/} cK7of/f]df k¥of] / p;n] sl/a $),)))÷– ?= shf{
k;nsf] b]vfof] . clg d}n] pQm ;a} shf{x? lt/] / efO{nfO{ C0f d'Qm
u/fO{ lbP . d]/f] hLjgsf] of] Pp6f b'Mvb 36gf lyof] .
ha d}n] d]/f] dflxnf] efO{ lzjr/0f d]xtfnfO{ 3/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk],
To;kl5 p /fd|f] ub{}Yof] / kl5 JolQmut :jfy{df nfu] . p;n] d ;+u
;Nnfx gu/L a}+saf6 ?= ^),)))÷– lgsfnL sf/f]af/ u/] . dnfO{ o;
36gfn] cToGt ddf{xt agfof] . lzjr/0f sf] pGgltsf] nfuL d}n] w]/}
;xof]u u/] . p;nfO{ cf}iflw k;n ;+rfngsf] nfuL t}of/ ug{ Pp6f
k;n vf]Ng nufO{ pSt k;ndf sfd l;sfpg k7fpg yfn] . z'?sf
lbgx?df p;n] /fd|/L Wofg lbPg / w]/} cf}iflw tyf ;fdfgx?sf]
b'?kof]u u/] . kl5 p;nfO{ r]tgf eof] / k;nsf] sfd /fd|/L ug{ yfn]
. clxn] dlxnf] efO{ lzjr/0f n] k;n klg /fd|/L rnfp5 , ;fdfGo
pkrf/x? klg u5{g tyf p;n] b]jfgu+hdf Pp6f 3/ ;d]t agfPsf]5
/ 5f]/fnfO{ lj/f6gu/df k9fpb}5 . d cToGt v'zL 5' p ca cfÎgf]
hLjg kydf /fd|/L lxGg yfn]5 . d]/f] sfG5f] efO{ df klg w]/} ;'wf/
cfPsf]5 t/ k"0f{ ?kn] ;Ifd ePsf] 5}g . d]/f] k|jn OR5f 5 d]/f
efO{x? cfÎgf]–cfÎgf] sf/f]af/ u/f]; t/ cfdf af“r'Gh]n ;Dd ;+u}
a;f];, o;jf6 cfdfnfO{ tyf pgLx? nfO{ ;d]t kmfObf k'U5 .

kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b–
–
–
–#
#
#
#
cWoogsf] ljj/0f
cWoogsf] ljj/0f
cWoogsf] ljj/0f
cWoogsf] ljj/0f
#=!= :s'n cWoog -P;=P;=;L=;Dd_
#=@ sn]h cWoog -cfO{=P;L=b]lv Pd=P;L=;Dd_
#=# gl;{¨ cWoogdf s;/L k|j]z u/]
#=$ lj=Pg= cWoog sf] cg'ej
#=% Pd=P;L=gl;{¨ cWoog d]/f] hLjgsf] 7"nf] l;sfO{
#=^ lk=Pr=8L=cWoog
#=! :s'n cWoog
#=! :s'n cWoog
#=! :s'n cWoog
#=! :s'n cWoog -
-
-
-P;=Pn=;L=;Dd_ M
P;=Pn=;L=;Dd_ M
P;=Pn=;L=;Dd_ M
P;=Pn=;L=;Dd_ M d]/f :s"nsf lbgx? ;Dembf
clxn] klg d]/f] cf“vfaf6 cf“;' cfp“5 . 3/sf] b}lgo cj:yf / c?
kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?sf] c;xof]usf] sf/0f d]/f] xl/gu/f :s'nsf] k9fO{
cToGt si6s/ lyof] . :s"n lkm dfl;s ?kdf -sl/a *–( ?=_ ltg{,
lstfa, slk lsGg k};f gx'g', gf:tf vfg] k};f gkfpg' d]/f] nflu
;fdfGo s'/f lyof] . vfnL v'§f :s"n hfg' d]/f] efUo d} n]v]sf] lyof],
rKkn aNntNn lsg]/ nufpg kfO{GYof] . P;=P;=;L= lbg] a]nf ;Dd
h'Qf nufpg kfPsf] lyOg . vfnL v'§f lxGbf d]/f] uf]8f tyf P]8L d
b/f/ k/]/ ;f“em tftf] kfgLdf ;]s]/ t]n nufO{ /flt ;'Tg] uy]{ . 3/df
cfdf ;'Ts]/L x'“bf, ;fgf] efO{alxgLx? lj/fdL kbf{, cfdf lj/fdL kbf{ tyf
3/df lsxn] sfxL rfjn gx'“bf slt lbg ?b} ef]s} :s"n uPsf] 36gf
clxn] klg ;Demgf cfp“5 .
d k9gdf /fd|f] ePsf]n] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? vf;ul/ 7"nf] a'jf /
jxf“sf] kl/jf/ O{Zof{ EFfjn] ;xof]u ug'{ x'Gg lyof], ha d]/f] xh'/j'jf (
lj3f hUuf lhljsf lnP/ jxf“;+u} a:b} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . :s"ndf d]/f]
k9fO{ /fd|f] ePsf]n] dnfO{ Tolt a]nfsf] k|wfgfWofks u'g]Zj/ k|;fb
ofbj, c+u|]hL lzIfs lht]Gb| nfn bf;, lj1fg lzIfs uh]Gb| k|;fb
ofbj, sljn]Zj/ k|;fb ofbj, tyf cGo lzIfsx/n] dfof tyf ;xof]u
ug'{ x'GYof] / d]/f] :s'n lkm=cfwf ldgxf ul/lbg' x'GYof], ;fy} x]f:6ndf
a;]sf] a]nf cfwf ldgxf ul/ lbg' x'GYof] . lkm, ;dodf gltbf{ ;xof]u
ug'{ x'GYof] .
udL{ ofddf laxfg ^ ah]lt/ :s'n ;+rfng x'GYof], Tolta]nf 3/af6
:s"n hfg' ;lsb}g lyof] . ljxfgsf] :s"n #–$ dlxgf /x]sf] a]nfdf dfdf
3/df a:g] ub{y] . Toxf“ d]/f] 7"nL cfdfsf] 5f]/f /fde"if0f d]xtf a:g'
x'GYof] . jxf“ cToGt enfbdL, ;Hhg tyf s]xL gaf]Ng] :jfefjsf]
x'g'x'GYof] . jxf“ h:tf] klg ;d:of cfPklg ;x]/ a:g'x'GYof] . jxf“af6
dnfO{ k9fO{df w]/} ;xof]u ldNYof] / jxf“af6 hLjgdf lgs} k|]/0ff tyf
;Nnfx kfPsf] dnfO{ ce}m ;Demgf 5 . jxf“sf] ;xof]u / ;'emfjx?sf]
nflu jxf“nfO{ x[boaf6 wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
dfdf 3/ df #–$ dlxgf a:bf klg cj:yf h:tfsf] To:t} dx;'; uy]{ .
Toxf“ vfgkfg tyf Jojxf/df ;dfgtf gkfpbf a:g dg ub}}{gYof] .
ljxfgsf] :s'n ;dfKt x'g] ljlQs} d cfkmgf] 3/ /fhu+h uO{ xfNy] .
hadf sIff & df k'u] clg udL{ dlxgfsf] ljxfgsf] :s'nsf] ;dodf
xf]:6]n a:g yfn] . ha d sIff & df k'u] clg 7"nf] a'afsf] 5f]/fsf]
ljjfxdf ;fOsn lbPsf] lyof] . pQm ;fOsn lnP/ d s]lx lbg :s"n
hfg yfn] t/ jxf“x?n] k|of]u u/]sf] ckzAb tyf 3[0ff efjn] pQm
;fOsn rnfpg 5f]l8lbP . d xl/gu/f :s"ndf k9bf d}n] ef]u]sf]
;d:ofx? w]/} j0f{g ug{ rfxlbg lsgsL o;n] d]/f] x[bodf gd]l6g] 5fk
5f]8sf] 5 . dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] u'g]Zj/ ;/, uh]Gb|;/, u+uf;/,
lht]Gb|;/ tyf cGo ;fyL x?nfO{ x[bo b]vL wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
P;=Pn=;L= kl/Iffsf] 36gfnfO{ ;Dembf M
P;=Pn=;L= kl/Iffsf] 36gfnfO{ ;Dembf M xl/gu/f :s'ndf 6]i6–kl/Iff
kf; u/]kl5 P;=Pn=;L= lbg xfdLnfO{ Og?jf hfg' kb{Yof] . xfd|f] ;]G6/
eujtL df=lj=df k/]sf] lyof] . Og?jfdf d hf“rsf] nflu sl/a Ps
dlxgf ef8f lnP/ a;]sf] lyP . Tolt a]nfsf] Pp6f b'Mvb 36gf d

:d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . dnfO{ Og?jf hfg' sl/a #))÷– -tLg;o_
?k}ofsf] h?/L lyof] . 7"nf] a'jfn] lbg] afrf ug'{ ePsf] lyof], t/ ;do
cfpbf d lbg ;lSbg eGof] . d / d]/f] a'jf Tolta]nf cToGt b'lv eP /
b'j} hgf cf“vfaf6 cf“;' emf/]/ ?g yfn] . d]/f] 3/df lrof vfg, a'jfsf]
;fyL gfyL ofba lbgx'“ cfpg' x'GYof] . jxf“n] C0fdf #))÷– ?= lbnfO{
lbg'eof] / d Og?jf hfg kf“P . a'jfsf] b}lgo cj:yfn] vfg, nufpg
tyf k9gsf] nflu cfjZos k};f dflUbgy] .
To:tf lbg O{Zj/n] s;}nfO{ gb]vfcf]; . d pQm ;dosf] ememNsf] clxn]
klg ;Dembf cf“vf /;fp5 .
#=@ sn]h cWoog
#=@ sn]h cWoog
#=@ sn]h cWoog
#=@ sn]h cWoog -
-
-
-cfO= P;L= b]lv Pd=P;L=
cfO= P;L= b]lv Pd=P;L=
cfO= P;L= b]lv Pd=P;L=
cfO= P;L= b]lv Pd=P;L= ;Dd_ M
;Dd_ M
;Dd_ M
;Dd_ M d @)#* ;fndf
P;=Pn=;L= kl/Iffdf ;fd]n eP / @)#( ;fndf kl/0ffd lg:sbf d
dfq d]/f] :s'n xl/gu/f df=lj=af6 k|yd >]0fLdf pQL{0f eP . hDdf
$) hgf ljBfyL{ hf“r lbPsf]df hDdf # hfgf ljBfyL{ dfq ptL0f{ x'g
;kmn eP , h;df d dfq k|yd >]0fLdf / af“sL @ hfgf bf];|f] >]0fLdf
ptL0f{ eP . :s"nsf] d]/f] k|ltåGbLx?df ;Gtf]if eut tyf lbkgf/fo0f
ofbj bf]>f] >]0fLdf dfq pQL{0f eP / Pshgf k|ltåGbL km]n eP .
P;=Pn=;L= sf] kl/0ffdaf6 a'jf cToGt k|efljt x'g'eof] . uf“psf] dfG5]
tyf gft]bf/x?n] 5f]/f k9fpg' k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx a'jfnfO{ lbg yfNof] .
3/sf] b}lgo cj:yf ePklg a'jfn] dnfO{ 3/af6 sl/a @) lsnf]ld6/
6f9f lj/f6gu/df cfO{=P;L=k9g ;xldt lbg' eof] . Tolta]nf lj/f6gu/
3/af6 sl/a $–% 3+6f nufP/ lx8]/ hfg' kb{Yof] . s'g} oftfoftsf]
;fwg lyPg . jiff{ dlxgfdf @ j6f v]fnf tb}{ Hofg hf]lvd df kf/L
lj/f6gu/ hfg' kYof]{ .
cfO=P;=;L= k9g] lg0f{o lnbf dnfO{ uj{sf] cg'e'lt eof] / d h:tf] ;'s}
kl/>d u5{ eGg] lg0f{odf k'u] . egf{sf] nflu dx]Gb| df]/¨ SofDk;df
kmd{ e/] / egf{sf] nflu uP . egf{ ug]{ k};f ;d]t a'jf;+u lyPg . jxf“n]
d]/f] 7"nL cfdfsf] 5f]/f /fde"if0f d]xtf ;+u b'O{;o -@))_ ?k}of dfUg'
eGg'eof] . Tolta]nf jxf lj/f6gu/df /fi6«a}+sdf hfuL/ z'? ul/;Sg'
ePsf] lyof] . h]gt]g d}n] /fde"if0f bfh';+u @)) ?k}of lnP/ egf{ u/] .
ca sxf“ a:g] / s] vfg] ;d:of eof] . Pshgf gft]bf/ kg]{ ;'/]z d]xtf
-j+zL d]xtfsf] 5f]/f_ cfO=P;L= bf]>f] jif{df k9b} x'g'x'GYof] . jxf“;+u
;xof]u dfu] / ;+u} a:g] cg'/f]w u/] . jxf“n] d]/f] cg'/f]w :jLsfg'{ eof] /
jxf“;+u d sl/a Ps jif{ hlt ;+u} a;] .
3/af6 rfjn, bfn, t/sf/L O{= h]gt]g u/L af]s]/ lj/f6gu/ nfGy], t/
a'jf;+u gub k};f lbg] x}l;ot lyPg . sn]hsf] lkm=lstfa, slk,
3/ef8f tyf g'gt]n lsGg k};fsf] ;d:of dnfO{ kg{ yfNof] . clg d}n]
l6p;g vf]Hg yfn] . l6p;g vf]Hb} hfbf #–$ dlxgf kl5 Pp6f l6p;g
k9fpg wf}uf k'nrf}sdf Pshgf ld>f kl/jf/sf] b'O{ hgf aRrfx? k|lt
aRrf ?= &% k|lt dlxgfsf] b/n] !%) ?= k|lt dlxgfsf] lx;fan] k9fpg
yfn] / lj:tf/} #–$ 7fp“df g} l6p;g k9fpb} cfÎgf] k9fO{ cuf8L
a9fpb} uP . xfd|f] ;dodf w]/}h;f] cfGbf]ng tyf x8tfn af/Daf/ x'b}
uy]{ . cfO=P;L= sl/a $ jif{df kmfOgn hf“r lbP / kl5 Ps ljifodf
km]n eP kl5 ! jif{;Dd s'g{' k¥of] / ;f]lx cjlwdf d}n] k|df0fkq tx
gl;{¨df egf{ kfP . d cfO{=;L= kf; ubf{ ;Dddf k|df0fkq tx gl;{¨sf]
@ jif{ l;bofO ;s]sf] lyP .
d}n] cfO{=P;L= sf] kmfOgn hf“r ljbf s]ld:6«L ljifodf km]n eP .
s]ld:6«sf] a]s k]k/ hf“r lbg dnfO{ ! jif{ s'g'{ k/]sf] lyof] . o; Ps
jif{sf] cjlwdf d l6p;g k9fpy] / af“sL ;dodf 6fOlk¨ l;Sg] tyf
gf]sl/sf] nflu kl/Iffx? lbg] uy]{ . d}n] s[lif ljsf; j}+s, cfon lgud,
/fi6«a}+s, b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg O=df gf]s/Lsf] nfuL hf“r lbP t/ ;f];{kmf]if{
gx'“bf c;kmn x'Gy] t/ ;+u} a:g] tyf lrg]sf ;fyLx? ;f]if{sf] ann]
hfuL/ kfpbf lrQ ;fx|} b'VbYof] . lj/f6gu/df a:bf 3/ef8fsf] ;d:of
tyf 3/k§Laf6 ul/g] b'Jo{jxf/ nfO{ ;Dembf cfÎgf] 3/ Pp6f
lj/f6gu/df eP slt /fd|f] x'GYof] eGg] ;kgf b]Vby] .
lbgel/ l6p;g k9fpg], 6fOlk¨ l;Sg], tyf gf]s/Lsf] vf]hLn] hLjg
lg/f;fdo e};s]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf gl;{¨ sn]h lj/f6gu/df d]n
g;{nfO{ tLg k|ltzt ;L6 df hDdf # hfgf P;=Pn=;L=sf] gDa/sf]

cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{ lj1fkg b]v]+ / d]/f] l5d]lsdf a:g] clg?4 d]xtfn]
dnfO{ pQm ;L6df egf{ x'g ;Nnfx ;d]t lbPsf]n] d}n] kmd{ e/] / kl5
d]/f] gfd 5gf}6df ;d]t k¥of] . 3/sf] b}lgof cj:yf, 3/af6 gub
;xof]u guGo kfpg', l6p;gsf] e/n] lj/f6gu/df a:g', st} hflu/
gkfpg' O{= sf/0fn] dnfO{ 6]slgsn ljifo k9] / # jif{;Dd k9fO{sf]
cjlw el/ @))÷– ?= k|lt dlxgf 5fqj[QLn] lj/f6gu/ a:gdf lgs}
;xof]u k'Ug] ;d]t ePsf]n] d}n] gl;{¨ sf]if{df egf{ u/] . gl;{¨ sf]if{df
k9bf d #–$ 7fp“df l6p;g k9fpy] .
lj/f6gu/df l6p;g d]/f] af“Rg] cfwf/ M
lj/f6gu/df l6p;g d]/f] af“Rg] cfwf/ M d}n] cfO=;L= df egf{ ePsf]
tLg rf/ dlxgfkl5 -@)#( ;fn b]lv_ k|df0fkq tx gl;{¨ sf]if{ plQ{0f
ubf{ ;Dd -@)$& ;fn;Dd_ sl/a * jif{ hlt lj/f6gu/df l6p;g
k9fO{ hLjg wfGg] ub{y] . 3/af6 d}n] rfjn tyf t/sf/L Nofpy] /
af“sL vr{ tyf 3/ef8f ;a} l6p;g af6 rnfpy] . d}n] k9fpg z'?
u/]sf] l6p;g lbgdf gf} 7f“pdf ;d]t k9fpg] ub{y] . ljxfg * ah]b]lv
z'? u/]sf] l6p;g /flt ( ah] ;dfKt x'GYof] / ( ah]kl5 vfgf agfO{
vfP/ ;'Ty] / cfÎgf] k9fO{ af“sL ;dodf uy]{ . d}n] lj/f6gu/df
lkpgsf] aRrf b]lv k|wfgdGqLsf] gft]bf/nfO{ ;d]t k9fpg] df}sf kfP .
d}n] wf]wfk'nsf] ld>f kl/jf/af6 z'? u/]sf] l6p;g k9fpg] qmd
d]g/f]8sf] >]i7 kl/jf/, ldgfIfL g]kfn tyf cfgGb g]kfn, lgd{nf cof{n,
dfy]df kl/jf/, cof{n kl/jf/, j+ufnL kl/jf/, df/jf8L kl/jf/ nufot
xl/gf/fo0f ofbj ;/sf] sf]lrª ;]G6/df ;d]t ;xefuL eO{ lbp;g
k9fpy] . Tolt dfq geO{ d sf7df8f}+df jL/ c:ktfn tyf cf]d gl;{¨
xf]dddf sfd ubf{ 8f= ef]nf l/hfnsf] sfG5f] 5f]/fnfO{ pxf“s} 3/df uO{
l6p;g k9fpy] .
l6p;g k9fpg' d]/f] hLjgsf] afRg] cfwf/ tyf d]/f] afWotf lyof] .
dnfO{ l6p;g k9fpgdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs tyf kl/jf/sf
cleefjsx?nfO{ x[bo b]lv cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . l6p;g k9fpg] s]lx
kl/jf/ 7"nf 7"nf 3/fgfx? Klg lyP / h;jf6 hLjgdf lgs} ;xof]u klg
kfP .
la=Pg= cWoog M
la=Pg= cWoog M
la=Pg= cWoog M
la=Pg= cWoog M :6fkm g;{kbdf sl/a % jif{ gf]s/L ul/ ;s]kl5 d
lj=Pg=sf] nflu egf{ kl/IFfdf ;fd]n eP“ / b'O{ gDa/df gfd lgsfn] .
:6fkmg;{ kbdf w/fgsf] jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf
sfdubf{ d /fltsf] l8p6L tyf ;f“emsf] l8p6Ldf nfOa|]/Laf6 lstfa
NofO{ lgoldt cWoog ug]{ uy]{ .
d]/f] 3/fo;L ;d:of, sdh]f/ cfly{s cj:yf, kfl/jfl/s cj:yfsf] ;fy}
gf]s/Laf6 k9gsf] nflu ljbf gkfpbf d]/f] lj=Pg= sf] k9fO{ l9nf] x'g
uPsf] xf] . d}n] cfÎgf] cf“6 tyf k|f=8f=dbg pkfWo -tTsfnLg
8fo/]S6/_ sf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd /fhLgfdf lbP/ lj=Pg=k9]sf] x'“ . lj=Pg=
df d]/f] gfd lg:sbf d}n] ;a} af6 awfO tyf k9g'g} k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx
kfP . d}n] hflu/ 5f]8]/ k9g' kg]{, 5fqj[QL gkfpg' tyf c:ktfn
k|zf;gaf6 ;xof]u g kfpg' d]/f] ;fd' 7"nf] r'gf}tL lyof] .
O{Zj/sf] e/f];fdf 7"nf] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ub}{ d}n] hflu/af6 /fhLgfdf
ul/ k9g uP . kl5 z}lIfs C0f k|fKt u/] / cWoog kZrft k'gM
k|lti7fgdf hflu/ vfg z'? u/] . la=Pg= cWoog ug{ hfbfsf]
cj:yfaf6 d}n] w]/] Jojxfl/s 1fg kfP . dfG5] s;/L ablnbf] /x]5 /
Pp6f c;n JolQm s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] Jojxfl/s 1fg dnfO{ pQm
;don] u/fof] . d ;+u ;ft dlxgf ljbf ;+lrt lyof] , t/ c:ktfn
lgb]{zsn] !% lbgsf] ljbf klg :jLs[lt gu/]sf]n] d}n] Ps} lbgdf
/fhLgfdf u/fO{ k9g uP . O{Zj/sf] ;xof]u tyf d}n] u/]sf]
;tsd{sf] kl/0ffdn] lj=Pg= cWoog cToGt ;kmn eof] / d}n] g]kfn
clw/fHo el/sf] :gfts txsf] kl/Iffdf ;jf]{Ts[i6 gDa/ NofO{ dx]Gb|
ljBfe"if0f u, efO; rfG;n/ kbs, ld/f b]jL /fgf uf]N8 d]8n h:tf
kb kfpg' ;kmn eP . dflg; cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts ?kdf ;Ifd gx'bf
;do cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ abNg l;Sg'k5{ t/ g}ltstf / O{dfGbfl/tf
slxn] TofUg' x'b}g eGg] kf7 d}n] l;s] .

Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ cWoogM
Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ cWoogM lj=Pg= sf]if{ pQL{0f u/]sf] @ jif{kl5 t'?Gt d}n]
Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ k9g sf]nDaf] Knfg cGtu{t 5fqjQL kfP“ / rG8Lu9
af6 pQm sf]if{ kf; u/] . Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ sf]if{ rG8Lu9df k9bf d}n] w]/}
s'/fx? k9g] tyf ljlzi6 ;]jfsf] cjnf]sg c:ktfndf ug]{ df}sf kfP .
#=# gl;{¨ cWoogdf d s;/L k|j]z u/] M
#=# gl;{¨ cWoogdf d s;/L k|j]z u/] M d @)#( ;fndf dx]Gb| df]/¨
SofDk;, lj/f6guu/df cfO=P;L= k9g z'? u/] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] nfdf]
cjwL / cfO=P;L=df b'O÷tLg hfgf k|To]s jif{dfq kf; x'g] sf/0fn] d]/f]
k9fO{ @)$& ;fn;Dd nlDaof] . cfO=P;L=sf] clGtd jif{df s]ld:6«L
ljifosf] Aofs nfu]/ lj/f6gu/df ef“8f lnP/ u/]sf] lyP . Tolta]nf
;ft–cf7 7f“pdf l6p;g k9fpy] / 6fOlk¨ l;Sb} lyP . cfO=P;L=kf;
u/]kl5 lj=P;L= k9g] 7"nf] OR5f lyof] . Tolta]nf wgs'6fdf cx]j /
lj/f6gu/ gl;{¨ SofDk;df !)% d]n g;{ lng] lj1fkg 6fOlk¨
OG:6LRo"6df klqsfdf k9] / cx]jsf nflu wgs'6fdf kmd{ e/] / rf}yf]
:yfgdf d]/f] gfd lg:Sof] . t/ lj/f6gu/df clg?4 d]xtf -cx]j_ -
gft]bf/ kg]{_ n] xfdL b'j} hgf gl;{¨df e/f} of] cx]j eGbf /fd|f] x'G5
eGof] / d}n] k|df0fkq tx -:6fkmg;{_ k9g lj/f6gu/ gl;{¨ SofDk;df
kmd{ e/] / d]/f] gfd lg:Sof] .
gl;{¨ k9g @)) ?= k|lt dlxgf 5fqj[tL lbGYof], d]/f] nflu Tof]
dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . d}n] ;f]r] @)) ?= k|lt dlxgf kfOG5 / l6p;g lg/Gt/
k9fO{ /xG5' . cf7–gf} dlxgfdf cfO{=P;L= sf] l/hN6 cfP kl5 d gl;{¨
cWoog 5f]8Llbg]5' . dnfO{ Ps k|ltzt klg gl;{¨ k9g] OR5f lyPg .
gl;{¨ s] xf] dnfO{ Tof] klg /fd|/L yfxf lyPg . kmd{ t d}n] Tolts}
e/]sf] lyP VofnVofndf . t/ l/hN6 x]g{ hfbf gfd s]6fx?sf] lni6df
b'O{ gDa/df lyof] . d w]/} v'zL eP / egf{sf] nflu a''¤g sn]h k'u] .
sn]hdf Pshgf k|zf;s -6+sgfy pkfWofo_ n] dnfO{ gk9g] ;Nnfx
lbof] t/ @)) ?= 5fqj[QL / s]xL ;do ljtfpg] p2]Zon] d}n] k9g]
ljrf/ u/] .
egf{ x'g'kg]{ ldltsf] clGtd Dofbsf] Pslbg cuf8L dfq d sn]h uP .
egf{ k"j{ dnfO{ kf“r 5 j6f kmd{ eg{ / x:tfIF/ ;lxt a'emfpg lbOof],
h;df s8f lgod sfg'g tyf kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x? lyof] . pQm zt{x?
k9]kl5 d emg t;]{ / ca zfob ;ft cf7 dlxgf;Dd klg k9g ;lsb}g
h:tf] nfUof] . t/klg d egf{ lnP / kl5 x]/f}nf eGg] dg;fodf k'u] .
sn]hsf] klxnf] lbg M
sn]hsf] klxnf] lbg M d sn]hsf] klxnf] lbg cfkm"nfO{ s]lx ga'¤g]
aRrf h:tf] Jojxf/ kfP / dnfO{ cg'e'lt eof] d ckx]lnt / tNnf]
:t/sf] dflg; x'“ h:tf] dx;'; u/] . hDdf tL; hgf ljBfyL{df tLg
hgf s]6fx? dfq lyP . To;df klg z'?df Pshgf ;fyL -/fh]z lnDa'_
cfkm"nfO{ d} 7"nf] x'“ h:tf] Jojxf/ ub{Yof] . t/ z'?sf s]xL lbg ;Dd d
r'k nfu]/ ljtfpg yfn] sf/0f dnfO{ gl;{¨sf] s v klg yfxf lyPg .
sl/a Ps xKtf kl5 d]/f] csf]{ ;fyL -/Tg u'/fufO{_ egf{ eP / xfd|f]
kl/ro eof] . jxf“;“usf] lrgfhfgn] xfd|f] ldqtf k|uf9 eof], sf/0f b'j}
hgfsf] ljrf/ Pp6} ldNg uof] .
d]/f] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g s;/L eof] M
d]/f] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g s;/L eof] M gl;{¨ sn]hdf tLg dlxgf hlt
k9]kl5 dnfO{ gl;{¨ sn]h k|zf;g, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf gl;{¨ k]zf af/]
;a} cjut eof] M d k9gdf hfGg] ePsf] / gl;¨sf] k9fO{ ;lhnf]
ePsf]n] d ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9fO{df d2t ug{ yfn] . sIffsf cG7fgAa]
k|ltzt -(*%_ ljBfyL{ d]/f] ;xof]uL, dg k/fpg] / d]/f] km]g eof] .
sIffdf /fh]zhL afx]s ;a};+u d]/f] k|uf9 ldqtf eof] / d cGhfgdf
sn]hsf] 7'nf] g]tf aGg k'u] . sn]h k|zf;gn] agfPsf] lgodsf] lj?4
cfjfhx? p7fpg yfn] / dfsf{df k/]sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
lg:jfy{ efjn] nfu], h;sf] sf/0f sn]hdf cWoog/t ;a} jif{ tyf
txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu d g]t[Tjstf{ aGg k'u] / w]/} h;f] yf]lkPsf
lgodx? x6fpg ;IFd klg eP . sIffdf lzlIfsfx?nfO{ k|Zg ubf{ w]/}
h;f]n] lrQ a'¤bf] pQ/ lbg g;Sbf jxf“x? klg d b]lv t;{g yfn] .

