Early Rome Shaped by Etruscans and Greeks

The Early Influences of Rome
The early influences of Rome, according to the text, were the people of Etruia and Greece. It is said
that it all started in the southernmost Etruscan centers[1]. These places, Caere, Tarquinii, Vulci, and
Veii, were the first city–states to be formed. It wasn't long before the great city of Rome would rise.
In this essay, we will briefly comment on the founders of Rome and their influences. Taking each
part of history step by step hoping to uncover the secrets of Rome's first steps towards become a
great empire. The first thought of discussion will be on the Etruscans, the people of Etruia. The
Etruscans played music, danced, did acrobatics, and held foot and chariot races[2]. This group of
people were incredibly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were however, other things besides religion and grammar that Rome received; things like the
Etruscan games are one of the many things that Rome adapted from its neighbors. The Etruscans
influence on Rome had to do with location. Towards the end of the 7th century BCE, the Etruscans
expanded their territories. Their territories included Northern Italy, with the Po Valley league, and
the Etruscan city–states controlled areas over Latium, which also included Rome and Campania to
the South. Hence the evolution of influence begins. In Livy, Romulus mentions one of the Etruscan
influences, "I am inclined to agree with those who think that as a class of public officers was
borrowed from the same people from whom the 'sella curulis' and the 'toga praetexta' were adopted–
their neighbors, the Etruscans– so the number itself also was taken from them." In this quote, not
only does Romulus mention the influence in clothes but the influence in government as well. The
number he mentions at the end of the quote has to do with twelve lictors he called to service. A lictor
is a public officer who attended on the chief Roman magistrates... the office of lictor is said to have
been derived by Romulus from the Etruscans.[10] The twelve lictors were responsible for passing
judgment on criminals after a trail. This included Roman citizens, foreigners and slaves as well.
Government was in fact another thing
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The Discovery Of The Praeneste Fibula
Fibula Praeneste
The Praeneste fibula has been the center of controversy amongst scholars since it's initial
presentation of discovery on January 7, 1887. There have been debates over the authenticity of the
inscription ranging from the unique language and grammatical features to undetermined discovery
site. The artifact has been estimated to origin from around the 7th century B.C., but there are
scholars who argue the artifact is a forgery dating from the 19th century. The inscription uses
lettering that resembled early Etruscan and Greek inscription from around 7th century B.C. The
Praeneste fibula is an early indication that other Italian languages influence on Latin in a frontier
city such as the early Praeneste. In more recent years, scholars have used a new scientific method to
perform an in–depth examination of the inscription to determine the origin date. The results have
determined that the Praeneste fibula is in fact authentic and dates to 7th century, which is well
before the believed forgery was produced. To understand the controversy that has plagued the
Praeneste fibula, one must look into the details of the artifact and unique features of the inscription.
The Praeneste fibula is a gold brooch, which was reportedly found at Praeneste in 1871. Either men
or women could have used the fibula as a means of holding together clothing garments. The artifact
was alone, but is assumed by scholars to be a part of an entire outfit because of the valuable nature.

Tuscany: Home To The Etruscans
Tuscany was home to the Etruscans until it was taken over by Rome in 351 BC. After the Roman
Empire had fallen, the region soon became known as Tuscany and was ruled by a series of different
rulers. It then developed into its own political entity with rulers of its own. In the twelfth century,
each Tuscan city was beginning to gain its own independence. By the time the Middle Ages came
around, major Tuscan cities such as Florence, Pisa and Siena began to gain wealth because of their
abundance of trading, banking, manufacturing, and of course agriculture. After living in Florence,
and the Tuscan region for almost four months now, I have no doubt that Tuscany is home to some of
the most fresh and delicious foods in the world. Over the past

Etruscans Thesis
The Etruscans were the early inhabitants of ancient Italy and Corsica. We know very little of where
this group of people has it's roots. It has been assumed to be lost in prehistory. Etruscan civilization
flourished around the sixth century BC. They were believed to be a seafaring people who's society
was primarily based on trade. Written language, religion, trade, art, architecture, and agriculture
we're all developed and included in Etruscan culture. The Romans were originally known as subject
people of the Etruscans. However, later on, the Romans conquered the Etruscans. The Etruscans are
well known for their "Naval Prowess". They had colonies in Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic
Islands. Archaeologists have found craft ruins from Greece,

Etruscan Culture
Internet Exploration Project 2
The Etruscan culture is quite a mystery to scholars. All that remains of this civilization are the tombs
of their dead and the artwork that resides within these tombs. From what has been gathered and
interpreted, the Etruscans belief in life after death was similar to that of the Egyptians. They
believed death was a journey to afterlife, a physical location, and that the deceased would require
the same type of goods and materials as in the world of the living. Therefore, within their tombs
they would paint scenes of celebration, hunting and religious rituals, as well as beds, livestock, and
even slippers. Etruscan funerary art is highly representative of their civilization with their paintings
displaying the daily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You see men standing in a boat on a river, fishing and hunting birds. Perhaps this is the telling of a
fishing trip the deceased took part in in life. These paintings device the essence of the Etruscans
culture in pursuit of easing the transition to afterlife. With scenes of good memories it may have
been thought death wouldn't be so scary.
With today's modern culture, death is a private event of mourning and grieving. We no longer as a
community gather to celebrate the life of a late neighbor, instead this event is intended for family
and close friends. We either bury our loved ones in a local cemetery or have their remains cremated
and kept in an urn for viewing. The rituals performed by individuals in the event of a death have
become superficial with a lack of meaning. The size of a headstone is only determined by how much
money you have. The extravagance of the wake or any type of ceremony performed is determined
by how much money you have. And for those who can't even afford a burial and opt for cremation,
the elegance of the urn used to hold the ashes of your loved one is once again determined by how
much money you have. Death has become an event of profit, for if you truly love your departed
relative you'll buy the most expensive casket or the biggest

How Did The Golds Use Gold In The Etruscan Civilization
Belts
Belts were worn by men around the waist fixed the clothes. The delicate belts for women were made
of gold or colored pearls.
Etruscans
The Etruscan Civilization was between the 8th century B.C and 4th century A.D. They were open to
all cultures and artistic influences, in particular to those of Greece. 3000 years ago, long before the
Roman Hegemony, the Etruscans dominated central Italy. They were dealers and artists and their
magnificent golden jewels were very sophisticated. They also developed several ways of using gold.
During this period, gold was even applied on variety of metals like silver and were even used to
decorate furniture.
Types of Jewelry
Diadems
Laurel leaves, flowers and small fruits of great finesse were used in these diadems.
Necklace
Women of this civilization like to wear them in numbers and with different lengths.
Bracelets
Bracelets were worn for wrists or for arms.
Romans
The ancient Rome used jewelry to a great extent. It became an epicenter for many workshops
conducted by goldsmiths. Goldsmiths flushed from Greece and other oriental provinces along with
precious stones and metals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To them, like the Egyptians, it was a way of differentiation and it represented their prestige. Their
luxurious gold jewels were loaded with Diamonds, Emeralds, Pearls, Amethysts, Sapphires etc.
Pearls were rare, magical and expensive. The rich spent a fortune on pearls. The elite families in
Rome, did not only own jewels but also splendid gold and silver household furnishings like the
Etruscans.
Middle Ages and Renaissance
The middle ages start in 800 and ends in 1500. Jewelry put in value the wealth and power of the
owner. They were worn only by the royal court and nobles. During the 13th and 14th century,
fashion changed and became refined and had a strong influence on jewelry.

