1. Categorisation of empirical research
methods
Quantitative Qualitative
 Questionnaire surveys  Interviews
 Objective content  Subjective content
analysis (text) analysis
 Experimental, e.g.  Grounded theory
ANOVA models
 Case studies
 Archival, e.g. regression
(although there can
models
be quantitative
 MBAR methods, e.g.
aspects to these)
event studies

2. Research orientations: positivism
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 the world (reality) is external and objective
 the researcher is independent of what is being observed
 properties of the reality should be measured through
objective methods
 the choice of what to study and how to study it can be
determined by objective criteria
 concepts need to be operationalised in a way which enables
facts to be measured quantatively
 hypothetico-deductive method: science proceeds through a
process of hypothesising fundamental laws and then
deducing what kinds of obeservations will demonstrate the
truth or falsity of these hypotheses

3. Research orientations: positivism
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 problems as a whole are better understood if they
are reduced into the simplest possible elements
 knowledge is only of significance if it is based
on observations of the external reality
 the aim of social sciences should be to identify
causal explanations and fundamental laws that
explain regularities in human social behaviour
 in order to be able to generalise about regularities
in human and social behaviour it is necessary to
select samples of sufficient size
 regularities can most easily be identified by making
comparisons of variations across samples

4. Research orientations:
phenomenology
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 the world (reality) is socially constructed and
subjective rather than objectively determined
 the researcher is part of what is being observed
 science is not objective facts
 the choice of what to study and how to study is driven by
human interests
 the researcher should to focus on different meanings and
constructions that people place upon their experience
 the reseracher should try to understand and explain why
people have different experiences
 the researcher should look at the totality of each situation

5. Research orientations:
phenomenology
(Easterby-Smith et al. 1991)
 inductive method: develop ideas through induction from data
 knowledge generation
 use multiple methods to establish different views of
phenomena
 small samples are investigated in depth or over time

6. Quantitative research
(surveys)
 Gives numerical values
 Hard to argue if made right
 Managerial decisions seem to value numbers
 Mechanical, easy to repeat
 Allows estimation of the reliability of the results
 Answers only our questions
 Always misleading in some way
 May be used to test new ideas but hardly
gives any new answers

7. Qualitative research
 Gives answers unlooked for
 We may learn something new
 Helps understanding
 Cannot evaluate the error margins
 Statistical testing cannot be used
 May be used to help logical proving
 May be misleading

8. Ethical and moral issues
 researchers have moral responsibility
to conduct their research honestly and
accurately
 plagiarism, misrepresentation and
fabrication of results
 strengths and weaknesses of methods
used
 consequences of research to
participants and society

9. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR RISET & PROBLEM SOLVING
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KAJIAN PUSTAKA, RERANGKA
PEMIKIRAN DAN HIPOTESIS
 BAB IV: OBJEK RISET, METODE RISET,
METODE ANALISIS
 BAB V: HASIL DAN ANALISIS
 BAB VI: KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI

10. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR STRATEGI BISNIS
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP STRATEGI
 BAB IV: PERENCANAAN/ EVALUASI STRATEGI
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Pendekatan Perencanaan Strategi
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Proses Identifikasi
 - 5.2. Analisis Ekternal
 - 5.3. Analisis Persaingan
 - 5.4. Analisis Internal
 BAB VI: RENCANA STRATEGI
Rancangan strategi fungsional
Evaluasi Strategi
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN

11. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR BISNIS PLAN
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP BISNIS
 BAB IV: METODOLOGI PENUSUNAN BISNIS PLAN
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Metode Analisis Data
 4.3. Proses Penyusunan Bisnis Plan
 4.3. Metode Analisis Kelayakan Bisnis
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Analisis Faktor Eksternal
 - 5.2. Analisis Pasar
 - 5.3. Analisis Operasional Bisnis
 - 5.4. Analisis Proyeksi keuangan dan Modal
 BAB VI: BISNIS PLAN
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN

12. PEDOMAN PENULISAN
KARYA AKHIR PERANCANGAN
 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
 BAB II: DESKRIPSI PERUSAHAAN/BISNIS
 BAB III: KONSEP PERANCANGAN PRODUK/ JASA/SISTE
 BAB IV: METODE PERANCANGAN PRODUK/JASA/SISTEM
 4.1. Pengumpulan Informasi
 4.2. Metode Perancangan
 4.3. Proses Perancangan dan Pengembangan
 4.4. Metode Analisis Hasil Rancangan
 4.5. Bagan alur Proses Perancangan
 BAB V: ANALISIS DATA
 - 5.1. Analisis Peluang
 - 5.2. Analisis Keterkaitan berbagai persyaratan
 - 5.3. Analisis Data Peninjauan Ulang
 - 5.4. Analisis Data Verifikasi
 BAB VI: RANCANGAN PRODUK/JASA/SISTEM
 BAB VII: REKOMENDASI BAGI MANAJEMEN