d]/f] b}lgo cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0f dnfO{ tLg rf/ j6f l6p;g ;f“emdf
k9fpg' kYof]{ / cfkmgf] k9fO{ klg ug'{ kYof]{ . t;y{ sn]hdf d r'k
nfu]/ a:g vf]Hby] . sn]hdf yf]kfl/Psf lgodx?af6 d lbSs x'Gy] /
8/klg nfUbYof] . dnfO{ clwsf+z -(*_ ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g
ePsf]n] cGofo kg]{ ljlQs} af]Ng' kg]{ afWotf x'g uof] / d g]tf aGg
k'u] . s]lx lbg d} o'lgogsf] r'gfj x'g uof] / d lglj{/f]w ;lrjdf
lgjf{lrt eP / hah{:tL dnfO{ pQm kbsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ k¥of] .
sn]hdf 36]sf s]lx dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx?nfO{ ;Dembf M
sn]hdf 36]sf s]lx dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx?nfO{ ;Dembf M o'lgogsf] r'gfj
ePsf] Ps xKtfkl5 -@)$#–!)–@_ xfdLn] ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x?sf] e]nf
af]nfO{ ljBfyL{sf ;d:ofx? hDdf kfl/ df“usf] ?kdf SofDk; rLkm
;dIf k]z ul/of] / PsxKtfsf] cN6Ld]6d lbOof] . t/ ef]nLkN6 t'?Gt
ldl6¨ SofDk; lrkmn] af]nfOof] / 5nkmn z'? eof] / ljBfyL{x?sf] k|fo
;a} dfux? k'/f eof] . dfux? ;'Gbf clxn] crDd nfUg ;S5 h:t} M
sIFf sf]7fx? Snf; kl5 k9gsf] nflu v'nf /fVg'kg]{, d];df cfkm}n]
r6gL agfpg kfpg' kg]{, gfO6 kf; SoflG;n ug{ gkfOg], cfkmGtx?
cfPdf ;do ldnfO{ e]6g lbg], O{= . clxn] tL dfux? ;Dembf /f0ff
zf;gsf] emnemNtL ;Demgf cfp“5 .
d}n] Psk6s nfOa|]l/df b'Olbg l9nf] ul/ Pp6f lstfj a'emfpg uP .
nfOa|l/ogn] d ;+u @) k};f kmfOg dfUof], d}n] /l;b lbg'; eg], 7"nf]
ax; eof] / d}n] ljgf /l;bsf] k};f ltl/g / kl5 d ;+u /fd|/L Jojxf/
ug{ yfNof] . d ;+u cOt'ld;, xl/ld;, dgld;, wd{snf ld;;+u w]/}
k6s k9fO{sf] af/]df rsf{rsL{ k¥of], t/ kl5 ;fdfGo x'b} uof] /
jxf“x?n] dnfO{ g} k|of]u ul/ pQ/ vf]Hg yfNg' eof] .
d d]/f] 3/fo;L, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn] sn]hdf
lgZkIf a:g rfxGy] / O{Zj/;+u k|fy{gf ub{y] æx] O{Zj/ dnfO{ g]tf
gagfpÚÚ, t/ d]/f] ;+:sf/ / ;fyLefO{sf] bafa / OR5fn] d t'?Gt
cfj]zdf cfO{ g]t[Tjsf] nflu cuf8L a9by] . lj:tf/} ;do ljTb} uof] /
cf7–gf} dlxgf kl5 ;a} d]8d cOt'ld;, xl/ld;, dgld;, nfOa|]l/og
tyf cGo d]8dx?;+usf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ x'b} cfof] / jxf“x?n] dnfO{
af]nfP/ PSn}df w]/} ;'emfjx? lbg yfNg' eof] / d ;+usf] ;DaGwdf
;'wf/ ug{ yfNg' eof] . jxf“x?n] lbg' ePsf] s]lx pkb]zx? d]/f] nflu
cfh klg plQs} tfhf / pkof]uL nfU5 .
d s]x
d s]x
d s]x
d s]xL pkb]z tyf ;'emfjx? hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' M
L pkb]z tyf ;'emfjx? hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' M
-s_ dfgL;n] ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ abNg l;Sg'k5{ .
-v_ ;}4flGts hLjg eGbf Jojxfl/s hLjg 7"nf] / pkof]uL x'G5, t;y{
Jojxfl/s hLjgnfO{ dxTj lbg'k5{ .
-u_ lj:tf/} af]Ng' k5{ . ;Eo tyf ;'l/nf] efiffsf] k|of]u ug'[k5{ .
-3_ s'g} k|Zgsf] pQ/ g;f]rL t'?Gt kmsf{O{ xfNg' kb}{g .
-ª_ cfkmg} s'/fdf l9kL u/]/, lhTg}k5{ eGg] afgL /fd|f] xf]Og .
-r_ klxn] ;f]Rg'; clg af]Ng'; clg dfq ug'{; O=.
dnfO{ @)$$÷$÷!) ut] SofDk; lrkmn] -nIdL /fO{_ cfÎgf] clkm;df
af]nfpg' eof] / lji0f' /fO{ d]8d -tTsflng kf6g gl;{Ë SofDk;sL
lrkm_ ;d]tnfO{ /fvL ;Demfpg yfn] . tLg–rf/ 3+6fs]f 5nkmn tyf
ax; kl5 dnfO{ gl;{¨ k9fO{sf] kmfObf / eljiodf o;sf] pkbflotf
af/] atfPkl5 d lji0f' /fO{ d]8d k|lt cfef/L eP / gl;{¨sf] k9fO{nfO{
ca lg/Gt/tf lbG5' eGg] lgwf] u/] / ;f]xL cg';f/ cfkmgf] k9fO{ cuf8L
a9fP .
#=$ lj=Pg= cWoogsf] a]nfsf] cg'ej M
#=$ lj=Pg= cWoogsf] a]nfsf] cg'ej M jL=Pg= k9bf xfdLnfO{ l6lr¨
k|flS6;sf] nflu lj/f6gu/ @ dlxgfsf] nflu v6fOof] . sf7df8f}+af6 3/
cfP / lj/f6gu/ hfg] qmddf Og?jfdf d]/f] v'§f dls{of] . v'§f dls{bf
Knfi6/ nufpg' k¥of] / ^ xKtf ;Dd cf/fd ug'{ eGof] . d}n] jf8{
l8p6L z'?df sd u/L b}lgs #–$ 306f a}zfvL lnP/ sIff lnPsf] /
sIFf lnP/ hfbf v'§f ;'lGgP/ b'v]/ vkL g;Sg' x'GYof] . Tolta]nfsf]
;fyLx?n] dnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . d]/f]
hLjgsf] Tof] sl7g ;dodf ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ;fyLx?, lzIfsx?, k|zf;s
/ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

#=% Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ cWoog d]/f] hLjgsf] 7"nf] l;sfO{ M
#=% Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ cWoog d]/f] hLjgsf] 7"nf] l;sfO{ M Pd=P;L=gl;{¨
sf]if{ cWoogsf] nflu d}n] kmd{ eg'{ b]lv clGtd ;l6{lkms]6 kfp“bf ;Dd
x/]s kfOnf kfOnfdf gof“ l;sfO{ l;Sg] df}sf kf“P . sn]h k|zf;s
s:tf] x'g'k5{ b]lv lnP/ ;fyL efO{sf] ;xof]u n] s] s] sfd x'bf] /x]5 ,
k|zf;lgs sl7gfOx?nfO{ s;/L ;kmntf k"j{s kf/ nufpg' ;lsG5,
h:tf tYox? l;Sg] df}sf kfP . cWoogsf] ;fy;fy} tLy{ tyf e|d0f
ug]{ cj;/ klg k|fKt eof] / pQ/ ef/tsf w]/} h;f] zx/x? 3'Dg] df}sf
k|fKt eof] . olx sf/0fn] zfob dnfO{ cfÎgf] hLjgdf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{
Tolt sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]g xf]nf .
hLjgsf] klxnf] 6«]g ofqf / r08Lu9 e|d0f M
hLjgsf] klxnf] 6«]g ofqf / r08Lu9 e|d0f M sf]nDaf] Knfg cGtu{t
Pd=P;L= gl;{¨ k9g d}n] 5fqj[QL kf“P / r08Lu9 sf] kL=hL O df kmd{
eg]{ k|lqmof z'? u/] . d}n] of] eGbf cuf8L ef/tsf] kmf/lj;u+h;Dd
dfq nf]sn 6«]gdf Psk6s ofqf u/]sf] lyP . kmd{ e/] kl5 OG6«fG; hf“r
lbg d / d]/f Pshgf ;fyL ;lxt klxnf] k6s sl6xf/af6 Go"lbNnL
;Dd gy{Oi6 6«]gaf6 ;g @))) df e|d0f ug]{ df}sf kfP . 6«]g ofqf d]/f]
nflu cToGt gf}nf] tyf r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . lbNnLaf6 r08Lu9 ;Ddsf]
a; ofqf klg ;Demg] of]Uo /x]5 .
;g @))) df klxnf] k6s lk=hL=cfO{= df Pd=P;L=sf] k|j]z kl/Iff lbP
/ ;kmn eP . ;g @)))–@))@ ;Ddsf] r08Lu9sf] k9fOn] dnfO{ lgs}
7"nf] kmfObf eof] . dnfO{ k+hfa ljZjljBfnodf btf{ ug{ ufx|f] ePg t/
d;+u k9g uPsf] ;fyLsf] k|df0fkq txsf] ;l6{lkms]6 gx'bf w]/} cK7of/f]
ul/ sl/a $–% dlxgf kl5 dfq egf{ x'g kFP . Tolt a]nfsf] k+hfa
o'lgel;{6Lsf] rSs/ cem} d]/f] lbdfudf 3'ld/x]sf] 5 . r08Lu9sf] k9fO{
d lgs} d]xgt ;fy u/] . hf8f] w]/} x'g] / udL{ w]/} x'g] x'“bf d]/f] clwsf+z
;do P;L ePsf] nfO{j|]/Ldf ljtfpy], h;n] dnfO{ k9fO{df lgs} d2t
u¥of] . d sn]hsf] Pshgf k9fs' ljBfyL{ dWo] kb{y] . r08Lu9df k9bf
&–* hgf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x? ljleGg ljefudf klg k9b} lyP .
r08Lu9df lk=hL=cfO{=sf] k9fO{sf] bf}/fg d}n] clxn] klg ck/
Sofkm]6]l/ofsf] vfgf, ;q ;]S6/sf] slg{an, zlgaf/sf] l;g]df, glhs}sf]
zx/x?sf] e|d0f -xl/åf/f, Clifs]z, hDd', st/f, cfu/f O{=_, dlGb/x?sf]
k"hfcfhf tyf jflif{s ?kdf dgfOg] sn]h dxf]T;j cem} d]/f] lbdfudf
tfhf nfU5 . r08Lu9 k9bf d}n] lgoldt cWoog, lgoldt e|d0f /
/fd|f] vfgfsf] Joj:yf b'O{jif{ ;Dd nuftf/ kfO/x] . dnfO{ Pd=P;L=
k9g cfly{s ?kn] vf;} ;d:of ePg . tna k]ZsL lnP/ k9g] tyf
a]nf a]nf 5fqj[QLsf] /sd kfpgfn] dnfO{ lgs} ;xof]u k'Ug uof] .
r08Lu9sf] Pd=P;L= gl;{¨sf] k9fO{df dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] 8f=z]v/
sf]O/fnf, lg/;g ofbj, cfz zdf{, 8f= OGb/hLt alnof, 8f= ;tj+t
aNt]h nufot d]/f kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
#=^ pRr lzIff cWoog
#=^ pRr lzIff cWoog
#=^ pRr lzIff cWoog
#=^ pRr lzIff cWoog -
-
-
-lk=Pr=8L=_ M
lk=Pr=8L=_ M
lk=Pr=8L=_ M
lk=Pr=8L=_ M d}n] ;6fkmg;{sf] hflu/ vfg z'?
u/]kl5 w]/} hgf ;+u ;+ut eof] . ufp“3/df ;a}n] 8S6/ eGg yfn] . g;{
eg]kl5 ;dfhdf /fd|f] ;Ddfg kfOb}g lyof] . d}n] l8p6L ubf{ lj/fdL
tyf s'?jfx?n] ;d]t dnfO 8fS6/ af]nfpbf d cfkm}nfO{ g/fd|f] cg'ej
x'GYof] . Ps k6s t d]/f] sfG5f] efO{sf] ljx]sf] sf8{df ;d]t 8f=/fd
z/0f d]xtf c?n] n]vfO{ lbof], kl5 d Tof] sf8{ kmfn]/ gof“ sf8{ agfpg
nufP . ha d Pd=P;L=kf; u/] / kmofsN6Lsf] kbdf sfo{ ug{ yfn]
Tolta]nf b]lv d}n] lk=Pr=8L=k9g] rfhf] kfhf] tyf aGbf]a:t ldnfpg
yfn] . w]/} 7f“pdf d}n] sf]lz; u/] . k9fO vr{ dx+uf] x'g] x'“bf / ;lhn]
ufO8 gkfpbf d}n] $–% jif{ kl5 dfq lk=Pr=l8=df egf{ x'g] df}sf kfP
. egf{ ePsf] b'O{jif{ kl5 dfq k|lti7fgaf6 s'g} ;'ljwf gkfpg] zt{df
k9g] dGh'/Lgfdf kfP .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] w]/} j6f ljefu tyf ;+sfodf af/Daf/ ;Dks{
ug{ yfn] . Psjif{ t ufO8 / ljefu gkfpbf d]/f] 5gf}6 ePg . cGtdf
s]Gb|Lo u|fld0f ljsf; ljefu cGtu{t d}n] egf{ kfP / lj:tf/} lj:tf/}
;a} k|lqmof k'/f ub}{ uP . clkm;af6 sl/a *–( dlxgf hlt k6s k6s
ul/ 3/ljbf lnb} sf7df8f}+ tyf tYof+s ;+sngsf] nflu c:ktfnx?
hfg] ub{y] . k|lti7fg tyf sn]haf6 dnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u k|fKt

ePg . lk=Pr=l8= d]/f] k|lti7fg ;+u ufl;Psf]n] o;nfO{ d}n] lbg/ft Ps
u/L d]xgt ;fy lgoldt ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ tg dg wg nufP / cGtdf
@)!! l8;]Da/df pQm lk=Pr=l8= sf]if{ ;kmntf k"j{s ;DkGg u/] .
lk=Pr=l8= cWoogdf dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] d]/f ;'k/efOh/
8f=pdfsfGt l;njfn, ufO8 k|f=8f= ;/nf >]i7 nufot cGo
dxfg'efjx?nfO wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b
kl/R5]b–
–
–
–$
$
$
$
hflu/
hflu/
hflu/
hflu/ -
-
-
-gf]s/L_ sf] cg'ej
gf]s/L_ sf] cg'ej
gf]s/L_ sf] cg'ej
gf]s/L_ sf] cg'ej
$=! jL=kL= k|lti7fgdf ;]jf z'? ug'{ cuf8Lsf] gf]s/L ljj/0f .
$=@ x]NyP8 kbdf sf]zL c~rn c:ktfndf ljtfPsf] Ps dlxgf .
$=# :s'n lhNnf c:ktfnsf] a;fO{
$=$ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfoL hfuL/sf] cg'ej .
$=% lj/ c:ktfnsf] ;ft dlxgf gf]s/L
$=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hfuL/af6 /fhLgfdf lbbfsf] cj:yf
$=& k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] gl;{¨ x8tfnsf] cg'ej
$=* jL=kL=k|lti7fgdf ;]jf z'? u/] b]lv xfn;Ddsf] cg'ej .
$=( jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ljtfOPsf] @@ jif{sf]
cg'ej
$=! jL=kL=sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ;]jf z'? ug'{eGbf
cuf8Lsf] gf]s/L ljj/0f M
cuf8Lsf] gf]s/L ljj/0f M d}n] ldlt @)$^÷!!÷# ut] b}lgs ?= #^%)
kfpg] ul/ b'O{ dlxgfsf] nfuL Hofnfbf/Ldf sf]zL c+rn c:ktfnaf6
cfkmgf] k|yd gf]s/L z'? u/]sf] xf] . tTsfnLg d]=;'= 8f= /fdfgGb
l;Gxfn] dnfO{ dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] l;kmfl/;df pQm Hofnfbf/L
lgo'lQm lbOPsf] xf] . x]NyP8sf] hflu/ ubf{ d}n] ljxfg * ah] b]lv $
ah];Dd c:ktfndf sfd uy]{ . ljxfg !) ah] ;Dd Knfi6/ ?ddf /
!)–# ah];Dd 8]«l;¨ ?d, cf]=kL=8L=df sfd uy]{ . Ps dlxgfsf] hfuL/
cjlwdf d}n] k|of]ufTds w]/] 1fg k|fKt u/] vf;u/L Knfi6/ nufpg,
6f“sf nufpg, 3fp lrg{ O{= . d]/f] :6fkm g;{sf] kl/Iff kl/0ffd lg:sg]
ljlQs} hfuL/sf] nflu gf]s/L 5f8]/ sf7df8f} nfu] . To;kl5 d :jf:Yo
dGqfno cGtu{t ?s'd lhNnf c:ktfndf ^ dlxgf c:yfoL hfuL/ u/] .
To;kl5 kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3, g]kfnu+hdf :yfoL kbdf @ dlxgf sfd