14th

Why Societies Fall
While Great societies are well great, nothing can last forever. Many great societies that people
thought will never die have fallen to various things. Take rome, they fell because inflation of money,
which didn't allow for much spending. Or the Nazi's. That Nazi government was very corrupt and
fell because of what they did. Or even the Etruscans. They were overthrown by the very people they
governed. So Societies fall for many reasons, including corrupt leaders, money inflation, and social
revolution.
Societies fall politically because of things like corrupt government, or invasion.One example is in
Saga where the dark queen of the world doesn't care for anyone but herself, and controls the lives of
everyone. The Citizens of the world lived in poverty, because the government neglected them. As
said in the book, "This world with the humans, pathetic creatures that are so easy to manipulate."
(223 Kostick)
Another good example just like Saga is Nazi Germany, where Adolf Hitler ruled with an iron fist.
He strictly controlled all forms of media, and killed anyone who disagreed with him. Hitler did not
care about his citizens, he only cared about his own personal agenda. As said on Wikipedia, "The
Holocaust and Germany's war in the East was based on Hitler's long–standing view that the Jews
were the great enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for the expansion of
Germany. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet

Etruscan Sarcophagus Religion
Gender relations and The Portrayal of life and death in Etruscan Sarcophagus
Napoleon Alimi
Major: Law
Course: Art History
A sarcophagus is a container like memorial service repository for a body, most usually cut in stone,
and showed over the ground, however it might likewise be buried. Sarcophagi were frequently
intended to stay over the ground. In Old Egypt, a sarcophagus shaped the external layer of assurance
for a regal mummy, with a few layers of pine boxes settled inside, and was regularly cut out of
alabaster. All were normally brightened with painted or cut representations of the expired. Most
Roman samples were intended to be set against a divider and are improved on three of the sides just.
Sarcophagi kept on being utilized as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As H.H. Scullard brings up, they were frequently cut out of the earth and were "improved with
engineering exteriors, in this way providing for the cli!s the appearance of urban communities, with
houses, sanctuary fronts, steps and avenues" (Scullard 93). These tombs, which were set a short
separation far from the fundamental towns, were utilized by the entire town. Families, nonetheless,
normally accomplished their own particular segments in which to put their precursors. Inside of the
tombs archeologists have found, among different things, sarcophagi containing the ashes or stays of
individuals (Scullard 93–94). In spite of the fact that the sarcophagi were by and large very vast,
they were utilized to house the cremated stays of people. Numerous contain little holes where urns
#lled with powder were set (Banti 44). It is interested that the sarcophagi held powder in light of the
fact that they were constructed much bigger than should be expected. Artwork students of history
are uncertain about why their size does not specifically coordinate their capacity but rather
conjecture that size needed to do with endeavoring to make resemblances that were to some degree
exact and genuine (Banti 44–45). The Etruscans were attempting to memorialize their ancestors and
make a suitable the hereafter for them, so maybe they made extensive sarcophagi to make the tombs
seem more like life on earth. One of the best known sarcophagus covers from

The Individual Vs. Society In Harrison Bergeron
Did you know the brain responds to stimuli in 386 milliseconds? The human brain is designed to
save the body first, and by extension every instinctual response a person has is in an effort to save
the individual. This natural occurrence in over seven billion organisms exemplifies Herbert
Spencer's "survival of the fittest" philosophy . The brain thinks alongside the same principles. The
priority of the brain is staying alive, not keeping others alive. The individual is more important than
society due to the fact that society currently doesn't believe in progress, but in sustained mediocrity
and that biologically, the epicenter of every human says to stay alive and worry about others once he
or she is safe.
Society originated in Africa ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By extension, society won't function well unless the wellness of the individual is a priority. This is
clearly shown in Harrison Bergeron. The most gifted members of society are handicapped in order
to create a dystopic equality. The population is not happy, and although it is not said what the
outcome of the society is, it is easy to predict that it will fall, as all societies do. The USA's society
in Harrison Bergeron is an example of a poor society failing. However, failure isn't limited to
dystopic regimes. For example, one of the most influential societies to live on Earth ( Ancient
Rome) became successful after making the individual a priority. Before Rome became the most
successful republic in history, it was an oligarchical monarchy known as Etrusca. However, Etrusca
fell due lack of representation in government, or by extension, a pro society government causing
dissent and malcontent in the population, leading to revolution and eventually developing into what
is now known as Rome. This discontent in the Etruscan society can be found throughout every
society in the history of the human race. The Republic of Rome became successful due to the
importance placed on the individual, making Rome unique to other societies. However, after the
wars versus neighboring Carthage, Rome's government became weak enough to allow Julius Caesar
to rise to power, leading to the Roman Empire. Although Rome had made the individual a priority
orginally, it still wasn't enough. It is therefore logistically impossible to create a utopian everlasting
society. Due to this guaranteed failure, the welfare of society isn't as important as the welfare of the

The Importance Of Soil And Evaluation Of Taxonomic Evidence
Introduction
Using an object centred approach this narrative will attempt to go beyond the subject's simple
classification of a 'red–figured Stamnos (The British Museum, n.d)'. Analysis of function, status and
meaning of this Stamnos provide evidence of how it has changed over time. This is further achieved
by examining the production, consumption and afterlife of 'Attic pottery (Hughes et al., 2014, p.60)'.
Production
To begin, an intrinsic measure of soil and evaluation of taxonomic evidence identifies this Stamnos
as between 450BC–440BC of Athenian provenance. Raw material excavated from a clay bed then
transported to the 'Kerameikos (Wiley Online Library, 2012)' became divided into component
quantities. For decoration a portion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Attic vases gained their distinctive red and black colours from this method of firing, presenting a
genre known as 'red figure painting (Hughes et al., 2014, p.92)'. Consequently, in black figure
painting the colours are reversed. Often, the addition of White paint distinguished females, who
were otherwise underrepresented in often misogynistic evidence from ancient Greek literature.
Consumption
Meanwhile, assiduous 'ethnography (Harrison et al., 2014, p.14)' provides evidence of the
consumption habits of Ancient Greeks. High end pottery, designed to promote the owners status,
included the addition of precious metals. Society's elite paradigm of leisure included boisterous
'drinking games (Hughes et al., 2014, p.92)'. This Stamnos functioned as a vessel for mixing wine
enjoyed by heavy drinking Greeks who seldom enjoyed their wine 'neat'. The average Ancient Greek
pursuing a life of temperance regarded Attic pottery as affordable, functional, 'multipurpose
containers for everyday domestic use (Hughes et al., 2014, p.92)'. Proclivities towards Attic pottery,
'particularly through marriage and funeral ceremonies (Hughes et al., 2014, p.92)' maintained the
Ancient Greek's piety. Mythical narratives within Attic pottery appealed greatly not only to modern
collectors but to Romans and Etruscans before them. An example of this appears on this Stamnos, in
the form of the iconography upon the warrior's shield.

