Difficulties Translating Humour From English to Spanish in Little Britain

The Analysis On The Field Of Translation
According to Mona Baker, translation is a profession, like other industries. It is not just because you have a gift so that you can be a translator but
also because you have to put a lot of effort to make you become a good translator. They have purposes for their work, which is to produce the best
work as possible as they could, like other professionals. Skopos theory is a concept that focuses on purpose in the field of translation studies. It was
introduced by Hans Vermeer, a German linguist, in the 1970s. Skopos is a Greek technical term for the purpose, aim, goal or objective of the action
of translating. Vermeer sees language is a part of a culture and believes that both source text and target text are important in order to produce a... Show
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That is why Baker says translators do a lot extra work to prove to themselves as to others that they are in control of what they do. Translating brand
names is an example. Translators have the right to decide how and what methods to use to translate a brand name. The aim of translating a good brand
name is to attach a desirable meaning and that corresponds to the sound of the original brand name at the same time. For instance, Coca–Cola, one of
the most famous soft drinks in the world, in Chinese, it is translated as 'еЏЇеЏЈеЏЇжЁ‚' (tastes good and makes you happy), which is pronounced as 'ho
hau ho lok' in Cantonese and 'ke kou ke le' in Mandarin. Both sound translation and meaning translation are used. This translation is not only able to
give a meaning to attach people to buy and drink the product, but also keeps the sound of the original brand name. This is a very good translation
indeed.
Language is a part of a culture. As Vermeer stated, 'culture consists of everything one needs to know, master and feel, in order to assess where
members of a society are behaving acceptably or deviantly in their various roles (translated in Snell–Hornby 2006: 55). This can be applied in
subtitling. Here is an example taken from the British TV drama Downton Abbey:
English dialoguesChinese subtitlesBack translations
'What is it?' 'A white feather, of course. Coward.''йЂ™ж Їд»Ђйєј?' 'з•¶з„¶ж Їз™ЅзѕЅжЇ›гЂ‚ж‡¦е¤«гЂ‚'
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Narrative Analysis : ' Dynamic Equivalence '
2.1.2 Dynamic Equivalence
Nida first introduced the term "dynamic equivalence" in the eighth chapter of his book Toward a Science of Translating (Nida, 1964), in a section with
the heading "Two Basic Orientation in Translating". Dynamic equivalence tends to favor a more natural rendering, because dynamic equivalence
eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text, it is used when the readability of the translation is more important than the
preservation of the original structure. It tries to relate the receptors to modes of behavior relevant within the context of their culture.
Before defining what is dynamic equivalence, Nida presents a new concept about translating, it consists in reproducing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source–language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 2004). He figured out that
one must aim primarily at reproducing the message in the process of translating and the translator must strive for meaning equivalence rather than
identity. Dynamic equivalence theory in translation is a new point in viewing receptors rather than in terms of their respective forms. The content of
dynamic equivalence is that the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as
the receptors in the source language (Nida, 2004). Traditionally, to define the faithfulness of the translation, one would simply compare

What Are the Difficulties of Translating Humour from...
WHAT ARE THE DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSLATING HUMOUR FROM ENGLISH INTO SPANISH USING THE SUBTITLED BRITISH
COMEDY SKETCH SHOW LITTLE BRITAIN AS A CASE STUDY?
Charles Harrison
BA (Honours) Applied Languages
University of Portsmouth
School of Languages and Area Studies
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences March 2012
Table of Contents
Abstract..............................................................................1
Introduction........................................................................2
Chapter 1: Humour and Subtitling.............................................4
1.1What is Humour?................................................................................4
1.2Overview of Theories of Humour..........................................4
1.2.1Humour of Little Britain .............................................5
1.2.1.1 The Schema ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concluding, the dissertation is set to confirm the high degree of difficulty the translator faces when dealing with translating the humour that is seen in
this particular comedy sketch show.
INTRODUCTION

Humour is apparent in every culture and its function and meaning are difficult to define due to its vastness and sense of humour will differ from person
to person. It can be produced through the use of language, sounds, visual aids and body gestures. Humour is found in many means of communication
and those that contain the most humorous content are in a comedy sketch show, comedy programmes and comedy stand–up acts. With the introduction
of the Digital Versatile Disk, (DVD), the ability to watch a comedy programme with subtitles is possible, whether it is in the same language in which
it is originally produced or a translation into another language.
A challenge which every translator aims to overcome is when they are faced with cultural aspects of the TL (target language). Each culture contains its
unique form of humour. Therefore, understanding the humour within a culture and all its cultural elements, is essential to produce a good translation.
In recent years, more attention has been focused on the translability of humour as the complexity can make it unequivocally untranslatable.
Little Britain is a TV programme that has achieved huge success in Britain and as it

Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is a Gothic novel which revolves around the concept of men overtaking the role of God by attempting to create life,
which is successfully depicted through the character of Victor Frankenstein who creates and brings life to the "monster", unaware of its consequences
and responsibility. Similarly, the mythological story of "Prometheus" revolves around the young Titan who in attempts to help mankind, wages war
with Jupiter by providing men with fire and how to utilize it. Both of these stories are often compared due to their parallels of mankind attempting to
employ the role of God while being incapable to live up its standards, thus, Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein being subtitled The Modern Prometheus.
However, it is contentious whether Mary Shelley employs that subtitle to implicate that modern science brings life (or life–assisting fire to the human
race or whether it serves as an ironic title. Despite of the apparent similarities, Frankenstein being subtitled The Modern Prometheus is quite ironic as
in both stories, the protagonists' believe to be doing a noble thing, yet, their actions result in poor consequences. In James Baldwin's version of "The
Story of Prometheus", which is used as a reference for this essay, the protagonist is "Prometheus, or Forethought; for he was always thinking of the
future and making things ready for what might happen to–morrow, or next week, or next year, or it may be in a hundred years to come". In the