u/]kl5 d]/f] a'jfsf] b]xfGt eof] / d}n] pQm hflu/ 5f]8] . a'jfsf]
sfhls|of l;l4Pkl5 d sf7df8f}+ uP / 8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnfsf] tyf
z]v/ sf]O/fnfsf] ;xof]un] ;DdfgLo lul/hf afa' dfWodaf6 cf]d gl;{¨
xf]d -8f= ef]nf l/hfn;+u_ tLg dlxgf;Dd sfd u/] . cf]d gl;{¨xf]dsf]
cf]=6L= tyf jL/ c:ktfnsf] Odh]{G;L hfuL/ d]/f] hLjgsf] Pp6f 7"nf]
l;sfO{ tyf zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ j]nf lyof] .
ldlt @)$* ;fnlt/ k"jf{~rn IF]qLo lgb]{zgfno, wgs'6fdf
:6fkmg;{sf] :yfoL kbsf] lj1fkg v'n] / d pQm nf]s;]jfsf] kl/Iffdf
cfkmg} Ifdtfn] Ps gDa/df gfd lgsfn]sf]n] d]/f] /f]hfO{ cg';f/ dnfO{
k"jf{~rn If]qLo c:ktfn w/fgdf ldlt @)$*÷*÷@@ df lgo'lQm ul/of]
.
k"jf{~rn IF]qLo c:ktfn w/fg, ldlt @)%)÷$÷! df jL=kL= sf]O/fnf
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/of] / ;f] ;+u} xfdL klg
k|lti7fgsf] sd{rf/L sfhsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ yfn] . ldlt @)%)÷*÷@@
b]lv @)%)÷#÷#@ ;Dd If]qLo c:ktfn tyf @)%)÷$÷! af6
k|lti7fgdf sfhdf sfo{/t lyP / ldlt @)%!÷%÷% df ;/sf/L
;]jfaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ k|lti7fgdf ldlt @)%!÷%÷% af6 :yfoL eO{
:6fkmg;{ kbdf sfd ug{ yfn] .
$=@ x]NyP8 kbdf sf]zL c~rn c:ktfndf ljtfPsf] Ps dlxgf M
k|df0fkq tx gl;{¨sf] cWoog ;dfKt ePkl5 / kl/Iff kmn cfpg af“sL
/xbf, d}n] sf]zL c+rn c:ktfndf b}lgs Hofnfbf/L kbdf sl/a Ps
dlxgf sfd u/]sf] lyP . d]/f] tna b}lgs ?= #^%) lyof] . d]/f] sfd
Knfi6/ Pj+ Pl;:6]06 tyf 8«]l;¨?ddf OGh]S;g, 8]«l;¨ nufot
cf]=lk=8L=af6 lgb]{zg eP adf]lhd Knfi6/ O= nufpg' kb{Yof] . d]/f]
l8p6L ljxfg * ah] b]]lv $ ah];Dd x'GYof] . sfdsf] ef/ olt lyof] ls
dnfO{ w]/} gof“ s'/fx? h:t}, Knfi6/ nufpg], OGh]S;g nufpg], 8«]l;¨
ug{ O= sfddf bIftf xfl;n eof] . tna yf]/} / sfdsf] nf]8 w]/}
ePsf]n] k|df0fkq txsf] l/hN6 lg:s]sf] ef]nLkN6 g} d}n] pQm
gf]s/Laf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ :jf:Yo d~qfnodf g]fs/L vf]hL ug{ sf7df8f}
uP . lgs} ;f];{kmf];{ af6 -e'=k"=k|wfgdlGq dflqsf sf]O/fnf_ kfPsf] pQm
hflu/ ! dlxgfd} 5f]8L lbP .
$=# ?s'd lhNnf c:ktfnsf] ^ dlxgf a;fO{ M
$=# ?s'd lhNnf c:ktfnsf] ^ dlxgf a;fO{ M ha d k|df0fkq tx kf;
ul/ :jf:Yo dGqfnodf @)$& ;fnlt/ hflu/sf] nflu hfbf dnfO{
:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf] k|d'vn] g]kfnsf] gS;f b]vfO{ t/fO{sf] s'g}
c:ktfndf b/aGbL vfnL 5}g eGof] / ?s'd / hfhf/sf]6 df dfq l;6
vfnL 5 eg]/ eGof] . kxf8df slxn] v'§f g6]s]sf] dfG5] , d}n] d]/f] ;fyL
/fh]z lnDa' ;+u ?s'd lhNnfdf lgo'lQm lnP / d]/f] csf]{ ;fyL
anaxfb'/ hfh/sf]6df . rf}/emf8Ldf Po/kf]6{ /x]sf]n] d}n] ?s'd hfg
;lhnf] xf]; eGg] clek|fon] ?s'd /f]h], t/ hfh/sf]6 c:ktfn kf]
glhs /x]5, kl5 Kn]gaf6 rf}/emf8L Po/kf]6{df plt{bf yfxf kfP .
lj/f6gu/af6 g]kfnu+h gfO6a;df / g]kfnuh+af6 rf}/emf8L
xjfOhxfhdf k'u] . rf}/emf8Laf6 8]9 lbgsf] k}bn ofqfkl5 ?s'd lhNnf
c:ktfn, ;Nn] k'u] .
c:ktfnsf] agf]6 x]/]kl5 ;fx|} v'zL nfUof] . :jL; ;/sf/af6 pQm
c:ktfn ejg lgdf{0f u/]sf] /x]5 . ?s'd c:ktfnsf] a;fO{ d]/f]
hLjgsf] pp6f clj:d/l0fo ;do lyof] . ?s'd lhNnf c:ktfndf d}n]
lj/fdL hf“Rg], cf]=kL=8L= rnfpg], PS;–/] d]l;g rnfpg], cf]=6L= rnfpg]
nufotsf gof“ 1fg l;Sg'sf] ;fy} jf8{ /fpG8 lng], lj/fdL egf{ ug]{,
c:ktfn k|zf;g rnfpg] tyf gl;{¨ k|zf;g :jtGq ?kdf rnfpg]
h:tf sfd ug]{ df}sf kfP .
ljgf Pg]:yf]l;of]lnf]lhi6 / ufOgf]snf]lhi6sf] # j6f l;h]l/og ck/];g
u/fpg] zf}efUo kfP, h;df b'O{j6f cfdfsf] Hofg arfpg ;Ifd klg
eP . tTsflng 8f= kz'klt rf}w/L, d / d]/f] ;fyL /fh]z lnDa'sf] l6dn]
^ dlxgfdf c:ktfndf $–% j6f Ifdtf eGbf w]/} 7"nf] ck/];g ug'{sf
;fy} lgs} /f]rs lj/fdLx?sf] pkrf/ tyf cf]=kL=8L=rnfpg] df}sf ;d]t
kfP . ?s'd lhNnf c:ktfnsf] a;fO{ d]/f] nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ IF0fsf]
?kdf /xg]5 . l6s6 gkfpbf ?s'daf6 bfªsf] # lbgsf] lx8fO, bfª
efn'jfªsf] a;ofqf, af6f]df ljtfOPsf] /ft, af9Lsf] a]nf Hofg kmfn]/

v]fnf t/]sf], ef/L af]s]sf] tyf k}bn ofqfsf] ;Demgf d]/f] hLjg /x'Gh]n
tfhf /xg]5 .
$=$ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfoL hflu/sf] cg'ej M
$=$ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfoL hflu/sf] cg'ej M g]kfn kl/jf/
lgof]hg ;+3sf] lj1fkgdf hf“r kf; u/L :yfoL e} s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
k'nrf}sdf Ps dlxgf tflnd lnO{ d kl/jf/ lgof]hg;+3sf] af“s]
zfvfdf hflu/sf] nflu k'u] . Toxf“ sl/a @ dlxgf sfd u/]kl5 d]/f]
a'jfsf] b]xfGt eof] / d pQm hflu/ 5f8]/ 3/ kms]{ / kl5 /fhLgfdf
lbP . g]kfnu+hsf] a;fO{ sfd yf]/} t/ lkmN8js{ sf] sfd w]/} lyof] .
cfkmg] lsl;dsf] /dfOnf] lyof] . d]/f] nfos pQm hflu/ ;+t'i6L hgs
lyPg . a'afsf] b]xfGtsf] kl5 d}n] pSt gf}s/L 5f]l8 lbP .
$=% jL/ c:ktfnsf] ;ft dlxgf gf]s/L M
$=% jL/ c:ktfnsf] ;ft dlxgf gf]s/L M tTsflng k|wfgdlGq lu/Lhf
k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] 7f8f] l;kmfl/;df d}n] jL/ c:ktfndf c:yfoL gf]s/L
kfP . jL/ c:ktfndf sfd ubf{ d]/f] lgs} 7"nf] OHht lyof] . d}n] jL/
c:ktfnsf] Odh]{G;Ldf sl/a ;ft dlxgf hlt sfd u/] / w]/} gof“
s'/fx? l;Sg] tyf w]/} hgf 8fS6/x?;+u ;+ut ug]{ df}sf kfP . d jL/
c:ktfndf sfo{/t /xbf 8f=;'Gbf/dl0f ljlIft klg sfo{/t x'g' x'GYof] /
Tolta]nf jL/ c:ktfndf xftkft tyf n8fO{sf] 36gfn] 7"nf] cfGbf]ng
sf] ?k lnPsf] lyof] / To;kl5 Toxf“sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf lgs} s8fO{
ul/of] . d]/f] gfd nf]s;]jfdf lg:s] kl5 jL/ c:ktfn 5f]8]/ w/fg cfP
.
$=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hflu/af6 /flhgfdf lb“bfsf] cj:yf M
$=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hflu/af6 /flhgfdf lb“bfsf] cj:yf M d
@)$*÷*÷@@ ut] b]lv nf]s ;]jf kl/Iffdf ;j{k|yd eO{ k"jf{~rn
If]lqo c:ktfn w/fgdf :6fkmg;{ kbdf :yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t lyP . ldlt
@)%)÷$÷! df If]lqo c:ktfn jL=kL= k|lti7fgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eof] /
xfdL 8]k'6];gdf cfof} . kl5 nfdf] ;do ;Dd 8]k'6];g df a:g gkfpg]
ePsf]n] jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] :yfoL b/jGbLdf ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 cjsf;
lnO{ lgo'lQm lnP .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hflu/sf] cg'ej lgs} ;'vb x'“bf] /x]5 . Tolta]nfsf]
tna dfg yf]/} x'g', k9g] ;'ljwf gx'g' / d]/f] OR5f lzIfs aGg] ePsf]n]
;f] k'/f x'g] cj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hflu/ df gb]v]sf]n] d}n] /fhLgfd
u/] . /fhLgfdf u/]sf] PsxKtf ;Dd dnfO{ cfTdUnfgL tyf k5'tf] nflu
/xof] . lsgsL w]/] hgfn] eGYof] ;/sf/L hflu/ /fd|f] x'G5 .
cGtdf lj:tf/} lj:tf/} ;/sf/L hflu/sf] Wofg lbdfuaf6 uof] /
k|lti7fgsf] hflu/sf d]xgtsf] ;fy nflu k/] . zfob d}n] pQm
hflu/af6 /flhgfdf glbPsf] eP d;+u k};f t x'GYof] t/ OHht /
k|lti7f df cjZo sdL x'GYo]f .
%=& k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] gl;{¨ x8tfnsf] cg'ej M
%=& k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] gl;{¨ x8tfnsf] cg'ej M jL=kL= sf]O/fnf
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfb]lv s'g} lsl;dsf] x8tfn tyf
o'lgog ;+rfngsf] cg'dlt lyPg . k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ gl;{¨
:6fkm tyf ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx? -8fS6/ afx]s_ ldlt @)%$÷$÷@& ut]
x8tfndf pq] / ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx? 7Kk kfl/lbP . lagf g]tfsf] Toqf] 7"nf]
cfGbf]ng To;a]nfsf] tfgfzfx ;dodf x'g' cfZro{sf] s'/f lyof] . pQm
cfGbf]ngdf d]/f] e"ldsf 7"nf] lyof] . d}n] ;a} ;d"x;+usf] jftf{df
;fd]n x'Gy] / To; cfGbf]ngaf6 Pk|f]g eQf jfkt ?= #)))÷– / gfO6
vfhf lbg] k|fjwfg nfu' eof] . t/ cGo lg0f{ox? xfn;Dd klg nfu'
ePg . To;a]nf b]lv k|lti7fgsf] w]/} h;f] cfGbf]ngdf d :j3f]lift g]tf
x'b} cfP . t/ xfn;Dd klg d}n] s'g} cg}lts sfd / ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
5}g / s'g} JolQmut nfe lnPsf] 5}g .
$=* jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ;]jf z'? u/]b]lv
xfn;Dd sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f M
xfn;Dd sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f M d}n] @)$*÷*÷@@ df k"jf{~rn
c:ktfnaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] / k"jf{~rn
IF]lqo c:ktfn nfO{ lj=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ldlt
@)%) >fj0f ! ut] x:tfGt/0f u/]b]lv k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t 5' . z'?df
8]k'6]zg :yfoL / lj=Pg= k9g hf“bf /flhgfd ul/ k'gM ldlt
@)^)÷!÷@ ut]b]lv lgoldt ?kdf xfn;Dd -@)&!_ sfo{/t 5' .
k|lti7fgdf @)%)÷$÷! ;Dd gl;{Ë clkm;/ dbdf, ldtL @)^)÷!÷@

b]lv @)%$÷!)÷!^ ;Dd :6fkm g;{ kbdf, @)%$÷!)÷!& b]lv
@)^)÷!÷!% b]lv @)^)÷%÷& ;Dd l;lgo/ gl;{¨ clkm;/ kbdf /
@))$÷*÷@* b]lv gl;{¨ ÏofsN6L -Pl;:6]06 k|f]km];/_ kbdf :yfoL eO{
xfn k|f]km];/ kbdf ldlt @)!$÷@÷!) b]lv sfo{/t 5' .
k
k
k
k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] 8]k'6L k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/ aGbf M
|lti7fgsf] klxnf] 8]k'6L k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/ aGbf M
|lti7fgsf] klxnf] 8]k'6L k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/ aGbf M
|lti7fgsf] klxnf] 8]k'6L k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/ aGbf M 8f= z]v/ sf]O/fnf
tTsflng /]S6/n] dnfO{ k|df0fkq tx gl;{¨ sf]if{sf] 8]k'6L sf]–cl8{g]6/
agfOof] / sf]if{sf] ;+rfngsf] lhDdf lbOof] . tTsflng gl;{¨ rLkm
;s'g l;+x d]8d, x'g' x'GYof] / jxf“ lj=P;L= k|f]u|fd x]g'{ x'GYof] . k|df0fkq
txsf] sf]cl8{g]6/sf] lhDd]jf/L kfPkl5 d}n] kf7oqmd lgdf{0f b]lv
nuftf/ ;lqmo /xL b'Ojif{ hlt k|f]ufd rnfP / To;kl5 Pd=P;L=
k9g r08Lu9 uP . d k|df0fkq txsf] sf]–cl8{g]6/sf] ;fy;fy} d]l8sn
jf8{sf] OGrfh{ klg lyP . d]l8snjf8{ af6} clkm; ;+rfng ub{y] .
ldl6¨ tyf ;]8'nx? jf8{d} jl;jl; agfpy] / ;kmntf k"j{s b'O{ jif{
;Dd jf8{ OGrfh{ / sf]cl8{g]6/sf] e'ldsf lgjf{x u/] . o; cjlwdf d}n]
sn]h k|zf;g tyf lzIf0f ljlwaf/] w]/} cg'ej k|fKt u/], h'g d]/f]
;kmntfsf] nflu cfwf/ l;4 eof] .
$=(
$=(
$=(
$=( jL=kL=sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ljtfOPsf] jfO; jif{sf]
jL=kL=sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ljtfOPsf] jfO; jif{sf]
cg'ej
cg'ej
cg'ej
cg'ej -
-
-
-@)$*÷*÷@@ b]lv @)&! ;Dd_
@)$*÷*÷@@ b]lv @)&! ;Dd_
@)$*÷*÷@@ b]lv @)&! ;Dd_
@)$*÷*÷@@ b]lv @)&! ;Dd_ -
-
-
-lzIff, ;]jf, cg';Gwfg,
lzIff, ;]jf, cg';Gwfg,
ljz]if lhDd]jf/L tyf /f]rs IF0fx?_ M
ljz]if lhDd]jf/L tyf /f]rs IF0fx?_ M d o; k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf
x'g'eGbf sl/a @ jif{ cuf8L b]lv sfo{/t 5' . d}n] :6fkm g;{kbaf6
hflu/ z'? u/]sf] lyP / lj:tf/] k|df]zg x'b} gl;{¨ clkm;/, l;lgoo/
gl;{¨ clkm;/, Pl;:6]06 k|f]km];/, P;f]l;P6 k|f]km];/ Pl8;g k|f]km];/, x'“b}
@)!$÷)@÷!) b]lv k|f]km];/ kbdf a9'jf eO{ :yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t 5' .
k|lti7fg c:yfkgf x'g'eGbf cuf8L lj/f6gu/sf] zlxb d}bfgdf
tTsflng ef/tLo k|wfgdlGq rGb|z]v/n] efif0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
lj=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] gfddf d]l8sn sn]h vf]Ng'; xfdL ;xof]u u5f}{ /
pQm efif0f d}n] :jo+ ;'g]sf] lyP, Tolta]nf ;kgf h:t} nfUbYof] .
@)$( ;fnlt/ dlGqkl/ifbn] jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:y lj1fg k|lti7fg
ljw]os ;+;baf6 kf; u/] / k"jf{~rn If]lqo c:ktfn, w/fg,
k|lti7fgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . k|lti7fgsf] z'?jft x'g'eGbf
cuf8L 8f=z]v/ sf]O/fnf, 8f=dbg pkfWofo, 8f= zz+s sf]O/fnf, tyf
ef/tLo kIFsf ljz]if1x? w/fg c:ktfn x]g{ cfpy] / xfdL;+u 5nkmn
uy]{ . Tolta]nf xfd|f] tna sl/a ?= !%))÷– lyof] / xfdLnfO{ eGYof]
tkfO{x? jL=kL=df cfpg'; , xfdL ?= %)))÷– tna lbG5f} / k9g]
df}sf klg kfpg' x'G5 . k9g] nf]e tyf /fd|f] tna :s]nsf] nf]en] d
o; k|lti7fgdf k|j]z u/] .
o; k|lti7fgdf d}n] tg, dg, wgn] ;]jf u/] . k|lti7fsf] O+6f, 9'=uf,
h+unsf] /Iff ug'{b]lv lnP/ lglt lgod agfpbf ;d]t d}n] ;xof]u ug]{
cj;/ kfP . dnfO{ clxn] klg k|lti7fgsf] plQs} dfof / ddtf 5,
sf/0f h;/L cfdfa'jfnfO{ ;Gtfgsf] dfof x'G5, To:t} dnfO{ klg
:yfkgf b]lv lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]n] xf]nf ckgTj sf] efjgf cfp5 /
k|lti7fgsf] enf] s;/L x'G5 eg] ;f]rdf x'G5' .
h;/L d}n] OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy k|lti7fgnfO{ d}n] ;]jf u/,] To;}n]
k|lti7fgn] klg dnfO{ :6fkmg;{af6 k|f]km];/ aGg] cj;/ lbP / /fli6«o
tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df lrgfpg] df}sf lbof] . k|lti7fgdf dnfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{ x'g] k|f=8f= dbg k|;fb pkfWofo, 8f=z]v/ sf]O/fnf, 8f= gf/fo0f
s'df/, 8f= ;'Gb/ dlg lblIft, k+lhof/ ;/, nufot ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/L
tyf ;xsdL{ ;fyLx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . k|lti7fgdf sfd ubf{
w]/} h;f] ;do d}n] dxTjk'0f{ lhDd]jf/L kfP h:tf] Odh]{G;L jf8{ OGrfh{,
8]k'6L k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/, sf]cl8{g]6/ jf8{ OGrfh{, ljleGg ;ldltsf
;b:o tyf cGo dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L w]/} h;f] ;do jxg u/] .d}n]
k|lti7fgsf] lzIff, ;]jf / cg';Gwfgsf] tLgj6} p2]Zo k'lt{df 7'nf]
;xof]u u/]sf]df d cfkm"nfO{ uf}/jjlGt 7fGb5' .

