Topic Sentence (Revised) and a little review on paragraph.

1. ENGLISH GRADE 9

2. WORDSmake up
2

3. PHRASESmake up
3

4. SENTENCESmake up
4

5. PARAGRAPHSBy Mr. Ranulfo T. Bacus
5

6. PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a group of related
sentences that present and develop one
main idea.
has a three-part structure:
Beginning/ Introduction
Middle/ Body
End/ Conclusion

7. What is the relation of these shapes for today’s topic?

8. A storm was brewing. Dark
clouds blocked the sun as it peeked
over the farthest mountain. The
clouds moved forward and played
hide-and-seek with beams of sunlight
and slowly overtook them. The clouds
began to release large drops of rain.
With the clouds a wind made its
entrance, and it swirled across the
hillsides.

9. A storm was brewing. Dark
clouds blocked the sun as it peeked
over the farthest mountain. The
clouds moved forward and played
hide-and-seek with beams of sunlight
and slowly overtook them. The clouds
began to release large drops of rain.
With the clouds a wind made its
entrance, and it swirled across the
hillsides.

10. TOPIC
SENTENCE
The

11. TOPIC
SENTENCE ?
What is a

12. THE TOPIC SENTENCE
The topic sentence states the main or
the general idea of the paragraph.
The topic sentence states the subject
and the purpose of the paragraph.
The topic sentence in a paragraph
summarizes what the entire paragraph
is all about.
In most academic essays, though, the
topic sentence is at the beginning.

13. Features of a topic sentence:
it states the main idea
it addresses one aspect of the
subject that can be adequately
covered in one paragraph;
it controls the other sentences in
the paragraph;
it is more general than the
sentences that develop it

14. Two Types of Topic Sentence:
1. STATED OR OBVIOUS TOPIC
SENTENCE – this is the type of
topic sentence that is correctly
expressed in the paragraph
1. IMPLIED TOPIC SENTENCE – this is
the type of topic sentence that is
not stated in the paragraph

15. EXAMPLE OF STATED TOPIC SENTENCE:
Trees are very essential in our
lives. The newspaper you read
everyday and the books you study
were trees once. Your home, your
furniture, your clothes come from
trees. In addition, forests provide a
wonderful place where we can hold
picnics and have a good time.

16. EXAMPLE OF IMPLIED TOPIC SENTENCE:
Sometimes in the evenings, Bruno Mars
would sit out in front of the ranch house
near the cattle guards and play music. He
would gather across the ditch and listen
attentively. He liked to hear songs by Hank
Williams, to which he would attempt to sing
along by making little gurgling sounds deep
in his throat. Occasionally, he would click his
teeth if he played something with a beat to
it.

17. POSSIBLE IMPLIED TOPIC SENTENCE:
Bruno Mars is a music lover.
--0--
Can you give your own
implied topic sentence?

18. Going back to these shapes!TOPIC SENTENCE POSITIONS

19. TOPIC
SENTENCE
Positions of

20. AT THE BEGINNING...
Topic sentence is usually found at the
beginning of a paragraph, where it gives
a preview of and direction to the
sentences that come after it.
TOPIC SENTENCE

21. EXAMPLE:
A brownout for students
would be a horrendous disaster.
The students will not be able to
check their mail. They cannot
receive their e-mails either.
They cannot use the fax
machine too.

22. ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Student life today is not what it
was then. Students log on to web
sites instead of going to libraries.
Computers automatically look for
grammatical and typographical
errors in their papers unlike before
when students reviewed, reread,
and reedited their work for hours.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Student life today is not what it
was then. Students log on to web
sites instead of going to libraries.
Computers automatically look for
grammatical and typographical
errors in their papers unlike before
when students reviewed, reread,
and reedited their work for hours.

23. AT THE END...
Sometimes, however, topic sentence
comes at the end of the paragraph,
where it draws a conclusion or functions
as a summary.
TOPIC SENTENCE

24. EXAMPLE:
The mountain air around a lake
invigorates and pleases me. I like a lake’s
underwater life, such as minnows and
trout, and I enjoy observing the plant
life around me. Most important, a lake
usually has no chemicals because lake
water is clean, natural, and more
refreshing for swimming. I prefer
swimming in a mountain lake.

25. ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
I cannot cut and paste excerpts
without my computer. I need my
CD-ROM to check the spelling and
change fonts of my paper. I do all
these on my computer at my own
leisure. I really don’t know how to
write a paper without doing it
directly on the computer.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
I cannot cut and paste excerpts
without my computer. I need my
CD-ROM to check the spelling and
change fonts of my paper. I do all
these on my computer at my own
leisure. I really don’t know how to
write a paper without doing it
directly on the computer.

