This document discusses musculoskeletal diseases and injuries. It begins by defining arthritis as joint inflammation and discusses the main types: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most common type and causes joint pain, stiffness, and deformity. The document then covers autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, risk factors for osteoporosis, and common orthopedic injuries like fractures, strains, and sprains. It emphasizes the importance of exercise, calcium intake, and fall prevention for bone health. Finally, it briefly mentions work ergonomics and tumors that can affect the musculoskeletal system.

1. Musculoskeletal
Diseases
Roel Tolentino, MD, MBARoel Tolentino, MD, MBA, FACS, FPCS, FPSGS, FPSO, FMOSP
Surgical Oncologist
TV, Radio and Lay Health Educator
Surgery Professor Level IV

2. To educate the audience on the differentTo educate the audience on the different
bone and joint problems.bone and joint problems.

4. Arthritis
 Degenerative Joint Disease
 Arthritis = joint inflammation.
 Arthralgia = joint pain

5. Arthritis

6. Arthritis
 Different types of arthritis:
 Osteoarthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Gouty arthritis

7. Osteoarthritis
 Most common form.
 One or many joints undergo degenerative and
progressive changes.
 Deformity, incomplete dislocation and synovial
effusion.

10. Osteoarthritis- Risk Factors
 Age
 Decreased muscle strength
 Obesity
 Possible genetic risk
 History of trauma

11. Signs and Symptoms
 Joint pain and stiffness that resolves with rest
or inactivity
 Pain with joint palpation
 Crepitus in one or more joints
 Enlarged joints

13. Osteoarthritis
Treatment:Treatment:
Rest
Heat
Anti inflammatory drugs
Decrease weight
Injectable corticosteroids
Surgery

14. Osteoarthritis - Treatment
 Glucosamine - maintains health of cartilage

15. Auto-Immune Disease
 Inflammatory and immune response are normally helpful.
 BUT these responses can fail to recognize self cells and attack
normal body tissues.

16. Auto-Immune Disease
 Can severely damage cells, tissues and organs
 Rheumatoid Arthritis

19. Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Chronic, systemic, progressive inflammatory
disease of the synovial tissue.
 Can cause severe deformities that restrict
function

21. RA - Risk Factors
 Female gender
 Age 20-50 years
 Genetic predisposition
 Stress

22. Rheumatoid Arthritis -
Treatment
 Rest, during day, decrease wt. bearing stress.
 Maintain joint function, exercise, water
 Medication
 Immunosuppressive drugs

23. Gouty Arthritis

28. Gouty Arthritis
 Very painful joint inflammation, swollen and reddened
 Inborn error of uric acid metabolism
 Excess uric acid – converted to sodium uric acid crystals and
precipitate from blood
 deposited in:
- joints - tophi
- kidneys - renal calculi

30. Gouty Arthritis - Treatment
 Analgesics/anti-inflammatory
 Allopurinol
 Modify diet

31. Osteoporosis

32. Osteoporosis
 Metabolic bone disorder- progressively porous,
brittle, fragile bones, low bone density, susceptible
to fractures
 Occurs in postmenopausal women
 Loss of height

34. Osteoporosis - Risk Factors
 Aging - over 80 yrs. old, 84% have
osteoporosis.
 Family history
 Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency

35. Osteoporosis - Risk Factors
 Low Calcium intake and low levels of Vit. D
 Long tem steroid use
 Lack of physical activity/prolonged immobility
 History of smoking, high alcohol intake

36. Patient teachings
 Adequate dietary calcium
 Exercise, weight-bearing (beneficial)
 Walking outdoors- vitamin D absorption.

37.  Safe home environment, fall prevention
 Balanced diet - protein, Mg, Vit K & D, Ca
Patient teachings

39.  Modify lifestyle choices - smoking, alcohol,
salt and caffeine intake and sedentary
lifestyle.
Patient teachings

40. Patient teachings

41.  Hormone Replacement Therapy
 Bisphosphonates - Fosamax
 Analgesics/anti-inflammatory
Patient teachings

42. Contusions, Strains, Sprains
 Contusion - soft tissue injury, hematoma.

43. Contusions, Strains, Sprains
 Strain- “muscle pull” over use over stretching.

44. Contusions, Strains, Sprains
 Sprain – an injury to ligaments surrounding
joint, caused by twisting.

45. Contusions, Strains, Sprains
 Management- RICE = rest, ice, compression,
elevation.

46. Orthopedic Injuries
 Joint dislocation

47. Fractures

48. Hip fractures
 High incidence in elderly due to risk for falls,
osteoporosis.

49. Back Pain

50. Back Pain

52. Back Pain

53. Ergonomics
“Science of workwork; of the peoplepeople
who do it and the ways it is done; the
tools and equipmenttools and equipment they use, the
placesplaces they work in, and the
psychosocialpsychosocial aspects of the
working situation”
Pheasant, 1998

54. Work comfortably:
&
vary your postureposture
often.

55. Working in Comfort
• Feet
• Flat on floor
• Head
• Up, not tilting back
• Facing forward

56. Working in Comfort
• Knees
• At right angle or greater
• Free of edge of seat
• Arms
• Relaxed by sides
• Elbows at right angle
• Wrist (hands on keyboard)
• Straight or slightly bent forward

57. Arranging Your Work Area
• Chair
• Desk/Workstation
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Pointing Device
• Papers & Books
• Telephone

59. Chair
• Adjustable
• Back support
• Stable base
supported by
legs with
casters

60. Desk/Workstation
• Sufficient work space
• Uncluttered
• Sufficient light

61. Keyboard & Pointing Device

62. Telephone
• Avoid cradling the phone
• Use a wireless head set or
speaker phone

63. Stretch Breaks
Take a break every 20 minutes

65. Tumors of the musculoskeletal
system

66. Tumors of the musculoskeletal
system

67. Soft tissue sarcoma

68. Osteosarcoma

73. DIABETIC FOOT

74. In Summary…..
 Prevent bone and joint problems.
 Consult your doctor for any health issues.
 Take supplements: calcium magnesium vit D;
glucosamine

75. Slideshare.net
BONE AND JOINT HEALTH
by
Roel Tolentino