kl
kl
kl
kl/R5]b %
/R5]b %
/R5]b %
/R5]b %
b]z
b]z
b]z
b]z–
–
–
–ljb]z e|d0f sf] cg'ej
ljb]z e|d0f sf] cg'ej
%=! g]kfn e|d0f
%=@ ef/t e|d0f
%=# ci6«]lnof -l;8gL_ e|d0f
%=$ l;+ufk'/ e|d0f
%=% ;lj{of -a]nu]8_ e|d0f
%=^ xªsª e|d0f
%=& :jL6h/Nof08 -h]g]ef_ e|d0f
%=* a]NhLod g]b/n]08, k|mFG; tyf cGo b]zsf] e|d0f
%=! g]kfn e|d0f
%=! g]kfn e|d0f
%=! g]kfn e|d0f
%=! g]kfn e|d0f -
-
-
-d]r
d]r
d]r
d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd_ M
Lb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd_ M
Lb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd_ M
Lb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd_ M d}n] g]kfnsf] d]rLb]lv
dxfsfnL;Dd t/fO{sf k|foM ;a} lhNnf tyf kxf8 / lxdfnsf] klg w]/}
lhNnfsf] e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ gf]s/L tyf k9fO{sf] cjlw df kfP . g]kfn
e|d0faf6 d}n] g]kfnsf] jf:tljs j:t' l:ylt / ;fdflhs cj:yf af/]
hfgsf/L kfpg] cj;/ k|fKt u/] . g]kfnsf] k'j{ l;df sfs8le§f tyf
Onfd x'b} wgs'6f, ?s'd, hfh/sf]6 sf] ;fy} dxfsfnLsf] dx]Gb|gu/
nufot sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, a'6jn, e}/xjf, w/fg, lj/f6gu/, /fhlj/fh,
bf+u g]kfnuh+ h:tf 7f“psf] a;fO{ tyf e|d0faf6 d}n] b]zsf] jf:tljs
cj:yf;+u kl/lrt eP / d s;/L ul/a tyf lgd'vf hgtfsf] hLjg
psf:g ;S5' eGg] efjgfaf6 k|]l/t eP .
d}n] dx]Gb| lj3f e"if0f æuÚÚ kbs lngsf] nflu kf]v/L hfg' kg]{ lyof] ,
lsgsL pQm kbs /fhaf6 k|bfg ul/GYof] / tTsfnLg /fhf >L % lj/]Gb|
kf]v/fsf] /TgdlGb/df ;jf/L x'g' ePsf] lyof] . kf]v/fsf] @ lbgsf] a;fO{
d}n] km]jftfn, j]ugf;tfn, dx]Gb|u'kmf nufot dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx?sf]
e|d0f ug]{ df}sf ;d]t kfP“ . d}n] cfO=P;L= k9bf @)$) ;fn lt/ klg
kf]v/f e|df0df ;fyLx?;+u uPsf] lyP , Tolt a]nfsf] ;DemgfnfO{ o;
e|d0fn] tfhf kfl/ lbof] . /fhfaf6 k|fKt d]8n tyf jxf“n] eGg' ePsf]
zAb æ:ofaf;ÚÚ clxn] ;Dd klg ;lDem/x]5' / d]/f] k|]/0ffsf] >f]t ;d]t
aGg k'Uof] .
%=@ ef/t e|d0f M
%=@ ef/t e|d0f M
%=@ ef/t e|d0f M
%=@ ef/t e|d0f M d}n] ef/t e|d0fsf] z'?jft r08Lu9 k9bfaf6 z'?
u/]sf] xf] . ef/tsf] k|foh;f] k|d'v zx/x? d}n] e|d0f ul/;s]sf] 5' .
h;df lbNnL, r08Lu9, cd[t;/, hDd', l;Dnf, sfzL, xl/åf/, snstf,
r]gO{, sGofs'df/L, ;]nd, sf]lrg, lt?klt, k6gf, j]Gunf]/, e]nf}/
nufotsf zx/x? kb{5g .
d}n] Pd=P;L= k9g' eGbf cuf8L Ps k6s hf]ujgL jf6 kmf/lj;u+h
hfbf 6«]g r9]sf] lyP .
a|f]8u]hsf] 6«]g klxnf] k6s d}n] r08Lu9 OG6«fG;sf] hf“r lbg hf“bf
sl6xf/af6 lbNnL ;Dd r9]sf] lyP . Tolta]nf 6«]gsf] Kn]6kmd{ 5'l§ofpg
ufx|f] k¥Yof] / 6«]g s;/L s'g ?6af6 cfp“5 eGg] crDd nfUYof] . 6«]g
r9g] a]nfdf w]/} ;+3if{ ug'{ k¥Yof] . Ps–b'O{ k6s ofqf ul/;s] kl5 ,
lj:tf/} 6«]g w]/} ;lhnf] nfUg yfNof] / k|fo ef/t e|d0f 6«]gaf6 ul/GYof]
. ef/tsf] zx/x?df dnfO{ dgkg]{ lbNnL, r08Lu9, cd[t;/, sf]nsftf,
r]GgO tyf agf/; xf] . d}n] ef/tsf] zx/x?dWo] ;aeGbf al9 ;do @
jif{ r08Lu9df Pd=P;L= k9bf ljtfPsf] xf] . r08Lu9df k9bf d}n]
pQ/ ef/tsf zx/ tyf wfdL{s :ynx? h:t} l;dnf, xl/åf/, Clifs]z,
j};gjb]jL, dg;fb]jL, cd[t;/, lbNnL tyf cfu/fsf] tfhdxn x]g]{
cj;/ kfPsf] lyP . ef/tsf] wfld{s :ynx? dWo] d}n] k|foh;f] w]/}af6
:ynsf] e|d0ful/ k'hf cr{gf ug]{ cj;/ kfP“ .
d}n] pQ/ ef/tsf wfdL{s :ynx?dWo] j};gb]jL -hDd"_, dg;fb]jL -
r08Lu9_, xl/åf/, uof k|ofu, sfnLdlGb/ -snsf_ nufotsf :ynsf]
e|d0f tyf k'hfkf7 ug]{ cj;/ kfP . blIf0f ef/tsf k|d'v lty{:ynx?
dWo] lt?klt tyf k"lj{ ef/tsf] sGofs'df/L dlGb/sf] bz{g ug]{ df}sf

kfP . d}n] klxnf]k6s lt?klt afafsf] dlGb/ tyf cGo dlGb/df dfu]sf]
cflz{jfb ;a} k|fKt eof] / k'gM bz{g ug]{ clenf;f klg k|fKt eof] .
d}n] kl/jf/ ;lxt ->Ldlt / 5f]/f_nfO{ klg ef/tsf] k|d'v zx/ tyf
tLy{ :ynsf] e|d0f u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5' . d}n] kl/jf/;+u} e|d0f u/]sf
ef/tsf k|d'v zx/ tyf :ynx? dWo] lbNnL, r08Lu9, xl/åf/,
Clifs]z, r]gO, a}+unf]/, sf]nsftf nufotsf zx/x? 5g . ef/t
e|d0fsf] cj;/ dnfO{ cWoog tyf sGkm]/]G;df ;xefuL x'bf k|FKt
ePsf] xf] . ef/t e|d0faf6 d}n] s] lzIff kfP eg] d]xgt tyf OdfGbf/L
;fy sfd ug'{k5{, ;Dks{ a9fpg' k5{ / c+u|]hLdf bIFtf xfl;n ug'{k5{ .
ef/t e|d0fsf] dxTj k"0f{ r'gf}tLx? dWo] clu|d 6«]g l6s6 a's gu/fO{ /
l;6 l/hj{ gul/ 6«]g dfq ug'{ si6s/ x'G5 . ;se/ a;sf] ofqf nfdf]
b'/L ug'{ /fd|f] xf]Og .
ef/tsf] zx/x? dWo] vfgfsf] nflu dnfO{ dgkg]{ zx/x?df lbNnL,
r08Lu9, cd[t;/, uf]jf, d'DaO{, a}+unf]/, tyf xl/åf/f xf] . 5f]6f]
cjlwsf] nflu a:g tyf ;d'Gb|sf] cfgGb nLgsf] nflu uf]jf, sf]lrg,
sGofs'df/L pko'Qm 7fp“ xf] . l;dnf 3'Dg' g]kfnLsf] nflu kf7 l;Sg' xf],
l;dnfsf] ljsf; x]/]kl5 k|To]s g]kfnLsf] dgdf g]kfnsf] kxf8sf]
ljsf; ug'{k5{, u/fpg' k5{ / x'g'k5{ eGg] k|]]/0ff k|fKt x'G5 . l;dnf
jf:tdf Pp6f pTs[i6 ko{6lso uGtJo xf] . g]kfnL /fhg]tfx?n]
Psk6s l;dnfsf] e|d0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
lbNnLsf] e|d0fn] ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/x? x]g]{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] / ef/t
ljZjsf] Pp6f ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;"lrdf /x]sf] cfef; x'G5 . lbNnLsf]
ljdfg:yn w]/} /fd|f] 5 , t/ s]lx ;'ljwfx? ;fdfGo hgtfnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg' k5{ , h:tf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . ef/tsf] r08Lu9 zx/
x]/]kl5 of]hgfa4 zx/, hxf“ z'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt x'G5 / o'/f]ksf]
t'ngfdf sd 5}g eGg] cfefif x'G5 . Jojl:yt zxl/s/0f, ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{
k|Tofe"lt, sfg'gL/fHo, ;dosf] dxTj, ;'ljwf ;DkGg zx/ r08Lu9sf]
ljz]iftf xf] . kGhfaL ;+:s[ltsf] emns tyf /xg;xg x]g{ cd[t;/ /
kl6ofnf k|d'v ef/tLo zx/ x'g .
wfdL{s b[li6n] k|Voft zx/x? dWo] xl/åf/, Clifs]z, sGofs'df/L,
j};gb]jL, lt?klt O x'g . Jo:t b}lgls tyf le8ef8sf] zx/x? d'DaO{,
r]gO tyf sf]nstf kb{5g . lbNnL, d'DaO{, r]gO tyf sf]nsftf
zx/x?sf] hLjgz}nL w]/} km/s km/s 5g . d'DaO{ cToGt Jo:t
cf}Bf]lus tyf rnlrq gful/sf] ?kdf k|Voft 5g . lbNnL /fhwfgL
ePsf]n] oxf“ ;fgfb]lv 7"nf ;a}sf] nflu c6g ;Sg] Joj:yf b]Vg kfOG5
. sf]nsftf ef/tsf] k'/fgf] zx/ c+u|]h ;dosf] /fhwfgL / sDo'lgi6
/fHo ePsf]n] k|foh;f] oxf“sf] hLjgz}nL ;fdfGo 5g , tyf l;ldt
ju{sf dflg; clt ;+kGg 5g . snstfdf ;fOG; l;6L, gof“ gof“ ;lk¨
dnx? ;fd|fGttfsf pbfx/0f x'g . r]gO{ -db|f;_ blIf0f ef/tsf]
Jofkfl/s s]Gb| xf] . Toxf“sf] dflg;x? :yfgLo efiff, vfgf, k/Dk/f nfO{
al9 k|fyldstf lbG5 / plgx?df lxGbL efifL k|ltsf] Jojxf/ Tolt /fd|f]
b]lvb}g .
k"jL{ ef/tsf] Pp6f ;fgf] zx/ sGofs'df/L hxf“ ljj]sfgGbsf]
;dfwL:yn / sGofs'df/L dlGb/ rlr{t 5g Pp6f k|d'v wfld{s :yn xf]
. ljj]sfgGb ;dfwL :yn hf] rf/}lt/ ;d'Gb|n] 3]/]sf] 5 / oxf“sf] agf}6
Pp6f r§fgdf /x]sf] 5 . cToGt dgf]/d tyf zfGtlk|o 5g . oxf“sf]
Wofgs]Gb| cToGt /fd|f] / k|]/0ff bfoL 5g . oxf“af6 ;"of]{bosf] b[io
cToGt dgf]/d b]lvG5 . o; 7f“psf] e|d0fn] dgdf zfGtL tyf
wd{k|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ hfu[t u/fp“5 . oxf“ /x]sf] sGofs'df/Lsf] dlGb/df
k'/ifx? cw{gUg eO{ dfq k|j]z ug{ kfp“b5g / cToflws le8 b]lvG5 .
wfld{s cf:yfsf] nflu k|d'v lty{dWo] j}zgb]jL klg k|d'v xf] . hDd'af6
s6/f ;Dd a;df hfg'kb{5 / s6/faf6 k}bn ofqf z'? ug'{ k5{ .
s6/fdf gfd btf{ u/fO{ ;s]kl5 kxf8 r9g z'? ug'{k5{ . dgdf /fv]sf]
OR5f k'/fxf]; eGg] sfdgf ub}{ cflbzlQm -j}zgjb]jL_ nfO{ ;Demb}
psfnf] nfUbf ofqf cToGt ;'vdo, /dfOnf] / ;lhnf] ;+u k'Ug ;Sg]