The Human Condition Through Innovation
Throughout the last half–century individuals from the medical field have built up an innovation that performs an accomplishment that is proclaimed by
numerous as inexplicable: an implant which makes sound inside the ears of the hard of hearing. Cochlear implant innovation utilizes electrical driving
forces to send the vibe of sound waves to the brain by living up to expectations around the harmed cochlea, making an apparent evidence of sound to a
hard of hearing or deaf individual (NAD). In the event that you asked a "normal listening" individual that they thought about the innovation of the CI,
they would celebrate that there is at long last a cure for the "awfulness of deafness" and would expect that the Deaf group would be energized and
excited for a cure to deafness. The reaction to CIs from the Deaf group has not been positive, but instead frowned upon. The center of the development
is on the progression of the human condition through innovation. It is important to consider both the potential advantages and pitfalls of rising
innovations, including any moral predicaments that may emerge on their cusp.
It very important to understand all that goes a long with that deaf community and the way they work together. In the 1980 's and 90 's individuals from
the Deaf group held meetings against the utilization of cochlear inserts, particularly in youthful kids (Sparrow). In a society outfitted only towards
listening to persons, individuals from the Deaf group are seen by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Subtitles In...
Related Empirical Studies
A brief overview of pertinent literature will be presented here to demonstrate various aspects and numerous components of scholars' studies towards
using visual materials in different domains of language learning and teaching. Many different researches all over the world and many educators have
tried to investigate the effectiveness of using subtitles on different parts of movies, especially on teaching visually in various fields of second language
teaching such as vocabulary and grammatical points and applying these new techniques in effective instructional teaching. To reveal the advantages
and disadvantages of using subtitles on instructional movies, there are different ideas. To support the idea of using captioned clips, different researches
have been conducted. The following ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other researchers such as (e.g., Mackey & Ho, 2008; Mayer & Moreno, 2002; Rose, 2003) have indicated that multimedia learning materials are more
useful than traditional paper–based instruction. Videos which provide visual, contextual, and non–verbal input provide foreign language learners with
simultaneous visual and aural stimuli which can make up for any lack of comprehension resulting from listening alone (Brett, 1995).
Various studies (e.g., BorrГЎs & Lafayette, 1994; Garza, 1991) have demonstrated the positive effects of subtitling on productive skills such as a
verbatim recall and retention reuse of vocabulary in the proper context, as well as communicative performance in specific oral and written
communication tasks. Thus, Canning–Wilson and Wallace (2000) suggested that subtitled movies encourage learners to consciously notice new
vocabulary and idioms, and as such, may have potential to facilitate vocabulary acquisition without being a distraction for

Modern And Contemporary Arts Of Africa
Tessa Giller – 619194
Modern and Contemporary Arts of Africa
Essay
Word count:
African art and the politics of identity in the twenty–first century.
–
'Identity is never an a priori, nor a finished product; it is only ever the problematic process of access to an image of totality' – H. Bhahba (1994:50)
Introduction.
The second half of the twentieth century saw the liberation of the African continent from colonial rule, a time that occasioned the rise of new pride in
and new searches for definitions of identities released from the colonial confines. In the twentieth century the politics of identity became salient in
discourses, political, social, and cultural, on Africa. The idea of the diaspora was central to new conceptions on African art, often leading to the
exclusion of artist residing in Africa in preference of those living in the nomadic condition. The forefront of Africa in modernity was thus not seen as
residing in Africa itself but in those that found themselves in the realms of the hegemonic modernity of the West. Nevertheless independence from
colonial rule saw a surge in self–defining nationalisms based on an ideal form of African nation and identity. Ways of being and producing African art
were prescribed to artists, though this does not mean that individual agency was lost. As Atkinson states on post–Apartheid South Africa: 'it is clear
that the stakes have shifted, and the country's reintegration into 'international art', culture, and politics, has

Translation Ethics And Ethics In Interpersonal And...
2.2.1 Translation Ethics
Ethics is the moral dimension of human behavior, which could regularize people's actions, and lead individual make appropriate choices when coping
with others. Translation is a sophisticated practical activity, and a regulatory social behavior (Guo, 2014). Translation is involved with diverse factors,
including language and culture, author and translator, sponsor and reader. Leading the translation process, translators are supposed to manage
relationship between subject and object (Guo, 2014), which requires guidance and constraint by ethics. In 1980s, the French translation theorist
Antonie Berman propounded the theory of "translation ethics". He regarded the respect for source text, language and cultural differences in between
two languages as "appropriate ethical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The translation ethics proposed by Berman places focus on converting "self" through communicating with others. With the purpose of pursuing cultural
diversity and protruding language and cultural differences within source text, American structuralism translation theorist, Lwerene Venuti, proposed an
assertion of promoting cultural renewal and transformation, which is called "ethics of difference" (1998). Anthony Pym addressed the issue of
inter–subject responsibility and power and provided the concept of "interculturality" (2001). Then, Andrew Chesterman put forward "five models" on
translation ethics from the perspective of interpersonal and intercultural communication, which includes ethics of representation, ethics of service,
ethics of communication, norm–based ethics, ethics of commitment (2001). Systematically and thoroughly summarized previous studies (Chen, 2012),
Chesterman's theory has brought translation research up to a new level (Guo, 2014), among which, ethics of communication, places extra emphasis on
communicative functions of languages and interpersonal communication (2001) with the aim to improve relationships between source