Etruscan Influence On Roman Culture
Roman culture was not created independently, but instead it was established by borrowing and
adapting numerous elements from major groups in their vicinity. The Etruscans brought architectural
influences as they expanded through Southern Italy and captured and ruled Rome. In addition, the
Romans were no exception to the undeniable draw of Greek art and influence that swept over all of
Italy. However, the truly remarkable characteristic of the Romans was their ability to improve
existing technology to apply to their practical needs and aesthetic desires. The Roman appropriation
of outside cultural architecture and art was the basis on which they innovated to enhance public
spaces as well as personal dwellings through the development of new ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A prime example of this adaptation is the statue of the Pseudo–Athlete. The sculpture parallels many
of the Greek influences found on the tombstone on the Appian Way, but a notable difference it its
location in the private home of the statue's subject. The cohesion of the body and head seems
impossible, as the two parts seem to be conveying the opposing traits of age and wisdom and youth
and action. The body of the statue expands on Greek contrapposto, as it shows the subject as a man
of action. The position of his right hand on his hip forces a downward slope in his right shoulder,
which in turn drives his left should up. A clamus, which is a hallmark of a man who takes action, is
then draped over the shoulder. In contrast to the youth and action of the body, the head of the subject
is one of maturity and wisdom. His head is turned slightly to the left, and the only motion displayed
is in the small rotation of his sight, which is a gaze of rumination. The natural lack of hair on his
head and his evenly spaced, yet sagging ears, are evidence that he is has developed a sense of poise
and prudence over time. The Romans borrow the complex element of contrapposto from the Greeks
but advance

Terracotta Etruscan Vase Analysis
I saw a terracotta Etruscan vase at the Walters Museum, on November 4, 2015. Created by Micali
Painter, it stands 16¾ high and has a circumference of 10¼, excavated between 500–490, BCE in
Cerveteri, Italy. The museum provenance for the container states that it was purchased in 1902 by
Henry Walters from the Don Marcello Massarenti Collection in Rome ("Black" Walters). A close
look at the vase reveals unclothed, energetically running satyrs. Above them, birds face in the
opposite direction, closer to the neck of the vessel. The wild satyrs with their powerful physique
caught my imagination and attention. The amphora was created in the Archaic Period, historians use
the term archaic, to suggest that a work is primitive, antiquated or old fashioned, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their use caused them to be indispensable, and their presence desired along with Greek imports. We
can form an idea of the main differences between Greek and Etruscan vases. Greek images are used
for their narrative qualities and symbolism; the erotic pleasures of mortal life and a prospect of
eternal feasting in the afterlife. Etruscan paintings conveyed a clear sense of an exuberant enjoyment
of life, with dancing couples and other human characters looking strong, healthy and filled with life.
The art captured human emotion much better than the more stylized Greek art. During the 4th and
5th centuries BCE, Greek fleets began to plunder the coastal cities, the Gaul's overtook the Po
Valley, and without unity among the citizens, the Etruscans were overwhelmed. Extensive sculpture
and artwork were destroyed when around 396 BCE, Etruscans were overcome by the Romans and
absorbed into the empire ("Etruscan" Collins). The short time period when the culture survived
independently, they created amphora that was magnificent in style, in my opinion, and vital in its
use. The symmetry of the handles suggests the stability of the symmetrical piece. While gazing at
the item, I realized that this ancient and delicate artifact is in remarkable condition. To imagine all of
the individuals that utilized the amphora in some way, and its travels throughout its life during the
last 2500 years, is a journey I will never fully

Etruscan Gender Roles
Archaeology is the excavation, study, and analysis of physical art, of ancient civilizations for
anthropological purposes. Sometimes, that purpose is specifically for analyzing gender activities and
roles within a culture. Gender roles, as a social costruct, are not defined explicitly by biological sex.
Thus, in different civilizations, time periods, and parts of the world, culture has defined the
relationship between men and women differently. Anthropologists and archaeologists value gender
analysis because it outlines the relationships between genders, which actively helps to fill in the
blanks about ancient civilizations. Gender activities and relationships have been thoroughly studied
in the Upper Paleolithic age, Etruscan, and Mayan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though the Etruscans did not leave much written history to be analyzed, much of Etruscan art
has remained intact over the years, giving archaeologsts a deeper look into their culture and a better
chance to make sense of the origins and cultural significance of the artwork in terms of gender roles.
Of particular interest to archaeologists (in terms of gender roles) is the well–known Sarcophagus of
Spouses. A sarcophagus is a funeral coffin of sorts and is usually made out of terracotta which is a
brownish–orange clay–based ceramic material. The sarcophagus is incredibly realistic and life like.
The limbs of the spouses are of significant distance from their bodies indicating movement and
expression. Further, the artwork exudes a great sense of intimacy, self–confidence and closeness.
Archaeologists have interpreted this as a sign that in the Etruscan society, men and women elite
were of the same stature and regarded very similarly. It appears that the man and woman are
lounging during a banquet, at ease with no discrimination or difference in cultural role. Because the
man and woman are depicted in the same way in the artwork, it can be argued that they were treated
the same way or had the same opportunities in their society. Archaeologists may argue that if women
were treated as lesser or unequal during this time, they would be depicted differently than the men in
the artwork of the time. Instead, the Sarcophagus of Spouses exudes a sense of sociability and peace
between men and women. From this particular artwork, it can be concluded that elite women in the
Etruscan society were treated as equals to their

The Longest Etruscan Temple
The Etruscans are a very mysterious group of people, especially considering the fact that there
writing system is so cryptic. So after 21 years, when Dr. Gregory Warden found an Etruscan stone
with the longest Etruscan inscription on it, it seemed like a miracle. The stone was found underneath
a temple in the site of Poggio Colla. This site was home to a small town, with the vocal point being
a temple on the top of the hill. This rock was found in the foundation of the temple, where the
podium most likely would be. This site was first settled in around 7 BCE with small huts, but then it
grew into a pilgrimage site. The people who inhabited this area were heavily involved in rituals;
animal sacrifice bones were found as well as gold and bronze