x'G5 . ofqfsf] s|ddf dflg;df b]lvg] xf};nf tyf pT;fxaf6 wfld{s
efj0ffsf] k|ikm'6g x'G5 / s'g}klg unt ljrf/ k|j]z ug{ kfOb}g .
dflg;df k|]/0ff, cf:yf, tyf wfld{s efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ j}zgjb]jLsf]
bz{g n] ;xof]u ldN5 . d}n] lrtfPsf] ;a} ;+sNkx? k'/f efof], /
o;af6 d]/f] dgdf wd{ k|ltsf] cf:yf a9b} uPsf] xf] .
Pd=P;L= gl;{Ë sf] kl/Iffdf ;fldn x'g r08Lu9 hfbf jf6 z'?jft
z'?ePsf] ef/t e|d0f k6s k6s ul/ cGo k|fof]hgsf] nflu klg k|fKt
eof] . Pd=P;L= vf]Ng'k"j{ cWoogsf] nflu cGo rf/hgf gl;{¨ lzIfs
;lDdnt ;d"x xfdL lbNnL, r08Lu9, n'lwogf, j}u+nf]/, e]nf]/ nufotsf
7f“px?sf] e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] . of] e|d0f d]/f] nflu cToGt
lzIffk|b lyof] / o;n] dnfO{ hLjgdf s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] k|]/0ff lbof] .
ef/t e|d0fsf] ljz]if ;Demgfx? M
kGhfa e|d0f M
kGhfa e|d0f M
kGhfa e|d0f M
kGhfa e|d0f M d r08Lu9df k9bf æg]zgn kml6{nfOh/ lnld6]8ÚÚ
æb+un af“wÚÚ tyf ljleGg u'?åf/x? h'g kGhfa df cjl:yt 5g ,
cjnf]sg ug]{ df}sf kfP . d}n] g]zgn kml6nfO[h/ lnld6]8df s;/L
o'l/ofdn xfjfaf6 tyf kfgLaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf k|zf]wg ul/G5 , / 6«]gdf
nf]8 ul/ b]zsf] ljleGg efudf k7fOG5 , x]g]{ df}sf kfP“ . To:tf] Pp6f
kmofS6«L g]kfndf eP g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ dnvfBsf] cfjZostf k'/f
x'g]lyof] . Toxf“ d}n] Sofnl;od KnfG6 klg x]/,] h'g kfgL, xfjf,
afof]Uof;, l8hn, nfOd O{ sf] k|of]uaf6 agfOPsf] b]lvof] . kGhfadf
/x]sf] b+ufn af“w Pp6f 7"nf] af“w xf], h;sf] k|of]un] ljB't lgsflnG5 /
hdLg sf] l;rfO{ gx/af6 ul/G5 .
kGhfa el/df ljZj k|l;4 u'?åf/x? 5g , h;df d}n] cfgGbk'/ ;fx]j,
l;;dxn u'?åf/, k6nk'/L u'?åf/, zlxb u'?åf/, nufot cGo ;fgf
;fgf ljleGg u'?åf/ x]g]{ df}sf kfP“ . d}n] u'?åf/fdf kfPsf] /fd|f
kIfx?df ;a}nfO{ lgz'Ns ef]hg -n+u/_, ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/, vfgf
tyf af; tLg lbg ;Dd lgz'Ns tyf hGdb]lv d[To' ;+:sf/ u'?åf/d}
u/fpg', ;]jf ejgf tyf wd{k|ltsf] ;Ddfg k|z+;f ug]{ nfos 5g .
ofqf cg'ej M
ofqf cg'ej M
ofqf cg'ej M
ofqf cg'ej M ;g @))) sf] h'nfO{ @& tfl/sdf tfTsfnLg c:ktfn
lgb]{zs -8f= gf/fo0f s'df/_ n] Pp6f ;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgf ug'{ eof] /
jxf“n] u/]sf] ef/tsf] e|d0faf/] xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . d}n]
pQm ;]ldgf/af6 lgDg s'/fx? k|]/0ffbfos ePsfn] clxn] klg
;lDem/x]sf] 5' / kf7s x?nfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' .
s_ Pkf]nf] c:ktfndf ;'rgfs]Gb| w]/} /fd|f] /x]sf], !^)) j]8 /x]sf] pQm
c:ktfndf 8fS6/x?nfO{ jxf“x?n] k|of]u u/]sf] 7f“psf] cwf/df
k};f ltg{' kg]{ lgod /x]sf] hfgsf/L kfOof] .
v_ lt?klt dlGb/ hxf“ ejjfg lji0f'sf] k'hf x'G5, cfGw| k|b]zsf] Pp6f
k|d'v dlGb/ xf] . oxf“ nfOg nfu]/ l6s6 lnO kfnf] cg';f/ dfq
bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . dflg; oxf“ cfP/ cfkmgf] skfn s6fp5g /
eujfg nfO{ r9fp5g . oxf“ dfG5]n] cfÏgf] OR5f k'/f u/fpg
klxnf x'+8Ldf k};f olt r9fp5g . oxf“ ;'g, rf“lb / k};f
r9fp5g ls To;sf] lx;fa 5}g . d}n] klg efUoj; @ k6s o;
dlGb/sf] bz{g ug]{ df}sf kfP“ .
u_ e]nf]/sf] l;=Pd=;L= c:ktfn ef/tsf] Pp6f k|d'v c:ktfn xf] .
c:ktfnsf] cfDbfgL af6 (*% vr{ k'/f x'G5 . x/]s 7fp“df nfOg
/ l;i6d cg';f/ sfd x'G5 . dfG5]n] cfo>f]t cg';f/ c:ktfnsf]
z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . oxf“ ul/asf] nflu sd k};f tyf wlgsf] nflu a9L
k};f ltg'{kg]{ lgod 5 . o; c:ktfnsf] lgodsfg'g, ;/;kmfO{,
SoflG6g O{= k|z+;lgo of]Uo 5g .
3_ a}+unf]/df /x]sf] uf]s'n Ph's]zg kmfp08];g Pp6f k|fOe]6 ;]S6/af6
;+rflnt d]l8sn sn]h xf] . oxf“ s]=hL= b]lv kL=hL= ;Dd ;Dk"0f{
k9fO{ x'G5 . of] c:ktfn n] cfO{=P;=cf]= ())@ sf] k|df0fkq
kfPsf] 5 . of] &)) z}ofsf] c:ktfndf dfl;s ^))–&)) ljf/dL
Onfh kfp“5g / oxf“ Pd=lj=lj=P;= k9g sl/a #% nfv ef? ltg'{
k5{ .
ª_ ;fO{afaf c:ktfn, k'6fktL{, Pp6f k"0f{ lgz'Ns c:ktfn xf], h'g 6«i6
tyf cg'bfgaf6 rNb5 . oxf“ d'6'sf] ck/];gsf] nflu b'O{ c8fO{

jif{, gzfsf] nflu # jif{ tyf lkQsf] y}nLsf] 9+'ufsf] ck/]zgsf]
nflu *–( dlxgfsf] kfnf]df klv{ nfOgdf a;]kl5 dfq ck/]zg
x'G5 . sf/0f lgz'Ns, /fd|f] ;]jf / lj/fdLsf] rfk w]/} ePsf]n]
nfOg a:g' k/]sf] xf] .
r_ a+}unf]/df /x]sf] ;]G6hf]g c:ktfn klg Pp6f k|d'v c:ktfn xf] .
o; c:ktfnsf] ;]jf klg w]/} /fd|f] 5 .
cGTodf jxf“n] s'g}klg c:ktfnsf] ljsf; tyf /fd|f] gfd sdfpgsf]
nflu lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' k5{ . c:ktfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ :6fkmx?df
;dk{0fsf] efjgf x'g' h?/L 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf k"0f{ lgz'Ns lbg ;lsb}g .
;sf/fTds ;f]r ePsf] :6fkmnfO{ dfq sfddf /fVg'k5{ . lgod sfg'g
agfpbf s8fOsf] ;fy nfu" ug'{k5{ / ;dofg';f/ kl/jt{g ug'{k5{ .
;se/ lj/fdLsf] c:ktfn a;fO{ sf] lbg 36fpg' k5{ . c:ktfndf
d[To'b/ sd ug'{k5{ . s'g} klg c:ktfnsf] gfd rNg nfdf];do nfUg
;S5 .
r08Lu9 a;fO{sf] IF0fx? M
r08Lu9 a;fO{sf] IF0fx? M r08Lu9 ef/tsf] of]hgfj4 tl/sfn] lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] zx/ xf] . r08Lu9df dnfO{ dgkg]{ tyf x]g{ nfossf 7fp“x?df
cfO{=P;=lj=6L= -a; c88f_, zflGtus+h' -kfs{_, /f]h uf8]{g -u'nfasf]
km'nsf] au}rf_, cf6{ Do'lhod, l;6L Do'lhod, lx:6f]l/sn Do'lhod, snf
;fu/ -jRrfx?sf] kfs{_, ;'lk|dsf]6{, ;]S6f]6«]P6, l;=Pd= clkm;,
;'sgfn]s, :j]dan ckm r08Lu9, ;q ;]S6/sf] ahf/, l;g]dfxnx?
tyf oxf“sf] a; ;]jf 5g . oxf“ lgodsfg'g, :jtGqtf / vfgfsf] nflu
k|l;4 5g . r08Lu9df /x]sf] lk=hL=cfO{=c:ktfn ef/tsf] Pp6f
;'ljwf;DkGg c:ktfn xf] . oxf“ /x]sf] dg;fb]jL dlGb/ cToGt k|l;4
tyf OR5f k'/fu/fpg] dlGb/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5g . dg;fb]jL dlGb/sf]
;fy} sfnfsf dlGb/ klg dxTjk"0f{ dlGb/ xf] . oxf“ glhs} /x]sf] lkhf]/d
uf8{g x]g{ nfossf] 5 .
j}zgj
j}zgj
j}zgj
j}zgjb]jLsf] bz{g M
b]jLsf] bz{g M
b]jLsf] bz{g M
b]jLsf] bz{g M r08Lu9sf] a;fO{sf] a]nf d}n] pQ/ ef/tsf] k|d'v
tLy{ j}zgjb]jLsf] bz{g !$ clk|n @))! df ug]{ df}sf kfP . j}zgjb]jL
hfbf hDd', s6/f tyf cGo 7fp“sf] e|d0f ug{] df}sf kfP . af6f]df
sfne}/j, clws'df/L u'kmf, O{= sf] bz{g ;d]t ug]{ df}sf kfP .
j}zgjb]jL ofqf d]/f] hLjgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ tLy{ xf] . d}n] /flt !@
ah] !$ clk|n @))! df dftfsf] bz{g ug]{ df}sf kfP . d j}zgjb]jLsf]
ofqfsf] nflu r08Lu9af6 hDd' a;af6 k'u], hDd'af6 km]/L s6/fsf]
nflu k|:yfg u/] . s6/faf6 sl/a !%–!^ 306fsf] psfnf] af6f] x'b} /flt
!@ ah]lt/ dlGb/ k'u] / Tolx /flt efUon] bz{g ;d]t kfP“ . hf“bf
kmls{bf af6f]df n'lwofgf, hnGw/, k7fgsf]6, s6/f, hDd' tyf
s;ld/sf] ofqf ug]{ cj;/ klg k|fKt eof] . d}n] cg'ej u/] dftfsf]
s[kf ljgf bz{g c;Dej 5 / jxf“n] rfx]df h:tf] OR5f klg k'/f x'G5 .
dfG5]sf] cf:yf / elQmaf6 d cToGt k|efljt eP . af6f]df ofq'nfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfx? h:t}, vfgf, kfgL zf}rfno, lj>fdu[x O{= k|;+;lgo
of]Uo 5g . dftfsf] dlGb/df ;+sNk lnO{ :jR5dgn] k'hf u/] ;a}
dgf]]sfdgf k'/f x'G5 , h'g d]/f] dfq xf]Og, clwsf+zsf] Tolx wf/0ff /x]5
.
tfhdxn sf] cjnf]sg M
tfhdxn sf] cjnf]sg M d}n] gf]e]Da/ @))! df r08Lu9af6 lbNnLsf]
e|d0f ub}{ cfu/f k'u] . cfu/fsf] tfhdxnsf] cjnf]sg kl5 Toxf“af6
sl/a @ 306fsf] af6f]df /x]sf] kmQ]k'/ l;ls|df csa/ afb;fxsf] b/af/
tyf lsnf x]g{] df}sf kfP“ . d'unx?sf] zf;g sfnsf] zfg lyof] cfu/f,
tfhdxnsf] agf}6 / cf;kf;sf] /dlgo jftfj/0f / hd'gfjf/Lsf]]
lsgf/fsf] b[io x]g]{ nfossf] /x]5 . h:tf];'s} tgfadf /x]sf] JolQm
;f“emkv tfhdxn 5]pdf a:bf / b[io cjnf]sg ubf{ dg zfGt x'G5 .
cd[t;/sf] e|d0f M
cd[t;/sf] e|d0f M
cd[t;/sf] e|d0f M
cd[t;/sf] e|d0f M d}n] @& hgj/L @))@ df cd[t;/ zx/sf] e|d0f
ug]{ cj;/ kfP . cd[t;/ hfg] af6f]df /x]sf] Jof; ;T;+u cf>d ;d]t
x]g]{ cj;/ kfP, h'g cToGt 7"nf] Jojl:yt tyf dgdf]xs lyof] .
cd[t;/df x]g'{kg]{ k|d'v rLhdf :j0f{dlGb/ xf] . :j0f{ dlGb/sf] agf}6
af:tad} cbe't 5 . :j0f{dlGb/sf] bz{gkl5 xfdL hlnofjfnfjfu hxf“
cu|+]hn] ef/ltox?nfO{ uf]nL xfgL ;fd'lxs xTof ul/ s'jfdf kmfn]sf]