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dubbing Being
character and how dubbing sessions will be organised. The organisation of dubbing session is very difficult because the organiser has to take into
consideration the availability of the recording studio and actors, when and for how long each actor has to come, the enforced mitigation of costs and
time to complete the process (Martinez 2004: 4). Sometimes "the client asks for voice samples from two or three dubbing actors for given characters
in the film, and then choose the one they find most suitable."(Martinez 2004: 5). When the organisation is finished a schedule is prepared and given to
the director. The directors task is to tell the actors which character they are dubbing, how he wants it to be done, supervise the actors, ensure that there...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This replacement results in distortion of the characters unique personality because its voice is interlinked with body language and facial expressions.
Dubbed audiovisual programmes, especially news and alike, are also sometimes deprived of credibility. Although information are communicated to the
audience, the communication is not full due to lack of proper intonation, stress, rhythm and volume which are needed to express emotions of the
speakers and convey information about the context. What is more dubbed contents do not contribute to foreign language learning and the development
of listening and comprehension skills, whereas subtitling does. The second of the most evident disadvantages of dubbing are the costs of the process.
Sketchily counting a translator, production assistant, actor(s), director and a recording studio are necessary. Even nowadays dubbing is 5 to 10 times
more expensive than subtitling therefore in some countries only animated movies for children are dubbed. The third evident disad–vantage of dubbing
is its duration. The recordings usually take a great deal of time, not to mention the time needed for all the modifications and synchronisation. Positive
sides of dubbing are that it makes it possible for children that cannot yet read to watch foreign productions and that it does not distract the viewers
attention.(Tveit 2009:

The Challenges Of Translating Humor From Arabic Into English
The Challenges of translating sense of humor from Arabic into English
Lamya Al–Ali
679383691
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
The Challenges of translating sense of humor from Arabic into English
Abstract
Humor is a social and stylistic phenomenon. The function of humor text is to achieve the entertaining and amusing the readership. As a first step to
translate humor, the translator should know what makes this certain sentence or expression funny? What is the type of this humor? If the translator
knows that, he will decide what strategy should be used to give a better translation for that humor. This paper will investigate both linguistic and
cultural challenges of translating humor from Arabic into English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper, however, will concentrate on the first two groups, i.e., translating linguistic and cultural humor only. Generally, there are many problems
that surround translating humor from Arabic into English since they belong to two different linguistic systems; however, there are some techniques
and strategies that can be used in order to convey the same message intended in the original culture.
Linguistic Problems
Linguistic humor or language–based jokes can be classified as the most difficult type of humor to be translated into the target language. Raphaelson
(1998) states that the challenge of translating this kind is not because of the nature of the humor or joke itself, but its relation to the language. on the
same line, El–Yasin (1997) states that "linguistic jokes...are based on some incongruity resulting from an accedential feature in the design of the
language...the build up of joke creates a context in which one interpretation of a linguistic form is reasonable and another is suppressed" (p.4). To
support this statement, let's see this example:
Source sentence: ЩЃЩЉ Щ€Ш§Ш
ШЇ ШШЁ Ш·ШЩ†Щ€Щ‡
Back translation: there is one fell in love, they ground him
Here, we are facing a linguistic problem. This translation would make no sense for the English speakers. The word "ШШЁ" has two different meaning
in Arabic: "fell in love" and a "grain". The appropriate sense of this sentence is to give the meaning of the first part as

Essay on American Censorship of Japanese Animation
American Censorship of Japanese Animation
Abrstract: This essay will explore why Americans feel the need to censor Japanese Animation, how the Japanese culture differs from American culture,
and how to solve the growing debate of the censorship of Japanese media.
Japan, that strange and exotic land in the east, has a complex and interesting history that has shaped and molded its culture into a very unique society
today. Of course their customs have influenced their entertainment, especially television and movies. In a day and age where information is free to all
through the internet and reliable postal systems these television shows, movies, toys, and comics have made their way all over the world. The
reception of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American versions of the ever popular "Sailor Moon" and "Dragon Ball Z" are vastly different from the Japanese versions. The Japanese version
is more intense and serious, with harsher violence and grittier storyline. The kids who watch these shows in America and those kids, who watch it in
Japan, are the same age, but for some reason it is too edgy for American youth. I am going to explore why Americans feel the need to censor, how the
Japanese culture differs from American, and what this media does to both cultures, and how to solve the growing debate of Japanese media and
censorship.
Review of Related Literature Throughout history most of Asia has been viewed as strange and exotic by western cultures. This is especially true for
Japan, because, unlike other Asian nations Japan was isolated from western culture until around the year 1542 when the Portuguese landed at
Tanegashima (Bryant 14). There are several reasons for Japan's solitude, most of them geographical. One of the primary reasons is what the Japanese
call kamikaze, or divine wind (Bryant 24). These strong stormy winds blew across the waters surrounding Japan, making it quite difficult to approach
the island. Japan is also quite far away from most western nations, especially since the ships had to sail around Africa to get to it. When the

Narrative Essay On Adventure Time
Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network in 2010. The show is about a speaking
dog with shape–shifting powers named Jake and his best friend Finn the Human who embark on many bizarre adventures in the post–apocalyptic Land
of Ooo (Zahed). Even though its target audience were thought to be primarily children, the unpredictable show functioning as a morality tale with not
an overly preachy tone has certainly attracted a fanbase of mainly young adults with its absurd humour, weirdness, emotional complexity, the subject
matter of friendship, intimacy, individuality and discovering one's self–worth all the while subliminally touching upon some serious issues and themes
such as feminist... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The whole show represents a juxtaposition of sorts – the conflict of happiness and tragedy, light and dark, silly and profound, innocent and mature;
perhaps all of this is (thankfully) not noticed by kids and ultimately these dark matters are subtle whereas the quirky humour celebrating friendship and
adventure is more visible, and thus the entertainment value is universal across the ages. Moreover, the intricate character development, the backstory
of the post–apocalyptic world and even the involvement of popular comedians as guest stars voice actors has contributed to the appeal for adult
audience and consequently to the author of this thesis as