26. AT THE MIDDLE...
Less frequently, topic sentence comes
in the middle of the paragraph,
especially when the paragraph is part of
a longer piece of writing.
TOPIC SENTENCE

27. EXAMPLE:
The bird next to me was immature. He
still had brown and tawny plumage instead
of the predominantly black color of the
adult. For one thing, he may never have seen
another human being. But there is a better
explanation; in remote Galapagos Islands,
there are hardly any land mammals, and the
hawk is very nearly the sole predator. With
no enemies and almost no competitors, it
has nothing to fear and plenty to eat.

28. ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Dancing and chanting, Polynesian
students give visitors to the Polynesian Culture
Center a glimpse of Hawaii’s post. Through its
exhibitions, the Polynesian Culture Center
shows visitors the many elements of Hawaiian
culture brought to Hawaii by Polynesians. For
example, the Center shows the similarities
between the Polynesian and Hawaiian villages
with life-size models. In addition, the Center
dramatizes Hawaiian legends of ancestors
journeying across oceans.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Dancing and chanting, Polynesian
students give visitors to the Polynesian Culture
Center a glimpse of Hawaii’s post. Through its
exhibitions, the Polynesian Culture Center
shows visitors the many elements of Hawaiian
culture brought to Hawaii by Polynesians. For
example, the Center shows the similarities
between the Polynesian and Hawaiian villages
with life-size models. In addition, the Center
dramatizes Hawaiian legends of ancestors
journeying across oceans.

29. AT BOTH BEGINNING AND END...
In this type, if the paragraph is meant as a
freestanding unit of discourse and not part of a larger
whole, the topic sentence, or rather the ideas it
contains, are frequently restated at the end of the
paragraph.
TOPIC SENTENCE
TOPIC SENTENCE

30. EXAMPLE:
Throwing a clay pot, requires many steps. The
first step is by wedging the clay. The potter kneads the
clay to prepare it for throwing. Once wedged and
formed into a ball, the clay is thrown onto the center of
a potter's wheel. The clay must be coerced into a
perfectly symmetrical shape, dead center on the
spinning wheel. When correctly centered, the clay is
ready to be opened. After that, the clay can now be
shaped and the potter should correctly reach its desired
height. Finally, the pot is ready to be dried, fired, and
glazed. Thus, even though a clay pot may appear simple
to make, fashioning one by hand takes a long process.

31. ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Energy simply makes our daily lives more
comfortable and convenient. Suppose you wanted
to stop – and reverse – the economic progress of
this nation, what would be the surest and quickest
way to do it? Find a way to cut off the nation’s oil
resources! Industrial plants would shut down,
public utilities would stand idle, and all firms of
transportation will halt. The country would be
paralyzed, and our economy would plummet into
the abyss of national economic ruin. In short,
energy is one of the reason why we have an
adequate life nowadays.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Energy simply makes our daily lives more
comfortable and convenient. Suppose you wanted
to stop – and reverse – the economic progress of
this nation, what would be the surest and quickest
way to do it? Find a way to cut off the nation’s oil
resources! Industrial plants would shut down,
public utilities would stand idle, and all firms of
transportation will halt. The country would be
paralyzed, and our economy would plummet into
the abyss of national economic ruin. In short,
energy is one of the reason why we have an
adequate life nowadays.

32. IMPLIED TOPIC SENTENCE...
Some paragraphs doesn’t state there
topic sentences. This does not mean that
there is no topic sentence on it. Instead, it
means that you have to figure it out by
yourself.
TOPIC SENTENCE

33. EXAMPLE 1:
Common college and university
sports team nicknames are Bears, Lions,
and Tigers. However, some are unusual.
For instance, the University of California at
Irvine is nicknamed “Anteaters”. The
University of Washburn’s sports team are
called “Thunderducks”. And perhaps the
strangest of all belongs to the University
of California at Santa Cruz. Their nickname
is the “Banana Slugs”.

34. EXAMPLE 1:
The suggested implied topic
sentence for example 1 is:
Some College and University
sport teams have unusual College
nicknames.

35. EXAMPLE 2:
Yellow is a bright cheery color; it is
often associated with spring and
hopefulness. Green, since it is a color that
appears frequently in nature (trees, grass,
plants), has come to suggest growth and
rebirth. Blue, the color of the sky may
suggest eternity, or endless beauty. Red, the
color of both blood and fire, is often
connected with strong feelings such as
courage, lust and rage.

36. EXAMPLE 2:
The suggested implied topic
sentence for example 2 is:
Different colors may bring
different meanings or symbolic
representations.

