1. By the Amazing Julio Chukwuka Ogbomoh

2. 1. Nacionalidad
2. Stem changing
3. Para
4. Indirect/Direct Objects
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
12. Sequencing Events

3. Nicaragua Nicaraguense Cuba Cubano
Uruguay Uruguayo
Costa Rica Costarricense
Norteamericanos Paraguay Paraguayo
Estados Unidos
Estdounidense
Puerto Rico Puertorriquno
Venezuela venezolano
Panama Panameno
Peru peruano
El Salvador Salvadoreno
Chile chileano
Honduras Hondureno
Colombia colombiano
Espana Espanol
Bolivia Boliviano
Guatemala Guatemalteco
Ecuador Ecuatoriano
Guinea Guineano
Argentina Argentino
Ecuatorial
Mexico Mexicano La Republica Dominicano
Dominicana

4. Pedir Almorzar Pensar
e>i o>e e > ie
Pido Almuerzo Pienso
Pides Almuerzas Piensas
Pide Almuerza Piensa
Pedimos Almorzamos Pensamos
Pedis Almorzais Pensais
Piden Almuerzan Piensan

5. With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the benefit of
or directed to:
Es para usted. It's for you.
Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a specific
place:
Voy para Europa. I'm heading to Europe.
Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time:
Necesito el regalo para mañana. I need the gift for
tomorrow. Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el fin de
semana. We're going to my mother's for the weekend.

6. Singular Plural
me nos
Me Us
te os
You (familiar) You (familiar)
le les
You (formal), him, her You, them

7. A Reflexive pronoun is in front of an Indirect
object pronoun, and a Direct object is the last
pronoun in the sentence. If there is an infinitive,
they can be attached but must stay together in
the same order.

8. When talking about things that people like, change
the form or gustar to match the singular or plural
nouns for those things. In other words, gustar
needs to agree with the object
Singular Plural
me gusta me gustan
te gusta te gustan
le gusta le gustan
nos gusta nos gustan
os gusta os gustan
les gusta les gustan

9. Affirmatives Negative Words
algo - something Nada - nothing
Alguien - someone Nadie - no one
algun / alguno – some, any ningun / nunguno – none, not
any
Siempre - always Nunca - never
Tambien - also Tampoco - neither, either

10. To express extremes with most adjectives, drop
the final vowel and add the ending –isimo(a).
The adjective must agree in gender and number
with the noun it modifies
isimo isimos
malo > malisimo caliente > calientisimos
isima isimas
larga > larguisima muchas > muchisimas
c > qu
*When the last consonant is c, g, or z,
g > gu spelling changes are required
z>c

11. To describe people doing
things for themselves, use Lavarse
to wash oneself
reflexive verbs. Examples
of reflexive verbs are
brushing one‟s teeth or Me lavo Nos lavamos
combing one‟s hair. These Te lavas Os lavais
pronouns are used with Se lava Se lavan
reflexive verbs to indicate
that the subject of the
sentence receives the
action of the verb.

12. For affirmative Decir > di
commands, you drop the Hacer > haz
„s‟ and as for the Ir > ve
pronoun placement, the
Poner > pon
pronoun can go with an
infinitive, gerund, Salir > sal
before a conjugated Ser > sé
verb, or at the end of an Tenir > ten
affirmative command. Venir > ven

13. For negative Dar/Decir – No des/digas
commands, you put the Ir – No vayas
word into “yo” Ser – No seas
form, change the
Hacer – No hagas
vowel, and then add an
“s”. As for pronoun Estar – No estes
placement, they go with Saber – No sepas
infinitives, gerunds, and Tener – No tengas
before a conjugated Venir – No vengas
verb.

14. Primero – first Por la
Entonces – second mañana/tarde/noche –
Luego/después – after in/ during the…
Por fin – finally Los lunes, etc. - days
Antes de/después de -
after