Film and Translation Studies
1.Introduction Film translation has become a popular field in translation studies as technological developments have changed paper oriented society
towards media oriented society (Orero, 2004). Recently, more research are carried out on film translation while film script translation for the purposes
of dubbing is one of the most peculiar disciplines within the field of translation; yet, the studies are mainly focus on script translation, i.e. dubbing and
subtitling. Although plot is the most important issue in film, we should not ignore an essential element – casting. Characters play a vital role in film as
they are the soul of the story. In addition, it is possible to make the plot more attractive through giving an appropriate name to the characters in the
target language. Character names are of great worth in virtue of advantages in the film production. In fact, it is possible to catch sight of the character
names in film translation. Hence, the power of name translation of character to a film should not be neglected and this will be revealed in terms of the
effect created. Despite the importance of names for character, there has been little attention paid to the possible effects of character name translation.
The main focus of this research has predominantly been on the issue translators should consider when translating character names. This research is of
significant importance in this field as it points out the importance of character names in film translation and

Closed Caption Essay
Captions allow viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing to follow the dialogue and the action of program simultaneously . The Nation 's first
captioning agency the caption center was founded in 1972 at the boston public television station WGBH . In the past some news bulletins presidential
addresses ,or programming created by or for deaf and hard of hearing audience were open captioned. Captions for deaf audiences at the time they are
produced and distributed .
Closed captioning not only includes deaf and hard of hearing viewers as full participants in the information age but its practical value and its audience
extends far beyond its historical origins. The deaf community celebrated these crucial demonstration and on the strength of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People have worked hard to make sure deaf people could understand televisions that 's why they made closed captioning they made it for the deaf.
Closed captioning has made it easy for deaf community to understand television and they can be able to enjoy everything they watch. Deaf people can
now relate to use and have something that we have. Television programming illustrate the growing trend toward equal access to television for deaf.
Closed caption has improved it is now on every device that everyone has, it has made a difference in deaf people life. In 1971 a preview of
captioning at the first national conference on television for the hearing impaired in Nashville Tennessee. They have had closed captioning for the
longest time and have still been improving it for the deaf and the hard hearing. When television did not have closed captioning the deaf would have
trouble trying to understand the program that was on the television. Although the deaf would usually just read the lips of the person on the television,
but it would make it hard for them because they would go to fast and they would leave stuff out.
Once the deaf got closed captions they could understand everything they could know what was going on television like how we hearing people watch
television. The deaf wanted more they wanted closed captioning to be everywhere so they could feel normal like everyone else so

Use Of Humour And How It Is Done
Introduction
Translating is an integral part of cross communicating with any number of different languages and cultures. Therefore it is not surprising that there are
numerous ways that translating can be done and within each category of these types of translating there are vast styles in which it can be translated.
When translating from one language to another is difficult within itself but adding on factors such as cross–cultural translation and restrictions
dependent on the type of translating makes this even more cumbersome. When pertaining to the translating within media–especially in regards to that
of television shows and movies, etc.–Audio–Visual Translation (AVT) is the forefront of this category of translation. It is sometime said that humour
is a universal means of communication however there can be times were something is humorous in the one language but not the other. Thus this
report will set out to analysis that of AVT and how it is done in regards to humour and how it may encounter a variety of different problems and
restrictions that may occur because of this. Although the main purpose of AVT is often to be able to deliver either the exact same meaning and
message as the original does in it's SL or at least as close to as possible. Since there are any number of reasons why something may be considered
differently within another language its no wonder sometimes meaning or messages can be lost through the translation from the one language to the
other. The best

Indirect And Indirect Discrimination
Discrimination barrier
People with inabilities are frequently regarded as less human than the individuals who don't have a handicap, for example, individuals at school or
universities annoying and harassing impaired individuals since they can't do things like taking an interest in the games on the off chance that they are
the wheel seat clients, or they might be tormented on the grounds that they carry on and comprehend things uniquely in contrast to every other person.
They can likewise be oppressed by individuals overpowering them excessively. For instance when somebody demands helping them with everything on
the grounds that by helping them with all that they are as yet being dealt with as though they are something not as much as human. Still they are being
dealt with as clearly unique and in doing as such it can likewise make them insulted and lose trust in the things they can do themselves.
Disability discrimination can either be direct or indirect.
Direct discrimination is the place you are dealt with less positively in view of your inability than somebody without a disability would be dealt with in
similar conditions.
Here is a case of direct discrimination as a result of having a disability:
A bar permits a family with a child who has cerebral paralysis to drink in their beer garden however not in their family room. The family with the
impaired child are not given the same decisions that different families have.
Indirect discrimination is the place there is an

William Blake 's The Lamb And The Tyger
In 18th Century Britain, the poets of what became known as the Romantic Period sought to communicate truth in a world where the lofty ideals of The
Enlightenment were evaporating to reveal the harsh realities of a society that favored material progress over spiritual progress. In so doing, these poets
embraced and drew inspiration from the beauties and mysteries of nature in attempts to draw parallels between the truths they found there and the inner
experience of Mankind. Counted among the several writers who recorded their artistic and emotional responses to the natural world, William Blake
explores the concept of life's dualities and how this concept applied to life in 18th Century Britain, as well as to the relationship between the body and
spirit, in his most popular works, Songs of Innocence and of Experience: Showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul (1794). Two standout
poems, "The Lamb" and "The Tyger," respectively taken from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, demonstrate Blake's meditation on how
innocence and experience in life create a binary and complementary relationship that is observable in our outer world as well as in our inner being.
As one of the titles in his Songs of Innocence, William Blake chooses the lamb, naturally gentle and docile, as a representative of the concept of
innocence. In Blake's poem, a child shepherd addresses the lamb, identifying early its "clothing of delight," and its "tender voice/Making all the vales
rejoice"