37. Topic Sentence
ACTIVITY
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38. The agony of poor
impoverishes the rich; the
betterment of the poor enriches
the rich. That is because in the real
sense, all life is interrelated. We
are inevitably our brother’s keeper,
because we are our brother’s
brother. Whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

39. And the correct shape is...

40. The agony of poor
impoverishes the rich; the
betterment of the poor enriches
the rich. That is because in the real
sense, all life is interrelated. We
are inevitably our brother’s keeper,
because we are our brother’s
brother. Whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly.

41. The agony of poor
impoverishes the rich; the
betterment of the poor enriches
the rich. That is because in the real
sense, all life is interrelated. We
are inevitably our brother’s keeper,
because we are our brother’s
brother. Whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly.

42. March 24. New Albany.
That was my first experience of a
big city. We had been several days
reaching it on account on the
terrible conditions of the roads. Our
carriage was upset at one place. All
were thrown out but no one was
hurt. My mother thought it a bad
omen and wanted to give up.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

43. And the correct shape is...

44. March 24. New Albany. That
was my first experience of a big
city. We had been several days
reaching it on account on the
terrible conditions of the roads. Our
carriage was upset at one place. All
were thrown out but no one was
hurt. My mother thought it a bad
omen and wanted to give up.

45. Answer: IMPLIED TOPIC SENTENCE
Possible / suggested implied topic
sentence:
**We had a horrendous trip at
New Albany.
**Our family had a bad
experience on our trip to New
Albany.

46. Aside from the news,
columnists try to give their
opinions on the meaning of the
news and its implications. When
you read columns, bear in mind
that columnists, like editorial
writers, mix opinions with facts.
In short, most columnists are
commentators.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

47. And the correct shape is...

48. Aside from the news,
columnists try to give their
opinions on the meaning of the
news and its implications. When
you read columns, bear in mind
that columnists, like editorial
writers, mix opinions with facts.
In short, most columnists are
commentators.

49. Aside from the news,
columnists try to give their
opinions on the meaning of the
news and its implications. When
you read columns, bear in mind
that columnists, like editorial
writers, mix opinions with facts.
In short, most columnists are
commentators.

50. The investigator followed the
steps to resolve the crime. He walks
through the area to get perspective on
the crime scene. He discussed what
needs to be photographed in detailed
with the photographer. Mid-range
photos are taken to focus on the
position of items considered as
evidence. All the steps helped the
investigator in closing the case.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

51. And the correct shape is...

52. The investigator followed the steps
to resolve the crime. He walks through
the area to get perspective on the
crime scene. He discussed what needs
to be photographed in detailed with
the photographer. Mid-range photos
are taken to focus on the position of
items considered as evidence. All the
steps helped the investigator in closing
the case.

53. The investigator followed the steps
to resolve the crime. He walks through
the area to get perspective on the
crime scene. He discussed what needs
to be photographed in detailed with
the photographer. Mid-range photos
are taken to focus on the position of
items considered as evidence. All the
steps helped the investigator in closing
the case.

54. Give the angry person
full opportunity to say that he
or she wishes to say. Do not
interrupt, except to make
certain that you understand.
Your very silence will help in
restoring the other person to
his or her senses.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

55. And the correct shape is...

56. Give the angry person full
opportunity to say that he or
she wishes to say. Do not
interrupt, except to make
certain that you understand.
Your very silence will help in
restoring the other person to
his or her senses.

57. Give the angry person full
opportunity to say that he or
she wishes to say. Do not
interrupt, except to make
certain that you understand.
Your very silence will help in
restoring the other person to
his or her senses.

58. I learned a great many new
words that day. I do not remember
what they all were; but I do know they
are words that were to make the world
blossom for me. It would have been
difficult to find a happier child than I
was as I lay in my crib at the close of
that eventful day and lived over the
joys it had brought me, and for the first
time longed for a new day to come.
302928272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321End

59. And the correct shape is...

60. I learned a great many new words
that day. I do not remember what they
all were; but I do know they are words
that were to make the world blossom
for me. It would have been difficult to
find a happier child than I was as I lay
in my crib at the close of that eventful
day and lived over the joys it had
brought me, and for the first time
longed for a new day to come.

61. I learned a great many new words
that day. I do not remember what they
all were; but I do know they are words
that were to make the world blossom
for me. It would have been difficult to
find a happier child than I was as I lay
in my crib at the close of that eventful
day and lived over the joys it had
brought me, and for the first time
longed for a new day to come.

62. THE END
Prepared by:
Mr. Ranulfo T. Bacus
Thank you…