Etruscan Origin
Etruscan people, who called themselves Rasenna, or Rasna were highly developed ancient
civilization culture and people in period after 8 century BC and originated from Villanova Iron Age
Culture. This Etruscan civilization is distinct from 768 BC to 264 BC in the North–West district of
Apennine peninsula (Ancient Etruria or modern Tuscan district). There are no agreed and settled
versions about ethnic origin of Etruscan people. The most popular are following two versions: 1.
Etruscans are local people, who lived on Apennine peninsula. This was mentioned by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (60BC– 7AD). This version is not approved by modern archeology researches. 2. This
people and civilization were created as a result of three migration waves ... Show more content on
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The studies revealed that DNA code of ancient Etruscan was close to that one of Anatolian people of
modern Turkey. The same time their DNA was more close to Anatolian population, rather than
southern Apennine peninsula (southern Italia ) population. That makes possible to conclude the
version of Etruscan origin due to combined waves of migration from east. Francois Vase is a large
Krater vase dating 570BC. It is competed in black–figure pottery style. It was discovered in 1845 in
Etruria. It's 66cm high and covered with beautiful 270 human and animal figures and labelled with
121 inscriptions. There are 6 friezes or registeres on the vase. Many traditional illustrations of Greek
Mythos are shown. These are Caledonian Hunt, Theseus and athenians at Knossos, battle of
Lapithes and Centaures, funeral Games of Patrokles, wedding of Peleos and Thetis, Achilesus
pursuit of Troiles, return of Gethestion to Olymp and many others scenes of Greek Mythos. In my
opinion– the object is important as it is actually a kind of "visual book", etruscan comics. Animation
media. Greek word "Mythos" means oral word, speech. But this vase is a visual media
representation. So it is an attempt to create visual media source. This vase substituted books and
cinema to ancient etruscans. It is an ancestor of modern books, cinema and

The Influence Of Etruscan Culture
Etruscan culture was developed in Italy after about 800 BC. Etruscan culture was flourished in three
confederacies of cities including Etruria, the Po Valley with the eastern Alps, and of Latium and
Campania (Padgett, 2016). Etruscan had business dealings with Archaic Greece. Therefore, Etruscan
art was influenced deeply by Archaic Greece, especially Etruscan art and architecture. Etruscan
religion is very mysterious, and they emphasized the power of nature. They believe that people can
be revived after death. Therefore, their design of cremation and burial are very similar to the real
life. Women had high social status, and they could participate in various art activities and activities.
For example, Cerveteri Sarcophagus is one of the great

Apollo vs. The Palette of Narmer Essay example
The two works of art that have been chosen to compare and contrast are The Palette Of Narmer and
Apollo of Veii. The Palette Of Narmer dates back to the Hierakonpolis Dynasty 1 in 3100 BCE. The
Palette of Narmer is interesting because it is the oldest historic work of art that names a person, and
is the earliest piece of art that uses hieroglyph. This artwork depicts the dawn of a new age of man
and his use of writing and pictographs in art. The statue of Apollo, from Veii comes from the
Etruscan art period Apollo was created around 500 BCE. It was created by a very popular sculpture
of his time, by the name of Vulca. The delicate technique of firing clay is fascinating. A sculptor of
Vulca's ability was required to know how to construct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many scholars believe that palettes decorated with animals, birds, and human figures had some sort
of ceremonial function. On the palette, Narmer's name appears in pictographs a horizontal fish
translated Nar and a vertical chisel translated Mer. These hieroglyphs appear three times on this
piece of art. The king appears as the main character in various scenes on both sides of the palette, he
also appears in hierachical proportion representing the status of individuals in a highly stratified
society. The significance of the ruler appearing larger than other human figures indicates importance
and divine status. On one side of the palette Narmer appears with the White Crown of Upper Egypt
signifying that it has been tamed. On the opposite side he wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt
signifying that it also had been tamed. These images amongst other images of conquest proclaim
him to be the great unifier, protector, and leader of the Egyptian people.
The statue of Apollo is made of painted Terra–cotta, which is also known as baked clay. It is the
same material used for pottery containers. It stands at a height of five feet ten inches, and is
recognized by the statues archaic smile, well–developed massive body, quick stride, and expressive
power. Apollo is partially concealed by a robe that cascades down in knife–edged pleats to his
knees. Apollo is shown striding forward which to our eyes appears that he is stepping

The Three Theories Of The Etruscans
Before Rome came to great power, there was a civilization that inhabited Italy, called the Etruscans,
also otherwise known as Tyrrhenians. There are many theories on the origins and values the
Etruscans brought to history as a whole. While the Etruscans did contribute a lot to history, we don't
know exactly just how much they contributed, as much of their history has been lost. In order to
better understand their standing in historical value, we must discuss the theory of their origin, their
history, their society, and their culture. To gain better knowledge we need to evaluate the three
theories of the Etruscans' origins. The three theories consist of coming from Anatolia which is now
modern day Turkey, they developed from the local Iron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They used warfare to their advantage by combatting piracy, invading neighboring territory to gain
land and holding campaigns in the summer months to raid nearby civilizations. They used these
methods of warfare to gain resources and goods to aid their society. The Etruscans would kidnap
people as such from other clans and societies and hold them for ransom. This way they would get a
high amount of goods in exchange for their captive. Slaves were also obtained via warfare, mainly
by combatting piracy as said above. With slaves they could build a stronger society by using them
for hard tasks that would be potentially dangerous for society members. Some slaves were sacrificed
in tombs to show honor to fallen Etruscan leaders,

Are Etruscans Vampires
Are Etruscans Really Vampires? Pop culture and Hollywood has long entertained us for decades
with vampires like Dracula in literature, movies, and television shows. Vampires are normally
portrayed as blood–sucking creatures with fangs that lived in a coffin and only came out at night
since the sun would burn their fair skin. And let us not forget their romantic quest to seduce a human
to satisfy their thirst for human blood. A fascinating characteristic has been their ability to live
forever unless a stake is driven through the heart. Today you may see vampires portrayed as a
beautiful person such as Edward Cullen in New Moon, The Twilight Saga movie where he is trying
to fit into the high school scene by being strong and sensitive, nevertheless, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists have found 2500–year–old charred remains of honeycombs along with other artifacts in
Milan, Italy at the town trade center. The honeycombs were made from a distinct grapevine that
grew by the rivers only to be created by traveling beekeepers. This is a very telling statement that
discredits the idea that the Etruscans were vampires and lived underground. The room had been
destroyed by fire; however, the honeycombs were preserved in their original deposition so that
samples of the melted honey were determined to be of an early–cultivated variation of grapevine.
The samples revealed that the honeybees had been feasting on plants like grapevines and water
lilies, some which were not native to the Etruria region. This would have suggested that the
honeycomb hives and bees were collected via floating down the riverbanks and brought back to the
trade center. When the beehives became full of honey and heavy enough to lower their boats into the
water, they would return home to extract the honey. This knowledge leads us to believe the
Etruscans possessed a particular type of beekeeping known only to them. Again, this suggests that
the Etruscans never spent life underground or never exposed to sunlight (Lorenzi,