Essay about Racial Discrimination and Hispanics in the...
Racial discrimination has a long history in the United States of America. It dates back to the days of slavery. Mexican descendants are migrating to the
United States at an alarming rate. The culture that the Mexicans experience in their own country is very different from the culture they experience
upon arriving in the United States of America. The U. S. Census Bureau created the label "Hispanic" for convenience. Some people of Spanish descent
think of themselves as "Hispanic" and others prefer the term "Latino"; however, most identify with a particular country, such as Cuba, Argentina, or
Spain (Macionis 2006) Hispanics accounted for 14.8 percent of the population in the United States of America in 2006 (www.prb.org). The percentage
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advocates note that English is a critical skill that will not only help students graduate from high school but also will help them assimilate into the
culture and become successful citizens. The one–way program is one of many ways that the district teaches English to speakers of other languages.
Overall, about 18 percent of Orange County's 175,000 students take classes to learn English. Spanish is the predominant foreign language spoken in
the county's public schools. A federal court order requires Florida's districts to treat non–English–speaking children equitably, and it regulates how that
should happen. The council argues that the cuts violate that order in part because officials did not include parents in the discussion (Hobbs 2010).
The existence of a large Latin American community living and working in the United States has been the main cause for theSpanish language to have
gradually found its way into the North–American society. Those belonging to this community use both Spanish and English on a daily basis, although
not usually to the same degree: Spanish is normally spoken in colloquial situations, whereas English is the language used in work or academic contexts.
The code–switching between the two languages emerges as a tool of identification with both cultures. Over the past few years, the cultural reality of all
those people who are able to alternate English and Spanish in the

Essay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the...
Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the
Ethnographic Text
Anthropology 575
Postmodernism
In the late 1960's the social sciences (mainly anthropology and sociology) entered a crisis period in which traditional ways of conducting the study of
the Other were re–examined in the context of their association with dominance–submission hierarchies and the objectification of the subjects of study.
There was seen to be an association between Western imperialism's objectification of the Third World and the Western 'data imperialism' that objectified
the subjects of study. Increasingly social science research was called to task in the creation of new ways of conducting social science research ... Show
The Postmodernist view in ethnography, then, questions the basic assumptions underlying the reportage of ethnographic information, noting that
reporting ethnography is a distinct action from doing ethnography, though equally important (Clifford and Marcus 1986); that there is not only one
single language or style able to convey the elusive 'truth' of the universe, in fact there are a multiplicity of reporting modes or voices capable of
conveying ethnographic information (Rorty 1982); and thus ethnography should not be based on the conveyed 'understanding' of the researcher (which
places him or her in a position of privileged interpreter), on a dialogic relationship between the ethnographer and subject in which both participants
within the dialogue are an integral part of the study (Marcus and Fisher 1986).
The current debate concerning the validation and reporting of ethnographic material generally takes the form rejection of all theoretical paradigms
(Lyotard 1984), the deconstruction of texts (Derrida 1976), the removal of the authorial voice and sobriety in style (Marcus and Fisher 1986).
Counterpoised to the postmodernists are the traditionalists, such as Geertz, who assert that ethnographic legitimacy is concomitant with the authors
narrative ability and rejects

Dominican Republic Country Essay
Country of interest Dominican Republic During my research, I came across an interesting post "The American Invasion" from an undergraduate
student Alejandra Baez who is in a school of "Foreign Service" and is "majoring in Regional and Comparative studies." During a semester in Santo
Domingo she shared her observation of how there is an "American Invasion" in Santo Domingo. Baez claimed that American culture is spreading in
every part of the Dominican Republic. She expressed that in the "radio stations" they are playing "American songs" including "soft rock" and the
most "popular American songs." Baez stated that the "movie theaters" had a list of "seven film playing" there was only one option of a "Dominican
film" the rest were "American films." She discussed the list of logos that were in Santo Domingo, which included "McDonald's", "Burger King", "Pizza
Hut", "Domino's", "Denny's restaurant" and many more. Baez shared that Dominicans celebrated "Halloween and the children... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That is true about the radio stations playing American songs and it is true about fast food logos in the Dominican Republic. It is true about Marling's
reading about restaurant using logos and do not even now what they are serving. The example he give on the reporter going to an Italian restaurant.
Many restaurant in the Caribbean use logos to get tourist attention, but they serve something else. There were people who spoke ingles in the hotel,
taxis and tourist areas. I also noticed that there was a lot of brand clothing. There was a lot of clothing store such as Nike, Prada, Armani Exchange,
Aero postal, Gucci, and Guess. It's true that they celebrated Thanksgiving and Halloween but it was surprising that they celebrated Black Friday.
American Media Played a big role in Dominican Republic especially there

