5. Nasal Decongestant:
Nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictive
drugs extremely useful as
nonprescription medication. Both oral
and topical dosage forms are often
chosen as therapy in the common cold.
6. Mechanism of action:
Nasal decongestants belong to the
pharmacological class of
sympathomimetic amines. Decongestant
stimulates alpha-adrenergic agonist, by
constriction of blood vessels, reducing
its supply to the nose, decrease the
amount of blood in sinusoid vessels and
decrease mucosal edema.
7. Types of nasal decongestant:
• Internally or systemic decongestant:
(e.g. pseudoephedrine,
phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and
phenylephrine).
• Topical decongestant: drops or sprays
(e.g. xylometazoline, phenylephrine,
oxymetazoline, naphazoline).
• Inhaler: (1-desoxyephedrine and
propylhexedrine).
8. Systemic nasal decongestant:
Mechanism of action:
Potent direct acting alpha-adrenergic
stimulator with weak beta-Adrenergic
activity, causes vasoconstriction of the
arterioles of the nasal mucosa and
conjunctive, activates the dilator muscle
of the pupil to causes contraction, and
produce systemic arterial
vasoconstriction.
9. Side effect of systemic decongestant:
• CNS effect: Nervousness, restlessness,
headach and insomnia.
• CV effect: increase blood pressure and
increase heart rate.
• Urinary sphincter constriction
12. 1- sprays:
Its advantages:
• Have fast onset of action.
• Cover large surface area.
• Simple to use.
• Inexpensive.
Its disadvantage:
• Imprecise dosage
• Tendency for tip the bottle to become
clogged.
13. 2- drops:
It preferred for small children.
Its disadvantage:
– High risk of contamination.
– Limited coverage into nasal mucosa.
– Easy passage into larynx.
15. Side effect of topical decongestant:
• Local irritation.
• Rebound congestion
16. Example of topical decongestant:
Ephedrine HCL, Xylometazoline HCL,
Oxymetazoline HCL, Ipratropium bromide
(antimuscarinic).
17. Antihistamin
General Mechanism of Action of Antihistamines
• Blocks action of histamine at receptor
• Competes with histamine for binding
• Displaces histamine from receptor
• Most beneficial when given early
19. Toxic Reactions & Side Effects of H1 Blockers
1. CNS depression (mainly in first generation agents).
2. Allergic reactions (topical application).
3. Appetite loss, nausea and vomiting, constipation or
diarrhea.
4. Insomnia, tremors, nervousness, irritability,
tachycardia, dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary
retention, constipation (1st generation).
5. CNS stimulation with hallucinations, motor
disturbances (tremors and convulsions), and death.
6. Secreted in breast milk and can cross the placenta.
20. Drug Interactions of H1 Blockers
• Antihistamines that produce sedation can
potentiate CNS depressants (e.g., barbiturates,
opiates, general anesthetics, and alcohol)
• Antihistamines that possess anticholinergic
actions can produce manifestations of
excessive blockade if given with anticholinergic
drugs (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, or blurred
vision)
21. Second Generation Antihistamines
• Generally do not cause the sedation
• Do not cross the blood-brain barrier as readily
as First Generation compounds
• Lipophobicity
• Large molecular size
23. Corticosteroid
• Act by inhibiting the body's immune
response. They decrease inflammation
and edema of the mucous membranes.
Have no decongestant or antihistamine
effect. Not used to treat the common
cold.
24. Example of Corticosteroid Drugs
• Beclomethasone for nasal
• Mometasone for nasal
• Dexamethasone for ear
25. Antiyeast
• Yeasts, which are one-celled organisms that
are closely related to fungi, grow easily in the
warm, moist, dark environment of the mouth.
This is especially true in patients whose
immune systems are compromised by disease.
Candida albicans yeast infections of the mouth
are also known as oral candidiasis (thrush) or
monilia.
27. Antitusive
• Decrease coughing by suppressing the cough
center in brain or anesthetizing stretch
receptors in respiratory tract. Main purpose is
to control dry, nonproductive coughs. Not
prescribed to treat a productive cough.
30. Obat tetes telinga
Dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan khusus untuk
telinga dgn pembawa yang mudah menyebar
ke dalam liang telinga.
Obat telinga tidak boleh digunakan untuk
jangka panjang karena bisa menimbulkan
ototoksik dan superinfeksi.
Bila infeksi disebabkan oleh jamur/virus tidak
boleh menggunakan obat telinga yang
mengandung antibiotika karena bisa
menimbulkan superinfeksi.
Supplement
40. Penggunaan Tetes Hidung
• 1. Blow the nose.
• 2. Sit down and tilt head backward strongly or lie
down with a pillow under the shoulders; keep head
straight.
• 3. Insert the dropper one centimeter into the
nostril.
• 4. Apply the amount of drops prescribed.
41. • 5. Immediately afterward tilt head forward strongly
(head between knees).
• 6. Sit up after a few seconds, the drops will then
drip into the pharynx.
• 7. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if
necessary.
• 8. Rinse the dropper with boiled water.
42. Penggunaan Nasal Spray
• 1. Blow the nose.
• 2. Sit with the head slightly tilted forward.
• 3. Shake the spray.
• 4. Insert the tip in one nostril.
• 5. Close the other nostril and mouth.
• 6. Spray by squeezing the vial (flask, container) and
sniff slowly
43. • 7. Remove the tip from the nose and bend the
head forward strongly (head between the knees).
• 8. Sit up after a few seconds; the spray will drip
down the pharynx.
• 9. Breathe through the mouth.
• 10. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if
necessary.
• 11. Rinse the tip with boiled water