k|df0fx? xfn;Ddklg tfh} 5g x]g]{ cj;/ kfP“ . To;kl5 glhs} /x]sf]
jfuf jf]8/, h'g kfls:tfgsf] l;df;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . Toxf“ ;“femdf
k|bz{g ul/g] ;]gfsf] k/]8 x]g{ nfossf] x'G5 .
l;dnf e|d0f M
l;dnf e|d0f M
l;dnf e|d0f M
l;dnf e|d0f M l;dnf e|d0fsf] a]nf oxf“sf d'Vo cfsif{0fx? l/8L -lks
KjfOG6_, dfn/f]8 -d]g ahf/_, 6'v'sf] k|l;4 xg'dfg dlGb/, s'lkm{ -6'l/i6
/ lkslgs :yn_ tyf ns8 ahf/ -sf7sf] ;dfg kfpg] 7f“p_ O= x]g]{ /
3'Dg] cj;/ kfP . c+u|]hx?n] oxf“ 6«]g tyf cGo ;fwfgsf] ljsf;
u/]sfn] ko{6sn] el/ e/fp x'G5 . g]kfnL g]tfx?n] oxf“sf] ljsf;jf6
k|]/0ff lng} k5{ .
xl/åf/ tyf Clifs];sf] ofqf M
xl/åf/ tyf Clifs];sf] ofqf M xl/åf/sf] ofqf, wfld{s ofqf l;4 eof] .
xl/åf/ e|d0fdf hfbf d ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] ;fy uPsf] lyP . Toxf“
u+uf3f6df ;f“emdf x'g] cf/tL -xl/ls kf}8L_ x]g]{ nfosf] x'G5, To:t}
oxf“af6 /f]kj]df r9]/ dg;fb]jL tyf r08Lb]jLsf] dlGb/ x]g]{ ;f}efUo
kfP . xl/åf/df /x]sf] j}zgj b]jL dlGb/, e'ldlgs]tg dlGb/, zflGts'+h,
bIfdlGb/, s+sfn dlGb/, p4t d08n tyf ;d;fg3f6 h:tf :yfgx?sf]
bz{g tyf k'hf ug]{ cj;/ kfP“ .
xl/åf/ kl5 $% ldg]6sf] a; ofqfkl5 Clifs]; k'Uof} . hx“f /fdem'nf,
nId0f e'mnf tyf c;+Vo dlGb/ tyf ;fwgf ug]{ s]Gb|x? b]Vg] cj;/
kfof} . d}nf] cfkmgf] hLjgdf ef/tsf w]/} h;f] d7 dlGb/ tyf
b]jfnosf] bz{g ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/], zfob of] OZj/sf] s[kfn] dfq
;+ej eof] xf]nf . eujfgsf] bz{g tyf k'hfn] dg zfGt x'g'sf] ;fy}
;tsd{ ug]{ k|]/0ff k|fKt x'G5 . gs/fTds ;f]rx?sf] k|efj JolQmdf kb}{g
/ tgfad'Qm hLjg lhpg d2b ub{5 .
%=# ci6«]lnof
%=# ci6«]lnof
%=# ci6«]lnof
%=# ci6«]lnof -
-
-
-l;8gL_ e|d0f M
l;8gL_ e|d0f M
l;8gL_ e|d0f M
l;8gL_ e|d0f M ;g @))# df d}n] cGt/f{li6«o s]g;/
gl;{¨ ;f];fO6Laf6 5fqj[QL k|fKt ul/ cGt/f{li6«o SofG;/ gl;{¨
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfP . of] d]/f] hLjgsf] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o
-ef/t afx]s_ e|d0f lyof] . d}n] Tolta]nf sl/a @))) cd]l/sL 8n/
a/fa/sf] 5fqj[QL, lgz'Ns /lhi6«];g tyf lgz'Ns xf]6n sf] ;'ljwf
kfPsf] lyP .
SofG;/ IF]qdf d}n] sfd ub}{ u/]sf]n,] d}n] of] ;'ljwf kfPsf] xf] .
ci6«]lnof hf“b d ;+u d]/f] Pshgf ;fyLn] klg pQm 5fqj[lQ kfPsf]
lyof] / xfdL b'j}hgf ;+u} uPsf lyof], o;n] ofqfdf s'g} sl7gfO{ ePg
/ ofqf cToGt ;'vdo eof] .
w/fgaf6 lj/f6gu/ / lj/f6gu/af6 xjfOhxfhdf sf7df8f}af6 z'?
ePsf] ofqf cToGt :d/l0fo eof] . sf7df8f}+af6 a}+ss -yfOn}08_ x'b}
l;8gL k'u]sf lyof} . a}7sdf sl/a !@ 306fsf] 6«fGhL6 lyof] . a}+sssf]
xjfO c88f x]/]kl5 d]/f] lbdfudf d sxf“ cfOk'u]sf], dnfO{ yfx} ePg .
/ftL $–% 306f 6«fGhL6 ?d a's u/fO{ cf/fd ug{ uof} t/ Toxf“ eGbf
t k|ltIffnod} /dfOnf] x'bf] /x]5 . k|ltIffnodf yl/ yl/ dfG5]x? cfpg]
/ hfg] qmd rln /xGYof] . 6«flGh6 ?dsf] ;'ljwf x]/]kl5 s] k|of]u ug]{ s]
gug]{ ;f]Rbf ;f]Rb} Toxf“ g;'tL km]/L k|ltIffnodf g} cfP/ a:of} .
a}7saf6 km]/L yfO{ Po/j]hsf] xjfOhxfhaf6 l;8gL -ci6«]nLof_ sf]
nflu p8of} . yfO{{ Po/j]hdf lbPsf] vfgf / cGo ;'ljwf clxn] klg
lbdfudf emnemnL ofb cfp“5 . yfO{ Po/sf] h'; / jfOg tyf
6]lnlehg lkmNd lbdfudf tfh} 5 . ;ft–cf7 306fsf] xjfO{ ofqf kl5
/flt sl/a !! ah] l;8gL cGt/fli6«o xjfO{ c88f k'Uof} . /flt !! ah]
;dfg lnP/ aflx/ lg:sbf t lbg h:t} b]lvGYof], ljh'nL emndn
aln/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . xfdL 6]S;L;+u s'/f u/]/ 6]S;L r9L xf]6ntL/
nfUof].
/flt !@ ah] xf]6n k'Uof} . xf]6ndf /lhi6«L u/]kl5 sf]7f kfP / x]g{ yfn]
. b'O{ j]8 ePsf] sf]7f 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf nufot rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf
ePsf] ?ddf Ps 306f kl5 ;'t] . sl/a $ lkm6 df]6f] 8gnkdf ;'t]kl5
ljxfg * ah]sf] yf]/} kfOPg 5 ah] nufPsf] cnfd{ klg jf:tf ul/Pg /
ljxfg * ah] ;fyLn] l/;]K;gdf cfP/ j]6/n] sf]7fdf kmf]g ubf{ aNn

p7] . ljxfg * ah] sgkm/]G; xndf k'u]/ /fli6«o em08f af]Sg' kg]{ lyof],
t/ em08} k|f]u|fd Ps 306f l9nf] ePsf]n] 5'6]g . xtf/ xtf/ o;f] em08f
af]s]/ xfdL g]kfnaf6 uPsf lyof} t/ pgLx? 7"nf] em08fsf] Joj:yf ul/
xfdLnfO{ dfr{ kf;df ;fd]n u/fOof] .
xhf/f} ljZj ;d'bfosf] cuf8L g]kfnL eg]/ d+rdf ;+jf]wg ubf{ dg t
xif{n] ubub eof] / hLjg ;fy{s ePsf] dx;'; u/] . rf/ lbgsf]
sgk/]S;sf] bf}/fg xfdLn] l;8gL zx/sf] k|foh;f] w]/} 7f“px? 3'Dof} .
oxf“sf] dgkg]{ 7fp“x/df km'8sf]6{, Do'lhod, cf]k]/fxfp;, PSjfl/od,
l;6L6fj/, ;f“emf6fpg, ANo"dfpG6]g, sgkm/]S;xn, ;d'b|Lt6 O= x'g .
ljZj x]l/6]h ;'lrdf /x]sf] cf]k]/f xfp; / ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d'Gb|
d'lg /x]sf] PSjfl/od x]/]/ xif{sf] cg'e"lt eof] . l;6L6fj/af6 ;Dk"0f{
l;8gL zx/nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{] cj;/ klg k|FKt eof] . km]l/df r9]/
cfk]/f cfpbf hfbf / Toxf“af6 kms{bf 8«d df r9]/ zxb/ kms{bf
cGoGt /dfOnf] cg'e'lt eof] . csfz] 6«]gdf ;d]t r9] / zx/sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ kfP“ . ci6«]lnofdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] 3/df Ps
5fs /fltsf] vfgfvfg] cj;/ kfP“, w]/} /dfO{nf] eof] . An' dfpG6]gsf]
cjnf]sg e|d0f hLjgsf] clj:d/l0fo e|d0f /xof] . ANo" dfpg6]gsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ ;dodf af6f]df xf]6ndf lbPsf] vfgf tyf jfOg cem}
lbdfudf tfhf nfU5 . ANo" dfpg6]gdf /x]sf] kmnfdsf] /+u kl/jt{g
b[io cToGt cgf}7f] b]lvGYof] .
;lkm{¨sf] nflu k|Voft /x]sf] ;d'Gb|df xfdLn] klg $–% 306f ljtfof} /
d]s8f]gfN8df vfhf vfof} / b[io cjnf]sg u¥of} . oxf“ r/f dfg'{ ck/fw
/x]5 / s;}n] df/] d[To'b08 ;Dd klg lbg;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]5 . oxf“
kmnsf] /; eGbf kfgL g} dx+uf] /x]5 . kmnsf] /;sf] ;]jg xfdLn] ug]{
cj;/ kfof} . oxf“sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] jfOg xf], hf] lgs} /fd|f] /
;:tf] kfOG5 . ci6«]lnof ljlrqsf] dxfb]z /x]5, oxf“ ljsf;sf]
cTofw'lgs emns b]lv lnP/ h+unL dflg; -k|frLg ci6«]lnog_ ;d]t
a;f]af; ub{5g . oxf“ lgod sfg'g leq /x]/ k|To]s JolQmn] h:tf]klg
:jtGqtf pkef]u ub{5g .
gf+uf] h'n';, xf]df] ;]S;'onx?sf] k|bz{g b]lv cfw'lgs ;Eo ;dfhsf
lrq0f kfOG5 . s+uf? hf] ci6«]lnofdf dfq kfOG5, x]g]{ cj;/ h+und}
uP/ kfP“ . k|frLg dflg; -h+unL ci6«]lnog_ sf] gf“r x]g]{ df}sf kfP /
pgLx?;+u kmf]6f] lvRg] cj;/ kfP“ . ci6«]lnofdf s[lifsf] lgs} ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L cfw'lgs tl/sfaf6 pTkfbg ul/G5 .
oxf“sf] dflg; xKtfdf kf“r lbg glj/fO{ sfd ub{5g / b'O{ lbg /dfOnf]
ub{5g .
ci6«]lnofdf ljsf;sf] pRrtd k|ltkmn kfpg'df Toxf“sf hgtfsf] 7"nf]
xft 5 . l;8gL zx/ sf] lgdf{0f s}bLx?af6 u/fO{Psf] xf] . hGd s}b x'g]
s}lbnfO{ h]n vfnL u/fpg la|l6; ;/sf/n] pgLx?nfO{ Pp6f 5'§} 6fk'df
nu]/ 5f]8LlbP / Toxf“ vfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] / lgdf{0f sfo{df nufpg]
lgtLaf6 l;8gL -ci6«]lnof_ zx/sf] lgdf{0fsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf], h;k|lt
xfn pgsf ;+ttLx?n] uj{ ;d]t ub{5g . olb dflg;n] Pp6f 6fk'nfO{
pTs[i6 zx/ agfpg ;S5 eg] b]z agfpg' s'g} uFx|f] 5}g, dfq OR5f /
;+sNk x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
%=$ l;+ufk'/ e|d0f M
%=$ l;+ufk'/ e|d0f M d}n] jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgaf6
b'O{ k6s cGt/fli6«o sgkm/]G;sf] ;'ljwfg lnP/ l;+ufk'/ 3'Dg] cj;/
kfP“ . l;+ufk'/ g]kfnLsf] nflu sdfpg] uGtJo klg xf] . sf/0f g]kfnLnfO{
l;+ufk'/ hfg' le;f rflxb}g . l;+ufk'/df w]/} g]kfnLx? ;]gfdf -uf]vf{x?_,
Jofkf/df tyf /f]huf/df ;+nUg 5g . l;+ufk'/sf] ljsf;af6 g]kfnLx?n]
l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fx? w]/} 5g, vf;ul/ ljsf; lgdf{0f, lgod sfg'g, ;dfgtf,
;dGjo / ;befj x'g . l;+ufk'/df ;aeGbf dgkg]{ s'/fx?df Toxf“sf]
lgodsfg'g, d]6«f] 6«]g, 3/lgdf{0f, ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;befj x'g .
l;+ufk'/df lgod sfg'g h:tfsf] To:t} nfu" x'G5 . oxf“ dfG5] af6f]df,
a;df / 6«]gdf kmf]xf]/ ub{}gg . r'/f]6 / dlb/f lglZrt 7f“pdf dfq a]Rg
/ vfg kfOG5 . 6«]gdf kmf]xf]/ kmfn]df %)) 8n/ kmfOg / r'/f]6 vfPdf
%))) 8n/ hl/jfgf ltg'{k5{ . lgod sfg'g leq a;]/ ;a} clwsf/

pkef]u ug{ kfOG5, h'g d}n] ci6«]lnofdf x]/]sf] lyP . l;+ufk'/sf] sfg'g
Toxf“sf k|wfgdlGq, dGqL tyf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ hgtf ;/x nfU5 .
dGqL tyf 7"nfdfG5] klg 6«]g r9g] ub{5 / ;fwf/0f dflg;klg
d/l;l8h sf/ r9b5g . oxf“sf dlxnfx? lgs} ;an, ;Ifd / hfgsf/
5g .
oxf“sf] cG8/u|fp08 d]6«f] 6«]g cToGt cfw'lgs / e/kbf]{ / ;lhn} k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] ;fwgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . /+usf] k|of]uaf6 ?6x? 5'l§Psf] 5 /
k|To]s :6]zg cfpg' cuf8Laf6 cfjhaf6 ;"rgf lbg] ub{5 . k|To]s #
b]lv % ldg]6df 6«]g ;'ljwf pknAw x'G5 . 6«]g l6s6 eGbf sf8{ agfP/
w]/} k6s ofqf ug]{nfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
oxf“sf uugr'nL ejgx?n] ;a]sf] Wofg tfg]sf] x'G5 . Pp6} ejgdf
Pp6f ahf/sf] Joj:yf x'G5 . Pp6] ejg leq xf]6n, /]i6'/]06, k;nx?
tyf rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf x'G5 / ;Dk"0f{ ejg g} jftfj/0f
cg's'lnt x'G5 . oxf“ ljh'nL hfg] ;d:of d}n] b]lvg, @$ 306f ljh'nL
pknAw x'G5 .
l;+ufk'/df vf;ul/ tLg ;d'bfosf JolQmx? a;f]af; ub{5g . h;df
l;+ufk'/L, rfOgLh / ef/lto -dnofnd_ 5g . oL tLg ;d'bfoaf6 k6s
k6s u/L /fi6«klt aGb5g . cfkmgf] cfkmgf] ;dfh tyf IF]qdf vf;
a;f]af; ub{5g / oL ltg} ;d'bfosf aLrdf ;fdflhs ;befj cToGt
/fd|f] 5 . oxf“sf] ln6n O+l8of km]d; 7f“p xf], hxf“ uPkl5 ef/tdf
cfPsf] efg k5{ / d':tkmf oxf“sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;lk¨ dnxf], hxf“
g'gb]lv ;'g ;Dk"0f{ ;dfgx? kFOG5g . oxf“ dgf]/+hgsf nflu ;+tf];f
cfO;n]08sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5, hf] cToGt k|fs[lts / dgf]/d 5 .
h;leq lrl8ofvfgf tyf cGo dgf]/~hgsf ;fwgx? 5g .
k|To]s JolQmn] cfkmgf] JolQmut :jtGqtf pkef]u u?g / ;dfhdf s'g}
lsl;dsf] ljs[lt gk}mnf]; eGg] p2]Zon] lgwf{l/t If]qx?df lgwf{l/t
ultljlwx? ug{ ;d]t 5'6 lbO{Psf] 5 . oxf“ dlxnfx? aRrf hGdfpg
Tolt OR5's x'b}g . pgLx?nfO{ aRrf al9 eGbf al9 hGdfpg eGg]
p2]Zoaf6 ljleGg ;'ljwfx? ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{5g h:t}, sd aRrf
x'g]n] al9s/ / al9 aRrf x'g]n] sd s/ ltg'{ nufot cGo ;'ljwfx?
lbG5g .
;]gf tyf ;'/Iffdf /x]sf g]kfnL u'NdnfO{ l;+ufk'/df dxTjk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] / pgLx?nfO{ 5'§} u'Ndsf] Joj:yf -uf]vf{_ u/]sf] 5 .
l;+ufk'/ nueu ;'g;/L lhNnf a/fa/sf] b]z xf] . oxf“ s'g} klg
vfg]s'/fsf] pTkfbg x'b}g . ;Dk"0f{ vfBfGg dn]l;ofaf6 Nofpb5g t/
k|of{Kt / tfhf x'G5 . oxf“ k|fo cfÏgf] s'g} ÏofS6«L 5}g, t/ sRrkbfy{
c? b]zaf6 NofO{ Ïofs ug]{ / ;fdfg tof/ ug]{ sfd ub{5g . oxf“sf
dflg;x? OdfGbf/ tyf d]xgtL d}n] kfP“ . oxf“ klqsf lgz'Nsdf k9g
ljxfg ljxfg afl8/x]sf x'G5g . gf/f h'n'; tyf 3gf{ ug]{ 7f“p
5'6ofOPsf] 5 , Toxf“ uP/ dfq lj/f]w hgfpg kfOG5 . oxf“ aGb,
x8tfn O{= lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . l;+ufk'/af6 xfd|f /fhg]tfx?n] kf7l;sL
b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ k|ltj4 ePdf !) b]lv !% jif{df g]kfn l;+ufk'/ eGbf
/fd|F] aGg ;S5 .
%=% ;lj{of
%=% ;lj{of
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-
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-a]nu|]8_ e|d0f M
a]nu|]8_ e|d0f M
a]nu|]8_ e|d0f M
a]nu|]8_ e|d0f M ;g @)!@ df d}n] o'/f]lkog P8;
;f];fO6Laf6 5fqj[lQ kfO{ o'/f]ksf] ;lj{of -a]nu|]8_ e|d0f ug]{ cj;/
kfP . Pr=cfO{=eL= P8;sf] IF]qdf o'/f]kdf ePsf] of] ;Dd]ng Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ ;Dd]ng lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g d ;+u} g]kfnaf6
c? b'O{ hgfn] ;d]t 5fqj[QL kfPsf] lyof] . xfdL sf7df8f}+ b]lv d'DaO{
x'b} o'/f]ksf] cli6«of -Eofgf_ k'Uof] / Toxf“af6 a]nu]|8 -;lj{of_ k'Uof} . of]
ofqfaf6 d}n] w]/} kf7 l;s] / w]/} /dfOnf] klg eof] . ef/tsf] d'DaO{
Po/kf]6{df xfdLnfO{ lgs} ;f]w vf]h ul/of] / cGtdf Kn]gdf r9g]
cg'dlt lbOof].
Eofgf -cli6«of_ o'/f]ksf] 7'n} b]z tyf 7'n} Po/kf]6{ /x]5 . Eofgfaf6
:yflgo xjfOhxfhaf6 xfdL a]nu|]8 k'Uof] . a]nu|]8 o'/f]ksf] k'/fgf] zx/
x]f . hxf“ cGt/fli6«o c;+nUg ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . o'uf];nfleof