Metaphors In The Hunger Games
1.1 Background Information The study from I.A Richards shows that in people's daily conversation, there is one with metaphor in every three
sentences (Li, 2003, p.7). That is to say, it is common that the subtitles of movies often include metaphors. Therefore, it is inevitable that whether the
metaphors are translated successfully can decide if the movie subtitles are well delivered to foreign audience. Although there are diversified
classifications of the term 'metaphor', this research will merely focus on the aspect of metaphor that was put forward by a cognitive linguist. "In the
cognitive–linguistic view, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain" (KГ¶vecses, 2002, p.4).
The movie'The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1' was released in 2014 and was popular majorly among young audiences. However, when it comes
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The typology combines the one by the translation scholar Gideon Toury and the one by the cognitive linguist Zoltan KГ¶vecses" (Schmidt, 2014,
p.96). The model was classified into six types, referring to different methods of translating the subtitles with metaphor. "This typology was tested on a
corpus of literary translations, and it proved to be adequate for the analysis of metaphor translation" (Schmidt, 2014, p.97). According to the terms and
explanation from Schmidt's theory, the types are defined as

Personal Narrative Analysis
When you upload a video to Youtube, Google attempts to transcribe the speech into subtitles, usually with comedic consequences. I am able to add the
correct subtitles at the correct times of the videos.
There are many benefits of doing this, which involve:
–Beneficial to customers who are hard of hearing
–Providing unique content to place on the site
–If you have an instruction video and a user is pushed for time, they can use the transcript to read later
What the seller needs from the buyer to start the work: Buyer's Youtube Account details
I use professional software for video subtitling. I am using nice and clear fonts at the correct dimension to be viewable from any screen. In the end,
you will get your video at any format you desire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am a trained and skilled professional in that area of translation – I only do it right!
I also specialize in Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard–of–Hearing and always offer a post publishing QA check for my clients. The service is free of
charge.
I need a link to your video and that is it!
If you have a dialogue script in English, fantastic. – Cheaper
If you do not, no problem, I can time code and sync subtitles with the audio myself – Normal cost.
If you need the subtitles to add it to your, e.g., YouTube/Vimeo profile or just to your downloaded media, I will deliver a .srtsubtitle file and instruct
you how to add it. However, if you want me to "burn" the subtitles in your video, I have the knowledge and tools to do so and can deliver in any
popular formats.

Audiobook, lecture, interview, video – if you have an approximately 5–minute audio recording with a reasonable quality that you need down in writing,
I can transcribe it for you. The audio can be in English or Brazilian Portuguese.
What the Seller needs to start the work
1. Send your audio file or link to the video stream for analysis (low–quality audio material will NOT be accepted).
2. Specify your needs

Differences Between Pssycho And Psycho
When the topic for the research paper was decided on finding out how the cultural differences in a movie and its remake versions are dealt with by
film makers , it was astonishing to find many similar works which were already done related to this topic. This proved that many observed films
rather than just watching it and were curious to learn the potential of films for holding up the cultural values and beliefs of a particular society. In
addition to this, all this studies were a sneak peek into the ways in which films act as a medium for reinforcing the norms of a particular society, also
how films create and uphold the popular culture.
The love that Indians hold for films is quite known around the world. After all in which country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He claims that such a study led to drawing a critical discrimination between the remake and the original. The study just took a specific scene and
arranged them on screen side–by–side. Throughout the process what stood out was the effect the Hitchcock scene had on the audience that is his
version made it compelling to watch than its remake. This led to the conclusion that details matter and it is what makes all the difference. Raymond
Durgnat mention this in his book A Long Hard Look at 'Psycho' as thus: 'The superiority of Psycho over its apparent genre, lies not in its structure, but
in its fine detail (what Leavis used to call "texture")'. Thus the essay concluded by saying that while it was possible to duplicate a film shot chemically
or digitally, it cannot be reproduced by re–shooting. Therefore the attempts of Sant were a fallacious all

The God Facade : A Look Into Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein...
The God FaГ§ade: A Look into Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and The Dangers of Playing God.
Frankenstein by author Mary Shelley is a Gothic science fiction novel written in Switzerland between 1816–1817, and published January 1, 1818. Set
in eighteenth century Geneva, Frankenstein tells the story of a young man named Victor who goes away to college to study natural philosophy,
chemistry, and alchemy. When armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months constructing a creature out of old body
parts, and in the secrecy of his apartment, brings his creation to life. The monstrous abomination later disappears, and when a mysterious series of
deaths start to occur in Victor's family, he is certain his creation is the cause, and devotes his life to vanquishing the savage fiend. Mary Shelley makes
full use of popular themes during the time she wrote Frankenstein such as the invasion of technology into modern life, and the restorative powers of
nature in the face of unnatural events. She also addresses the complex role of Christian allusions in the text which convinces the reader to believe that
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has a strong biblical allegory and portrays the dangers of playing God.
In Frankenstein, Shelly draws many ideas from biblical literalism in regards to the Genesis creation narrative (the belief that the universe and life
originate from specific acts of a divine creator). In chapter four, Victor is defining the importance of his success in

Character Analysis: An Analysis Of Family Guy
As seen in the analysis of Family Guy, humor can be expressed visually – where there is no need for a dialogue for the scene to be amusing –, visually
reinforced by the text, or only in the script (MogorrГіn Huerta 73). The first two only rely on situation comedy and usually commonplace (MogorrГіn
Huerta 77). On the contrary, the last one being only verbal, it depends on common background knowledge, which is culture–bound (MogorrГіn Huerta
73). While equivalence – the result of trying to render an aspect in the translation process (Zabalbeascoa, "Dubbing and the Nonverbal" 331) – cannot
always be achieved, the aim of an adaptation is mainly for the product to have a similar effect on the audience (MogorrГіn Huerta 86). Thus, dubbing
and subtitling are not supposed to alter the image in any way, but to translate only the verbal aspect of an audiovisual text (Zabalbeascoa, "Dubbing
and the Nonverbal" 341) and solve the issue of "understandably communicating the dialogues" (Ascheid 32). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Every nation or community seems to have its own way of dealing with AVT: subtitling, dubbing, off
–screen narration, voiceover, intertitles, etc. France,
for example, is a typical dubbing country, which is certain of using the best method, as every other state (Koolstra, Peeters, and Spinhof 326). In the
US, instead of adopting dubbing techniques, producers often choose to remake a movie all together (Zabalbeascoa, "Factors in Dubbing" 92). These
choices become viewing habits for the audiences who become intolerant to other methods (Zabalbeascoa, "Factors in Dubbing"