The Etruscans Research Paper
Topic: Evaluate the theories concerning the origins of the Etruscan people.
The Etruscans were a powerful and influential civilisation of the ancient world, and are even
credited by some as the founders of Rome. However, despite the large footprint they left on western
society, to this day there is still debate over where the Etruscans actually came from. This question
has been disputed for millennia. The ancient historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, wrote in The
Histories that the Etruscans immigrated from Lydia, in western Turkey after 18 years of famine. The
possibility of the Etruscans being immigrants is often disregarded in favour of the theory of another
ancient historian, Dionysius. Dionysius of Halicarnassus lived approximately 300 ... Show more
As Anthony Tuck, an archaeology professor of the UMass Amherst, says: "The architecture of the
Etruscans, the language of the Etruscans – virtually every aspect of the physical and material
behaviour of the Etruscans – doesn't look anything like that which we see in Lydia.". Like many
people, Tuck does not see enough evidence that points definitively to Lydian origins. Most of the
evidence for Herodotus' case is based in how the information is interpreted. As well as this, the case
seems to be made up of fragments of information that, when correctly assembled, point to the
possibility of Eastern

The Italian Renaissance
People have lived here for thousands of years, even predating the roman empire and the etruscan
and greek civilizations. It all started around 1st century BC Italy was under control of one single
power, which was Rome until about the 5th century AD. During the 4th century the Etruscans are
steadily losing power to the romans. Who have recently been part of the Etruscan world and have
bowed down to the Etruscan kings for quite awhile. The romans gradually extended their rule
through italy. By 42BC the all of italy is administered as Roman providence. The italian renaissance
began in Tuscany, which is centered in the city of florence. Then it later spread to the south having a
huge impact on Rome. This was later largely rebuilt by the renaissance popes. In 750 BC when the
Etruscans establishes the first civilization in italy. This was the region between the Arno and the
Tiber. Italy isn't an old nation at all. In fact, it's younger than the United States. The Italian
Renaissance peaked in the late 15th century as the foreign invasions took place in the region. During
all the other periods of prehistory and history the desire of this piece of land has been shared and
fought over by numerous rival groups.When the United States was still celebrating the Civil War in
1861, that's when Italy was born. Before the Italian peninsula consisted of the number of city–states
it is now, the lands were controlled by the roman catholics. Rome was then captured and become its
own capital in

Ancient Rome: The Etruscans
The Etruscans, also know as the "Etrusci," named by the Romans, the "Tyrrhenoi," named by the
Greeks, and the "Rasenna," and "Rasna," named by themselves, occupied the Italian peninsula north
of Rome during much of the first millennium BC. Etruria was an urbanized civilization with their
own customs, divinities, and beliefs. In order to gain knowledge about Etruscan history the main
sources included, Roman literature and their impressive tombs. The cities were not well preserved
which brought upon the issue of reconstructing it later. The cities were often found buried beneath
later towns, therefore, the archeologist showed little to no interest in excavating the cities. Their
main focus were the well preserved tombs. These tombs were capable

Etruscan Influence Essay
The Etruscans developed a brilliant civilization, and left large footprints in the Italian peninsula,
especially in the culture of the Romans. The Etruscan influence was felt in its period of greatest
expansion, between the third and fourth centuries CE. The Etruscans gave great importance to the
religious and funerary aspects. That is why his art will be closely linked to these two aspects of their
customs. These influences are seen, both in architecture and sculpture and painting.
Religious Architecture takes a turn in the fifth century BC under the influence of the Greeks, taking
constructive elements of other cultures and using them in an original way, according to their own
needs. Their main concerns are the development of temples and tombs, besides the house. Special ...
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Etruscan builders also used the post and lintel structure and gable roofs. And example is the Porta of
Augusta in Perugia, Italy, made on the second and third century BCE.
The function of all Etruscan art is for religions purposes. The arquitecture built was for churches and
various religious temples and the art and sculptures where different deities that where inside of those
temples and churches. In some temples there where tomb chambers that had sculpture like Apollo
from the temple of Minerva, Portonaccio, painted terra cotta, its height was 5´10¨. This sculpture is
located now in the ¨Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia¨ in Rome.
The funerary architecture and focused on the commemoration of the deceased and of his race, not
holding to the afterlife, to the Etruscans, after the dreaded death, was a state of pain and despair. The
tombs reproduce the structure of the houses, where already the characteristic distribution of the
Latins, with differentiation of atrium, or central space tablinum or lead agency, and stays arranged
around them is

Etruscans Culture
It is said that Etruscans began c. 800 and declining 100 BCE ruling over Rome, a huge part of
western Italy; living in what is called Tuscany today. The origination of the Etruscans are unknown
to this day, archeologist has put the topic of origin aside for now. Speculations of their beginning
exist also. They took part in a large trading system; its distance was enormous; these people would
go the distance; making them exceptionally wealthy. Etruscan bronzes along with products from
mining and food cultivation were among the products of trade. The most reasonable excuse for their
decline is the cities evasion by Rome who then took most of the Etruscans culture as their own.
Murals were on the walls of the tombs showing life like

Etruscan Culture Essay
Question– What was the true origin of the Etruscan civilisation, were they Greek or Italian?
Intro
The origin of the Etruscans has been a subject of debate since antiquity. Herodotus, for example,
argued that the Etruscans descended from a people who invaded Etruria from Anatolia before
800BC and established themselves over the native Iron Age inhabitants of the region, where as
Dionysius of Halicarnassus believed that Etruscans were of local Italian origin.
Body
Section 1– Development of the Etruscan Civilisation
In any event by the middle of the 7th century BC the chief Etruscan towns had been founded.
Culture created and developed on the Italian Peninsula by the ancient people of Etruria during the
1st millennium BC.
From very early times Etruscan society was dominated by a firmly entrenched aristocracy that
exercised strict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, many scholars long upheld the tradition of Herodotus that the Etruscans migrated to
Italy from Lydia in the 12th century BC to escape a severe famine.
After the Roman conquest of Etruria the Etruscan language fell into disuse. Writing in the 1st
century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius called the language unlike any other, thus noting a
difficulty that has since hindered attempts to translate its surviving fragments. Although knowledge
of the Etruscan language is still very limited, scholars have identified it as not related to the Indo–
European family of languages.
The Etruscan alphabet contained 26 letters in its earliest known form and 20 in its latest form. It
somewhat resembles the Greek alphabet, but the vocabulary and grammar of the two languages
differ.
On the island of Lemnos, in the Aegean there survives the inscribed tomb of a warrior, and the
language of the inscription has links both with Etruscan and with tongues of Asia