lj36g eP/ ;lj{of / df]G6f]/]u' eGg] @ j6f b]z aGof] . 6'lqmg' cuf8L
o'uf]znfljof o'/f]ksf] Pp6f zlQmzfnL d'n's lyof] / bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5
of] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;d]t sdhf]/ x'b} cfof] / b'O{j6f b]zdf
ljefh eof] . a]nu|]8 -;lj{of_ o'/f]ksf] Pp6f k|efjzfln zx/ xf], hxf“
k|flrg o'/f]kdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] emns b]Vg kfOG5 .
oxf“sf d'Vo zx/x?sf] ejg ;8ssf] agf}6 x]bf{ oxf“sf] ljsf; bf]>f]
ljZjo'4sf] a]nfdf ePsf] efg k|i6 kfOG5 . rf}8f ;8sdf 9'+uf
lj5ofO{Psf], 7'nf 7'nf ejg, 7'nf 7'nf zflns tyf kfs{x? oxf“sf]
ljz]iftf xf] .
;Eo ;dfh s8f lgodsfg'g oxf“ k|i6 b]Vg kfOG5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5
sdhf]/ ePsf] / b'O{ /fHodf ljefhg ePs]f / cfly{s dlGbsf] sf/0f
oxf“ k/]sf] c;/ k|i6 b]Vg kfOG5 . oxf“sf] 6«]g :6]zg / Po/kf]6{ x]/]kl5
o;sf] k|i6 ememNsf] cfp“5 . ljZjo'4sf] a]nf Wj:t ePsf] k'/fgf]
a]nu|]8sf] ;§f xfn gof“ a]nu]|8 zx/ glhs} lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o'4 /
4Gbn] zlQmzfnL /fi6«x? s;/L wf/f;foL x'G5, ;f] k|i6 b]Vg kfO{G5 .
o'/f]k e|d0fn] dnfO{ ;+kGgtf ;+u cjut u/fof] . xfdLn] Toxf“ /x]sf]
Do'lhod x]g]{ df}sf kfof}, hxf“ ;of} tf]kx? h'g bf]>f] ljZjo'4df
lx6n/n] k|of]u u/]sf] lyof], ;'/lIft ;fy ;hfP/ bz{s nfO{ x]g]{ Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] kfP .
o'/f]k a;fO{ cToGt ;'vdo lyof] . xfdL a;]sf] xf]6nsf] k|To]s sf]7fdf
tftf] kfgLsf] kfOk h8fg ul/Psf] lyof], lsgsL hf8f] dlxgfdf oxf“
dfOg; !) b]lv !% l8u|L;]lN;o; ;Dd tfkqmd k'Ubf] /x]5 . oxf“af6
k|mfG;, hd{gL tyf O+un]G8 glhs} kbf]{ /x]5 . a]nu|]8 -;lj{of_ o'/f]ksf]
w]/} ;+j[4 /fi6« gePsf]n] l;+ufk'/ tyf l;8gL -ci6«]lnof_ h:tf]
cfw'lgstfsf] emns gkfP klg k'/fgf ;Eotfdf ljsf; ePsf] k|i6
b]lvGYof] .
%=^ xªsª e|d0f M
%=^ xªsª e|d0f M
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%=^ xªsª e|d0f M xªsª e|d0f Pp6f cltg} dxTjk"0f{ /dfOnf] tyf
cf/fdbfoL e|d0fsf] ?kdf /xof] . of] e|d0f d]/f] nflu r'gf}tL ;d]t eof]
. xªsªdf d}n] 6«fOnsf] ?kdf zf]w kq k7fPsf] lyP / 5fqj[lQsf] nflu
klg dfu u/]sf] lyP . efUoj; d]/f] b'Oj6} :jLs[t eof] / 5fqj[lQdf
xªsª e|d0f ug]{ / ;Dd]ngdf efu lng] df}sf k|fKt eof] . of] ;Dd]ng
df hfbf, d]/f] / ljefuLo k|d'v larsf] åGb lgs} a9fof] . h] xf]; d}n]
o; ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g', d]/f] nflu r'g}tL klg lyof] . d}n] d[uf}nf
/f]u af/]df lgs} cg';Gwfg tyf 8fOnfOl;;df of]ubfg u/]sf] lyP,
zfob To;}n] d}n] of] ;'ljwf l9nf] ePklg k|fKt u/] .
xªsª af/]df s'/fubf{ Pp6f cToGt ;+a[4 ;fgf] tyf Joj:yLt b]z xf] .
oxf“sf] ;+/rgfsf] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] emns k|i6 ?kdf b]vf k5{
. oxf“sf] uugr'DaL ejgx? / Toxf“ /x]sf] ;'ljwfx?n] ;a}sf] Wofg
cfsif{0f ub{5g . oxf“sf 3/x? !!* -Ps;o c7f/_ tNnf ;Ddsf 5g,
/ Pp6} 3/df Ps tnfdf ahf/ jf k;n, dfyL ckmL; / Tof] eGbf
dfly #–$ j6f xf]6n Pp6} 3/df /x]sf] 5 . oxf“sf ;aeGbf Jojl:yt
/x]sf] ;'ljwf dWo] Pd=l6=cf/= -6«]g_, a;, Kn]g tyf xf]6nx? 5g . oxf“
rf/ kf“r j6f 6fk'df zx/x? a;]sf 5g, h;dWo] b'O{ j6f d'Vo zx/x?
xªsª / df}ss kb{5g .
oxf“ sf/ tyf uf8L w]/} ;:tf] 5 t/ kfls{ª w]/] dx+uf] 5 . oxf“ rfOlgh
dfs]{6 w]/} 7"nf] 5 / w]/} h;f] g]kfnLx? /]i6'/]06 tyf xf]6n Joj;fodf
sfo{/t /xsf] kfP“ . oxf“af6 rfOgfsf] af]8{/ glhs} /x]5 / 6«]gsf]
dfWodaf6 ;lhn} hgf kfOG5 . xªsª rfOgfsf] Pp6f k|zf;lgs If]q
eP klg oxf“sf] d'b|f k|zf;g tyf sfg'g cnu 5g .
%=& :jL6h/n]08
%=& :jL6h/n]08
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%=& :jL6h/n]08 -
-
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-h]g]ef_ ofqf M
h]g]ef_ ofqf M
h]g]ef_ ofqf M
h]g]ef_ ofqf M d}n] ^ dlxgf cuf8L b]lv -clk|n
@)!#_ df cfO{=l;=Pg= sf] lh Pg Pn cfO{ tflndsf] nflu cfj]bg
u/]sf] lyP . ;xefuL x'g @)!! / @)!# df klg lgj]bg lbPsf] lyP t/
;kmn eOg / @)!# df d]/f] 5gf]6 eof] . o; tflnddf l;kmfl/; ug]{sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 / h;df d}n] lrkm, sn]h gl;{¨ -;ld nfdf_ /
Psflds l8g -k|f=8f= Zofdn e§/fO{_ sf] gfd lbPsf] lyP / jxf“x?sf]
;sf/fTds l/km/]G;af6 d]/f] 5gf}6 eof] .

of] tflnd d]/f] hLjgdf k|efj kg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf] ?kdf d}n]
lnPs]f 5' . d}n] ;+;f/sf] @% eGbf a9L d'n'ssf] gl;{¨ ln8/ tyf ljZj
:jf:Yo ;+u7g, cGt/fli6«o gl;{¨ ;+3 tyf o'gfO6]8 g];g sf
ljif]z1x? ;+u k|ltlqmof, 5nkmn tyf jxf“x?sf] cg'ej ;'Gg kfP .
of] tflnd d]/f] hLjgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ tflndsf] ?kdf /x]sf]5 , h:tf]
dnfO{ nfU5 . :jL6h/n]08 h]g]efsf] ofqf #–$ dlxgf cuf8L to eof]
/ d}n] k|lti7fgdf 8]Ko'6];gsf] nflu lgj]bg lbP / w]/} ;+3if{ kl5 dfq
d}n] pQm 8]Ko'6]zg ljbf kfP, h'g cToGt b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . To;kl5 d}n]
le;fsf] nflu cfj]bg u/] / ;lhn} k|fKt u/], sf/0f of] eGbf cuf8L d
ci6«]lnof, l;+ufk'/, xªsª tyf ;lj{ofsf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf] lyP . o;}
aLrdf d}n] a]NhLod -j;]{N;_ df o'/f]lkog P8; sGkm]/]G;df ;xefuL
x'g] df}sf km]/L kfP .
d}n] ^ ;]K6]Dj/ @)!# sf] ;f“em ^ ah] Po/kf]6{sf] nflu k|:Yfg u/] .
lqe'jg cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:yn sf7df8f}+sf] s]xL tYo j0f{g ug'{kg]{ d}n]
cfjZos 7fGb5' . lqe'jg ljdfg :yndf l5bf{ klxnf h:t} nfdf] nfd,
l9nf] sfd tyf cgfjZos em+em6n] g]kfnLsf] dfq geO{ ljb]zsf]
gh/df g]kfnsf] v/fa cj:yfsf] lrq0f ub{5 .
cWofudg ljefudf nfdf] nfO{g x]bf{ / g]kfnL o'jfo'jltx?sf] ljb]z
knfogsf] cj:yf x]bf{ dg cToGt b'lvt x'G5 . oL ;a}sf] b]fif d}n]
g]kfnL /fhg]tf x?nfO{ g} lbg rfxG5' . t/ nf]sdfg l;+xsf] lgo'lQm
cVtLof/ k|d'vdf ePb]lv ljdfg:yn sd{rf/Lx?df klg d}n] 8/sf]
cg'e'lt u/] / klxnf eGbf s]xL ;'wf/sf] dxz'; u/] .
/flt ( ah]lt/ Oltxfb Po/j]hsf] xjfO{hxfhaf6 d cfa'wfjL Po/kf]6{ -
;fpbL c/]ljof_ sf] nflu k|:yfg u/] . /flt sl/a ! ah]lt/ df
cfa'wfjL Po/kf]6{df cfO k'u] . Oltxfb Po/j]h / cfa'wfjL Po/kf]6{sf]
j0f{g ug'{ d ;fGb{les 7fGb5' . sf7df8f}+ ljdfg:yndf ljdfg r9bf
ljdfg olt /fd|f] xf]nf eg] ;f]r]sf] lyOg, t/ hxfhdf r9bf / ;'ljwf
x]bf{ cToGt /fd|f] nfUof] .
xjfOhxfhdf /fd|f] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b[Zoaf6 d cToGt k|efljt eP .
cfa'wfjL Po/kf]6{df cfp“bf t dg ub ub eof] . Oltxfb Po/j]h /
;fpbL c/]ljofsf] /fli6«o ljdfg klg /x]5 / cfa'wfljdf ()% ljdfg
Oltxfb Po/j]hsf] d}n] kfP“, o;af6 b]z slt ;DkGg /x]5 / /fli6«o
efjgf s:tf] /x]5 , k|i6 eof] . d}n] Po/kf]6{df ePsf] ;'ljwfaf6 klg
cToGt k|efljt eP, sf/0f of] Pp6f Joj:yf cGt/fli6«o Po/kf]6{ xf] /
b'aO{ klg oxf“af6 glhs} kb{5 . Pp6} b]z ;fpbL c/]ljofdf @, @ j6f
cGt/fli6«o Po/kf]6{ glhs} glhsn] b]zsf] ;DkGgtfsf] cfefif lbG5 .
cfa'wfaL Po/kf]6{af6 /flt @ ah]lt/ h]g]ef -:jL6h/n]08_ sf] nflu
k|:Yffg u¥of] / ljxfg & ah]lt/ & ;]K6]Da/ @)!# df h]g]efr -
:jL6h/n]08_ cfO{ k'Uof}+ .
h]g]efsf] ljdfg :yn k'/fgf], 7"nf] t/ Jojl:yt /x]5 . oxf“ x/]s s'/f
lgoda4 tl/sfaf6 ;+rfndf /x]sf] kfP“ . o;af6 k|i6 x'G5 :jL6h/n]08
Pp6f cToGt ;Eo tyf lgoddf rNg] b]z xf] . ljdfg:yndf ;fdfg
lng]ljlQs} cfO{=l;=Pg= sf] nf]uf] lnP/ 6]S;L 8«fOe/ xfdLnfO{ lng klv{
a;]sf] kfP“ . ljdfg:ynaf6 clt/fd|f] 6]S;Ldf r9]/ tflnd :yn cfp“bf
g]kfnsf] ofb emnemnL cfof], sf/0f oxf“sf] e'agf]6 g]kfnsf] h:t} /x]5
. olt /fd|f] 6]S;Ldf t g]kfnsf] dlGq, k|wfgdlGq tyf Jofkfl/x? dfq
r95g , h'g oxf“sf] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . Po/kf]6{df
cf“pbf dn]l;of tyf ;]n;];sf] ;xefuL ;d]t e]6] / tflnd :yndf
sl/a * ah]lt/ cfO{ k'u] . tflnd :yndf cfO{k'Ubf l/;]K;gdf Jojl:yt
tl/sfaf6 sf]7f kfP / gf:tf vfP“ . Psl5g cf/fd u/]kl5 tflndaf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg @ ah] xfdL ;a}nfO{ af]nfO{of] . ;]K6]Da/ & tfl/sdf @
ah]af6 tflndsf] hfgsf/L ;+u} xfd|f] tflndsf] z'?jft eof] .

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