TED. Com: A Non-Profit Organization
TED.com is a non–profit organization that hosts lectures from prominent figures throughout the world in an effort to spread ideas to engage critical
thought and to change attitudes. TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) was a conference that began in 1984 that had widespread success and
due to the proliferation, it expanded into becoming one of the most widely recognized informational communities on internet. TED is a non–profit that
is owned by the Sapling Foundation, a non–profit itself that focuses on spreading ideas so that the audience can gain a greater understanding of what is
going on in the world around them. TED is funded through conference fees, sponsorships, licensing fees, commercials, and donations. TED is a web
based source

To What Extent Is Frankenstein The Modern Day Prometheus
Running head: IS FRANKENSTEIN THE MODERN DAY PROMETHEUS?
Is Frankenstein the modern day Prometheus?
Irvin M. Beacham Jr.
ENC 1101
Dr. Gaspar
Is Frankenstein the modern day Prometheus?
When Mary Shelly wrote her 1818 classic Frankenstein, she subtitled it "The Modern Prometheus." She compared the character of Dr. Victor
Frankenstein a highly intelligent scientist to the Greek Titan Prometheus the wisest of the Titans. There are numerous parallels between Dr.
Frankenstein and Prometheus which could be the reason why Mary Shelly subtitled her novel "The Modern Prometheus". Dr. Frankenstein and
Prometheus both create a male human being, they both sought glory from their creations, and they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"When I was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon: the inclemency of the weather obliged us to remain
a day confined to the inn. In this house I chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa. I opened it with apathy; the theory which he
attempts to demonstrate, and the wonderful facts which he relates, soon changed this feeling into enthusiasm. A new light seemed to dawn upon
my mind; and, bounding with joy, I communicated my discovery to my father. When I returned home, my first care was to procure the whole
works of this author, and afterwards of Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. I read and studied the wild fancies of these writers with delight; they
appeared to me treasures known to few beside myself. " (Chapter 2) Victor attends college at an early age and surpasses the knowledge of his
classmates and instructor. "When I had attained the age of seventeen, my parents resolved that I should become a student at the University of
Ingolstadt." (Chapter 3) "As I applied so closely, it may be easily conceived that my progress was rapid. My ardour was indeed the astonishment of the
students, and my proficiency that of the masters." (Chapter 4) "I made some discoveries in the improvement of

Characteristics Of Erges And Escher
Part III. Modernism, Postmodernism and Escher:
Relate Escher's lithographs Magic Mirror, Print Gallery, Waterfall and Relativity to Borges and Kafka's work. What aspects and/or themes of their work
could these prints illustrate? What Modernist and Postmodernist characteristics do you find in them?
Mauritius Cornelis (M.C.) Escher was a Dutch artist that focused on drawing and printmaking. In correlation with Escher's work, the themes of his
pieces often centered the impossible. These creative ideas present Modernist and Postmodernist characteristics, as they draw on the subconscious and
fragmentary nature of human life. In the lithograph Magic Mirror, there is a large emphasis placed on the fictional winged–lion, while Print Gallery ...
In this work, Marquez focuses on corruption as Senator Onesimo Sanchez accepts pay offs from his people. As specified by the text, "In this story
he is clearly a corrupt politician who accepts bribes and stays in power by helping the local property owners avoid reform" (2053). Accordingly, in
the text, Sanchez speaks at a rally and knowingly presents promises that he does not intend to keep. In the text, it states,"We will no longer be
foundlings in our own country, orphans of God in a realm of thirst and bad climate, exiles in our own land. We will be different people, ladies and
gentlemen, we will be a great and happy people," (2056). This quote emphasizes that Sanchez deceives his people in order to stay in power.
Additionally, Sanchez encounters Nelson Farina, who is an escaped convict that continuously begs him for a false–identification card. Thus, Farina
sends his daughter, Laura, to seduce Sanchez into providing him with an ID. However, Laura is wearing a chastity–belt that her father uses to persuade
Sanchez into delivering his request. Ultimately, these ideas relate to the theme of corruption as Sanchez relays and performs deals based on his own
satisfaction.Another theme within the story is loneliness. This theme is prominent in the work, because Sanchez suffers alone due to his underlying
alienation. Sanchez is a husband and a father, yet he never tells any of them that he has six months and eleven days to live.