Women And The Etruscan Culture
Us Etruscans are well known for our grand funerary practices, which involve creating enormous
multi–chambered tombs, especially for us wealthy families, with some exceeding 130 feet in
diameter and reaching nearly 50 feet in height . Banditaccia necropolis, the Greek word that
translates to "the city of the dead"1, started becoming an orderly arrangement of subterranean tombs
along a system of streets in the seventh century and now, in the fifth century, or the Archaic Period,
our tombs are continuing to expand in great size, taking up more than 100 acres of land!
While Greek women are expected to remain at home, Etruscan women are encouraged to attend
banquets and recline with their husbands on the common couch, regularly attend sporting events
with their man, and can legally own our own property1. To be honest, the independence and
freedom that women enjoy here horrify and threaten the Greeks. Being a female in the Etruscan
culture, I am proud to be an Etruscan because of the fact that we are known for how our culture
treats women. Since our culture does not leave much documentation, my tomb must be used to
provide an awareness and understanding of how we live our lives. My husband was able to achieve
hegemony through the main activities of agriculture and metallurgy , eventually becoming known as
a dignitary, making us a well–known family and an important part of the aristocracy in the Etruscan
society. The Banditaccia necropolis in Cerveteri is where my noble family

Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Rome
The Dominating Advantages of Rome The small city of Rome emerged as a city–state right around
600 BC and was located in the Latium region in the Italian Peninsula. On its way to eventually
dominating the entire peninsula, it is documented that Rome had a few advantages that gave them
the upper hand. Some of these advantages were geographical location, outside influence, innate
culture characteristics, and their military power. They started as a tiny city–state (a city and its
territory separated from other countries) and over the course of around three hundred years they
expanded and began to conquer nearby territories and eventually conquered the entirety of the
Italian Peninsula. In the 6th Century BC the main way to transfer and trade goods was through
physically transporting said goods. Two of the main ways to do this was through land and maritime
commerce. A very unique thing about the city–state of Rome was its geographical location in respect
to roads and routes for ships. Virtually every land road in Latium converged into Rome. Rome's
centralized location on the coast was a prime position seeing as weary seamen had a perfect hub to
stop, rest, and trade. Having that much traffic from land travellers and boats carrying goods from
hard to reach countries gave Rome a distinct advantage over any other region, let alone another
city–state on the Italian Peninsula. This gave Rome access to goods and that surrounding regions did
not possess. In having these new

Etruscans Vs Roman Architecture
"The Romans retained many ideas about buildings from their Etruscan predecessors, but they also
absorbed some of the ideas of the Greek that were passed onto them by the Etruscans" (Bleiberg,
2005). When looking back in time, the basic style of architecture that the Greek, Roman and
Etruscans used was different but also similar in a few ways such as techniques, materials, structures,
etc. For instance, when Roman architectures began to build their first temple of their time, they
based the structure off the Etruscans temple. Due to the fact that their structures promoted an
openness to them unlike the Greek temples. When looking at these styles closer, the Greek
architecture was known for their use of columns and colonnade, but the Roman architecture was
known for their use of arches and vaults. Then on the other hand the Etruscans were known for their
high podiums, unfluted columns and deep porches, unlike the Greeks that were known to build
shallow porches and projecting walls. The columns that the Etruscans used were spaced more apart
since the structured were assumed to have weighed less than other temples, such as the Greeks
marble temples. The way the Roman's used arches and vaults in their architecture had some ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greek temples came in various different styles, which were categorized by the way their columns
were arranged. Some of their temples only consisted of columns in the front, some have columns in
the front and in the back and some consisted of columns all the way around. Then on the other hand
Etruscan temples only consisted of columns in the front and in the Roman architecture it is
completely different. Their temples were made from brick and concrete as stated above then faced in
marble or stucco after the building structure was built, the columns were added but only for
decorative

The Etruscan Afterlife
The Etruscans believed that death was the journey to the afterlife. They took death and crossing over
to another life seriously, because they feared that the neglected dead may become vindictive;
therefore their tombs were developed with precise care, strength, and luxuriousness (Kozlowski,
2004). After an Etruscan pass on, they took pleasure in their last dwelling enjoying the afterlife, and
they chose not to harass the living. The Etruscan also desired to take care of the dead. They honored
the dead by creating beautiful tombs. To the Etruscan the afterlife was far more important than life
itself. The Etruscan was obsessed with religion as well, and by them being so obsessed with
religion, it led them to honor the dead by inspiring elaborate

Comparing The Etruscan Civilization Between C. 1000 And...
1. The Etruscan civilization flourished between c. 1000 and 100 B.C. also known as the Iron Age
(Villanovan) in Etruria or what is now known as modern day Tuscany, Italy. Etruria's southern area
was bordered by the Tiber River and its northern area was bordered by the Arno River in which the
areas were broken up into city states ruled by their own rulers.
2. The Apollo of Veii is a 5ft. 10 in. painted sculpture molded out of terra–cotta. This sculpture was
originally a decoration on the roof of a temple built by the Etruscans. Both the Greek and Etruscan's
style of art was similar, with that being said the particular sculpture is a resemblance of the Greek
Archaic style of art. The curvilinear style along with the flat surface patterns of the folds of the
drape/ clothes he was wearing, the diagonal calf muscles radiating from beneath the knee, the smile,
and the style in which the hair was made (long locks) are the same characteristics of Archaic Greek
art. The difference between the Etruscan and Greek art form lies in the clear and crisp contours,
forms and stylization, of Apollo's body along with the fact that he is depicted as striding (showing
fluid flowing movement). This is also what makes the sculpture of Apollo of Veii realistic because
the sculpture not only shows fluid motion (the position of his legs and his stretched out arms) but
also the expression that is on Apollo's face.
3. Women are portrayed more equal to men, and have a place in Etruscan society unlike

Women in Art and Their Role’s in Society Essay
Women have played many roles in societies since the dawn of time ever changing with time and
from society to society. Each society hold a special place and role for women good and bad.
Freedoms and equality of women has varied from opression to freedom. I will discuss some specific
pieces of art and explain how the art shows the role of women in a specific society. I will tell you of
their paril and achivements through time. Giving you a glimpse into the lives of women and how
they were percieved by males and society. Some have have reveared women and some have
disrespected them but through it all women have found a way to perservear. Women hold a place in
history from culture to culture, and we see this in many pieces of art. From the ... Show more
Bell–Krater: obserse banquet scene found at Cumae From the Greek period. This painting shows
men laying on chaises while women play them music and serve them food. The men are tan from
working outside while the women are pale because they spent most of their time in the home in
Greece. Women were only allowed out of the home on special occations only such as, festivals and
to go to the watering hole. Women in Greece had very few freedoms much of life was spent raising
children and caring for their husbands and home. women were often stricken to the back of the
home while men ate together and conversed women lived a very solitary life. Women of greece were
not allowed to partak in wine as males were. This picture describes men thoughts on women in
greece very well. It shows that men thought women should be subservient to them and were not
meant to work outside the home. Many amles in greece were appauled by the way other cultures
treated their women so freely, justly, and equally. 2 Goddesses w/ Child 1500–1400 B.C in this
sculpture from the Mycenean Era two females "godesses" are beside eachother both nealed down
with a child in front of them. The figures are wearing dresses similar to those found on other
sculptures from this culture that were found at ritual sites. In the mycenean era women apear to have
been godesses and be reveared for some kind of power they posessed. This shows that women may
have been an intrical part of the society.

Etruscan Influence Of Roman Architecture
With Etruscan influence, the Romans began building with enthusiasm, combining columns, arches
and various styles of vaults into their homes, temples and Colosseum. Although the Romans impact
on architecture spread throughout Europe and the United States, nothing is as magnificent as the
Romans development of concrete and its use for constructing walls, theaters and those beautifully
graceful bridges.
Poor and middle class society occupied 3–4 storey, rundown apartments called insulae, which had
extremely close living quarters and were unsafe due to their unsanitary conditions and haphazard
construction. Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known to us as "Juvenal", was a satirical poet who
eloquently described the life in an insula as follows: "We live in a city supported mostly by slender
props, which is how the bailiff patches cracks in old walls, telling the resident to sleep peacefully
under roofs ready to fall down around them". (Bird, 2016) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To make travel easier, the Romans built roads which would aide the travel between villas and the
city and the city's baths were located south–east of town. Temples and their Doric architecture
existed throughout Rome, her colonies and provinces and was used for the worship of Roman gods.
Unlike temples, basilicas were situated in the center of town and was used as meeting halls, as well
as conducting administrative

Etruscans Research Paper
Etruscans: The Building Block of Rome
"The dominant early settlers on the Italian peninsula were a non–Indo–European–speaking people
known as the Etruscans" (Coffin & Stacey 168). The Etruscans were among three groups of people
from the East that entered Italy as colonists and later as rulers of various segments of the peninsula.
The Etruscans came into Italy about 800 B.C.E. following the Adriatic Sea. Although our knowledge
of the Etruscans is severely limited by the fact that their language, although written in a Greek
alphabet, has not been fully deciphered, traces remain that they left significant evidence of their
effect and influence on Rome. The Etruscans left evidence throughout nearly every aspect of Rome
including their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They began to form a new Rome by fusing the Etruscan people with the natives throughout the
country. "Rome became recognizable a city; it also acquired some of the features which
characterized Greek city–states and distinguished them from other less–civilized communities, in
particular a well–defined legendary past, a carefully formulated religion and a disciplined citizen
army" (Ogilvie 33). The Etruscans slowly and gradually with success formed many of the key
foundations of the Rome that you hear about today. The city turned from a city of mud dwellings to
buildings being made of products such as brick, clay, and stucco. The city had aligned streets,
although not calculated using math due to the severe differences in its landscape. Public Buildings
were built for the purposes of markets and meeting areas. The Etruscans slowly built Rome into a
metropolis in the sense of the world today. The sport of gladiatorial combat and the practice of
foretelling the future by studying the entrails of animals or the flight of birds went back to the
beginnings of the Etruscans. Two of the most famous myths the Romans told about the founding of
Rome itself has been drawn back from the Etruscans: that involving Aeneas of Troy and that
involving the infant twins Romulus and Remus. Aeneas of Troy links Rome with the Homeric world
and the world

Depiction of Etruscan and Roman Women in History
The Etruscan society allegedly migrated from Tuscany or Lydia. (Klien, 166) Much of what scholars
know regarding Etruscan society is based on funerary artwork. The Etruscans did not keep any
written records of their activity. What we know about Etruscan lifestyle is based on their artwork left
behind. Early on Etruscan society had a lot of contact with the Greeks that reflect in much of the
Etruscan works of art. The distinction in Etruscan art and Greek art is clearly seen through the
Etruscan representation of couples in art. The pieces in this collection will attempt to show how
women in Etruscan society enjoyed a liberal lifestyle in contrast to Greek and Roman counterparts.
Etruscan women were adorned with lavish jewels, had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Etruscans had a strong sense of community and valued the contributions women made to growing
the Etruscan society.
In the Sarcophagus of Ramtha Vishnai (Figure 1)and Sarcophagus of Larth Tetnies and Tanchvil
Tarnai (Figure 2) the sculpture represents a relief of a man clad in a bracelet and woman embracing
on their marital bed. The couple covered by a sheet, possibly the husbands cloak or tebenna that
serves as a symbol of their marriage. The sarcophagi are two generations of the same family. An
inscription on the sarcophagus indicates that one coffin contains the parents the other sarcophagus
contains their son and his wife. The parents sarcophagus, carved in a local volcanic stone, show the
more naturalistic character of Etruscan art. The middle–aged man and his wife are pressed close
together, their feet poking out beneath the covers. ("Conservation in Action: Etruscan Sarcophagi.")
A long relief on the side depicts their wedding procession with the couple at the center. The son's
sarcophagus shows the influence of Greek art and styles in this beard and his wife's hairstyle, as
well as in their idealized appearance and prose. The sides of the sarcophagus are carved with less
personal scenes of Greek and Amazon and horsemen attacking armed men on foot. Although the
sarcophagus depict a couple on its lid the coffin is designed for a

Essay on The Etruscan Religion
The origin of the Etruscans is a mystery, still unsolved by modern man. Ancient peoples held an
almost unanimous opinion on the subject, based on the account of the first great Greek historian,
Herodotus, who wrote in about 800 B. C. as follows:
In the reign of Atys, son of Manes, a great famine is said to have occurred in the whole of Lydia. For
some time, the Lydians persisted in carrying on their usual life; then as the famine did not abate,
they sought remedies and some thought of one thing and some thought of another. It is said that is
was then that the game of dice, the game of knuckles, games of ball and other games were invented
but not the game of draughts, the invention of which the Lydians do not claim. And this is how ...
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The name Etruscan comes from the Romans, who called them Tusci or Etrusci, the Greeks called
them Tyrrhenoi, and they called themselves Rasena. A Lydian or Oriental origin is probable because
there is a locality in Lydia which is called Tyrra, which would help to explain the Greek name,
Tyrrhenoi.
At any rate, it is believed that during the Iron Age in the first millennium B. C. groups of people of
the so–called "Villanovan" culture settled on various hilltops, which provided ideal defensive
locations. Following the Villanovans came the Etruscans who invaded by ship and set up their first
towns on the coast. They were exceptional metal–workers and were evidently attracted to this
section of Italy by the vast supplies of copper near Populonia and Piombino and by the iron ore on
the island of Elba. The date is estimated at 750 B. C.
The Etruscan language is another mystery, still unsolved by modern man. A reason for this is a lack
of sources. Although about ten thousand inscriptions have been found, about nine thousand are
funerary and contain only the name of the deceased, his parentage and the age at which he died.
There are only about ten texts which consist of more than one line; there are only two that consist of
more than one hundred words. One is an engraved tile discovered at Capua, containing about three
hundred words, the other is the Cippus Perusianus, containing about one hundred twenty words. A
manuscript was also found.