Analysis of Cultural Translation on Lao She's Teahouse...
I. Introduction Of Cultural Translation
It is universally accepted that translation is about the meeting of at least two cultures, as Franco Aixelia(1996:52) mentioned "translation mixes two or
more cultures". Obviously, whenever we are doing translation, we cannot avoid the cultural features that appear in the source text. Therefore, to some
extent culture is seen as a "problem" in translation. However, I think it should be turned into a way for translators to understand the source text and it
should also enlighten them to come up with a better solution to solve the cultural "problems" in the process of translation.
As skopos theory (Reiss and Vermmer:1984) suggests, the translator is the key player in the process of intercultural... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then the translator will need to figure out which words are culturally specific. In 1992, Mona Baker provided the following conditions for translators to
determine:
a)Culture specific concepts
b) The SL concept which is not lexicalized in TL
c) The SL word which is semantically complex
d) The source and target languages make different distinction in meaning
e) The TL lacks a super ordinate
f) The TL lacks a specific term (hyponym)
g) Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
h) Differences in expressive meaning
i) Differences in form
j) Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
k) The use of loan words in the source text
By identifying those cultural words above, translators will then come to the procedures of translation and start to find a solution to translate the specific
cultural terms. Peter Newmark has introduced two different essential methods of this cultural translation: transference and componential analysis. By
"transference", he emphasizes the "local color", maintaining the original names and concepts; by "componential analysis", he believes it's "the most
accurate procedure, which excludes the culture and highlights the message". However, this two methods should be applied carefully by the translators

with different purposes of translation–to keep either the cultural aspects or the textual information. Moreover, Newmark also suggests some strategies
on cultural translation:
Transference:
a SL word is

A Study on Metafictive Devices in the French LieutenantвЂ™s...
A Study on Metafictive Devices in The French Lieutenant's Woman Abstract The French Lieutenant's Woman is a splendid literary work written by
English novelist John Fowles. It was published in 1969 and received universally acknowledged reputation as a masterpiece of postmodern novel. With
intricate plot, the novel is regarded as a compelling historiographic metafiction in contemporary British literature. The characteristics of this novel are
the metafictive devices employed by the author. Different from the previous studies centered on the idea of role reversal between characters or the
analysis of sophisticated plot, this thesis is devoted to the exploring of metafictive devices adopted in the novel. The paper will first state the... Show
Another characteristic is the adoption of multiple endings, adding an extra layer of richness to the text. This kind of ending reveals the fact that the real
word is full of possibilities and fluctuations. The paradoxes of fictionality and reality constitute not only the structure of novel but also the appearance
of Sarah Woodruff. Sarah exists in the novel as well as appears in the reality. Fowles once mentioned that The French Lieutenant's Woman emerged
from the fact that he was haunted by a recurring image of a mysterious woman, standing motionlessly at the end of a quay and starring at the sea. Thus
Sarah in 1867 England is the materialization of Fowles' haunting woman of the 20th century. Fowles's innovative narrative techniques not only allow
readers to actively participate in the creation of his novel, but also illustrate his aim in criticizing the female hysteria and the rigid Victorian convention.
From the perspective of sexual ethics, Sarah has been categorized as a new woman who refuses to conform to the feminine role and the accepted ideals
of marriage and maternity. The delineation of Sarah with selfhood and autonomy displays Fowles's sensibility to female liberation. Moreover,
throughout the novel, the characters have suffered social constraints in various manifestations. In line with the theme concerning emancipation, Fowles
has declared his resistance to be manipulated by conventional morality and obligations. His

Professional Legislators: A Case Study
From the data collected in the section above, a few things have been established. Firstly, there is a system excised in the fansub communities. Most
of the time fansubbers work as a team. Everyone in a team has their own responsibility. The workload is divided up in order to be more efficient.
However, sometime one person can be responsible for multiple roles. Those roles within a team include provider, who is response to provide raw
/ original audiovisual materials. Then, the translator will start translating the file. Editor will take over and check the synchronization and spot and
improve the linguistic error. After this, it is timer's job, to cue and spot the in and out time of subtitles. Next, typesetter will set the front size and the...
They do not consider each other as a competitor. Instead, some respondents even see them as a motivation. Also, when the interviewees asked to
comment on the relationship between the fansubbers and the professional translators, they answered with the word "colleague". From the professional
translators' point of view, fansubbers are their colleague because they find many similarities between their works. The only difference is that their
works are serving different purpose and different audiences. As for the influence that fansubbing brings towards the professional industry, the result is
still uncertain. Even the professional translators are unsure what certain influence that fansubbing has brought. It has been argued that although digital
fansubs began circulating a number of years ago the industry did nothing to stop them or provide substitutes for them until very recently. While the
industry failed to consider the potential of online distribution, fansubbers were on the frontline of innovation, vigorously adopting new technologies to
bring anime to a wider audience. At the same time, fansubbing has clearly demonstrated a new model of audiovisual files distribution. Although this
model's legitimacy is questioned due to its copyright infringing nature, it has been effective in cultivating anime

Listening Skills Essay
Listening is one of the important skills among three other English skills; reading, writing and speaking. Listening play significant role in language
development. Listening is the ability to hear and understand what other people say. It is also the basic skill that we have in learning language because
we listen before we speak. Just take the example of the babies. Before they can talk with their parents, they only give signs when they want to
communicate with them by crying. They only listen to the speech or sounds that close to them. By the time, they gain all of knowledge and
information from the people near them. Then, they start to imitate and try to speak. Of course, this takes time, the babies cannot talk directly when they
listen to the language. So, this is the same as the learners who try to learn English as a second language. Especially in listening ability. Listening is a
receptive skill because the learners do not need to produce the language. They only receive and try to understand the language. Receptive ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It looks one way and then it sounds completely different. However, using subtitle when watch a movie video can help the learners to activates two part
of the learner's brain; listening and reading skills. Because the learners listen the movie video while read the subtitle. Beside subtitle can improve
learner listening ability. It can also help the learners unconsciously remember a new vocabulary (Vanderplank, 1988). Sometimes, the learners miss the
hearing of the vocabulary because they are not sure what is the vocabulary that spoken in the movie video, but with the help of subtitle the learner can
read the subtitle and they will keep that in their mind much better. Although, the use of subtitle sometimes can distract and disturb the learner when
they watch the movie video because they tend to read the subtitle rather than listen to English spoken language in the movie

Difficulties Translating Humour From English to Spanish in Little Britain

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