Etruscan Religion
The origin of the Roman mythology is based on the Etruscan religion and the Greek mythology. The
religion or belief system could shape with geography and influence by it.
Roman culture was born and grew on the civilizations of the Etruscans and Greeks so that the
mythology of Romans is based on Etruscan religion and the Greek mythology. Etruscans who were
settled in Italy before the Romans were not a local folk, due to this fact their religion had distinctive
rituals and myths when it is compared with that region's traditions. One of the distinguishing
features of Etruscan religion is having prophets in their culture. As de
Grummond described, the prophecies of the prophets originated the beginning of the religion of the
Etruscans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De Grummond adds that the entire guides of Etrusca disciplina were unveiled after an insightful
child rose from recently ploughed land, and the base of Etruscan prophecy was laid down in the tale
of Tages (2006, p.
27). Another main part of Etruscan religion is their pantheon. As Simon stated, unlike Jewish,
Christian, and Islamic religions Etruscan religion was polytheistic, and gods of the pantheon resided
in sixteen ranges of Etruscan heaven (2006, p. 45). However, according to them
Etruscans believed a revealed religion and they communicated with the deity by gods of the sky,
earth and the underworld. Their main gods was Tin or Tinia who is the god of sky and counterpart of
Zeus in Greek mythology and Jupiter in Roman mythology. Other major goddesses were Uni who
was the supreme goddess of pantheon, wife of Tinia, the equivalent of Hera in Greek mythology and
Juno in Roman mythology, and Menrva who was the goddess of wisdom and the equal of Athena in
Greek mythology and Minerva in Roman mythology. Together Tinia, Uni and Menrva were triad
rulers of the Etruscan pantheon. After
Roman civilization's rising in the area, Etruscan religion started to merge with that

Etruscan Vocabulary And Grammar
7. Etruscan Vocabulary and Grammar. Scholars have deciphered little information about the
Etruscan grammar in fact, we know that in Etruscan the nouns have masculine and feminine forms.
Nevertheless, the nominal and verbal are modified by suffixes rather than prefixes. In English, we
used (–– removed HTML ––) to indicates that verb happened in the past Etruscan they have the
same thing they use (–– removed HTML ––) for the past tense. They use the letters (–– removed
HTML ––) , (–– removed HTML ––) as a copulative conjunction. They have three kinds of tenses
such as, Present active, Etruscan used it rarely and they add the suffix –e to it. The second verb is
past active, they add the suffix –ce to the verb root. The third verb ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They were written in gold and there are three of them. One is written in Phoenician and the other
two are in Etruscan, these tablets are bilingual. Today this tablet considered as the oldest historical
tablets of Italy among the known inscriptions. It includes a dedication by King Thefarie to the
Phoenician goddess Astarte. (9) Pyrgi Tablets with Phoenician, and Etruscan Inscription.
https://goo.gl/images/LWC5Ap Here are three part of the Pyrgi gold tablets one is written in
Phoenician and other two in Etruscan, C.500BC. 10. Etruscan Numeral. We know a few of the
numerals but not all of them because they are not deciphered yet or we can read them but we cannot
understand the meaning. Etruscan people made a pair of dice called the Tuscania dice they found it
in 1848. The numbers in the opposite sides add up to seven like 1+6, 2+5, and 4+3. The words on
the die are named as, sa, zal, huth, mach, thu, ci. After a study on these names they found that the
number means something, for example, the word 'ci' means three, 'sa' means four, 'thu' means one,
'mach' means five, 'huth' six. (10) Etruscan Numbers. Gloss Etruscan numerals '11' thusar '14'
huthzar '16'

Etruscans
Etruscans: The Building Block of Rome
"The dominant early settlers on the Italian peninsula were a non–Indo–European–speaking people
known as the Etruscans" (Coffin & Stacey 168). The Etruscans were among three groups of people
from the East that entered Italy as colonists and later as rulers of various segments of the peninsula.
The Etruscans came into Italy about 800 B.C.E. following the Adriatic Sea. Although our knowledge
of the Etruscans is severely limited by the fact that their language, although written in a Greek
alphabet, has not been fully deciphered, traces remain that they left significant evidence of their
effect and influence on Rome. The Etruscans left evidence throughout nearly every aspect of Rome
including their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some ways the Etruscans women were equal to their male companions. In many social events the
Etruscan women were allowed to not only partake and attend them, but to sit alongside their
husbands. "The pictorial record left by the Etruscans, mainly in recently rediscovered underground
tombs, makes it clear that the early Romans derived much of their religious beliefs, art forms, and
architecture from these peoples" (Adler & Pouwels 118). The Etruscan women were allowed after
death to be buried together in these mortuary tombs with their husbands. The religion was another
key contribution the Etruscans brought to the Romans. Only aspects of the religion stuck later on in
the traditions of Rome, but aspects did stick not only through the Etruscan years, but throughout the
entirety of the Roman Empire. "The Tagetic Books were part of the sacred tradition of the Etruscan
people which is famous all over the world for its deep religion: they contained the rules and the
indications for better understanding the will and the signs of the divinity, and consequently for
behaving through actions such as sacrifices, libations and different rites"
(http://www.crystalinks.com/etruscians.html). This part of the Etruscan religious literature and
particularly those books were greatly successful in the ancient Roman world. The early Roman
religion is extremely shadowy. The Etruscans brought a religion of aniconic, or a religion

The Influence Of Etruscan Art
The belief in life after death was a common thread between Ancient Egyptian and Etruscan cultures.
However, the Etruscans believed in the existence of the necropolis, a "land of the dead, a place, a
physical location for the deceased" (Travelswithnancy.com). Most of the things we know " about
Etruscan art comes largely from their burials... Fortunately, though, the Etruscans cared very much
about equipping their dead with everything necessary for the afterlife–from lively tomb paintings to
sculpture to pottery that they could use in the next world" (Taylor, n.d.). Like the Egyptians,
Etruscans buried with their dead "personal objects they were quite familiar" (Williams, 2007) with
during their lifetime, that would make the afterlife enjoyable ... Show more content on
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The artist creates a three–dimensional by windows and porticos that open the wall to the outside
world with imaginary sceneries (Thouarthistory). The architectural feature of the painting is
portrayed by the columns, colonnades, windows, and doors (Pompeii.org.uk). Like the first style, the
second style also functions to show the wealth of the owner. Third Style Wall Painting Also called as
the "Ornate Style" and the "Ornamental Style", the Third Style of wall painting abandoned the
three–dimensionality, realism, and naturalism of the Second Style (Thouarthistory, n.d.). "The
overall appearance is flat in contrast to the three–dimensional space created in the second style. The
third style closes up the walls making a sort of picture gallery effect" (Thouarthistory, n.d.). Some
architectural elements of the Second style can be seen, but the columns are more elongated and
occupy less space. The themes project more of the Egyptian influence (Pompeii,

Early Rome Shaped by Etruscans and Greeks

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Early Rome Shaped by Etruscans and Greeks