The document discusses various English grammar concepts including nominalization, passive construction, and text structure. Nominalization involves transforming verbs into nouns to focus on actions rather than actors. Passive construction highlights the results of actions. Text structure refers to how information is organized in a text, such as chronologically, with cause and effect, or with compare and contrast. Common text structures are defined and examples are provided.

1. ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC
AND
PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
QUARTER 1

2. WHAT IS
NOMINALIZATI
ON?

3. WHAT IS NOMINALIZATION?
•In nominalization, the verbs are
made central as they denote
action. Transforming verbs into
nouns helps readers focus on the
action and not on the doer of the
action
3

4. The mall distributed several tree
items to consumers in the hope to
boost sales.
The president announced a three-
day holiday this September.
4

5. WHAT IS
PASSIVE
CONSTRUCTI
ON

6. WHAT IS PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION?
•In passive construction, the results of
actions are highlighted. In academic
writing, since the writer of the paper is
presumed to have done the collection
and analysis of data, it is understood
that all results of the action are a
product of the writer's work
6

7. The researcher conducted
experiments to validate the
hypothesis.

8. Experiments were
conducted to validate
the hypothesis.

9. An engineer built a
saltwater lamp to help
communities with no
electricity.

10. ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC
AND
PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
QUARTER 1

11. “QUOTE”
TEXT
STRUCTU
RE

12. WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE?
•Text Structure refers to the internal
organization of a text. As authors
write a text to communicate an
idea, they will use a structure that
goes along with the idea
(Meyer,1985).
12

13. WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE?
•Text structures (WDPI, 2012) refer to the
way authors organize information in text.
Recognizing the underlying structure of
texts can help students focus attention on
key concepts and relationships, anticipate
what is to come, and monitor their
comprehension as they read.
13

14. “QUOTE”
TEXT STRUCTURE
1. Chronological
2. Cause and Effect
3. Compare and
Contrast
4. Problem &
Solution
5. Sequence
6. Spatial/
Descriptive

15. CHRONOLOGICAL
information is organized in order of time.
15
Jack and Jill ran
up the hill to
fetch a pail of
water
Jack fell down
and broke his
crown
Jill came
tumbling after
All stories are told chronologically.

16. CAUSE AND EFFECT
an action and its result are explained.
16
Provide explanations or reasons for phenomena
Students did
not learn the
material.
They
performed
poorly on the
test.

17. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
- tells how two things are similar and different.
17

18. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
a problem and answer are suggested.
18

19. SEQUENCE/ PROCESS WRITING
information is listed step - by- step and explains how to do it or how it
happens.
19

20. SPATIAL/ DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
describes something in order of space describes how
something looks.
20

21. WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE
IMPORTANT?
•The readers can significantly
improve their comprehension and
retention of information when they
can identify and recognize the text
structure of a text. It can also help
them:
21

22. WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE
IMPORTANT?
1. Organize information and details they
are learning in their minds while reading.
2. Make connections between the details
being presented in a text
3. Summarize the important details shared
in a text
22

23. EXAMINE THE
TEXT!

24. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail
because the work is too hard for them. Other
times they may fail because they are lazy, and
don’t do any work. Another reason why students
may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re
not in class, you may miss a lot. Many students
fail classes every quarter. What text structure is
this?

25. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a
many different colors and flavors. Two of my favorite
flavors are strawberry and chocolate. Though both of
these flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain
pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will not. Even
though more chocolate ice-cream is sold across the
country annually than strawberry, each flavor tastes
great inside of a milk shake. What text structure is?

26. The ice-cream shop around the corner from my house has
the best ice-cream in the city. When you first walk inside,
there is a long chrome counter with matching stools
extending to alongside the far wall. Right where the counter
stops, the booth seating begins. There are lots of old-timey
knickknacks on the walls and chrome napkin holders on all
the tables. My favorite part of the shop is behind the counter
glass, where they keep all of the icecream flavors. A rainbow
of delicious sugary flavors is kept cool and delicious behind
the counter glass.

27. Have you ever had an ice-cream headache? That’s
when a painful sensation resonates in your head after
eating something cold (usually ice-cream) on a hot
day. This pain is produced by the dilation of a nerve
center in the roof of your mouth. The nerve center is
overreacting to the cold by trying to heat your brain.
Ice-cream headaches have turned many smiles to
frowns.

28. The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I.
The lowest section of the tower contains the
entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant. II. The
middle section of the tower consists of stairs and
elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section
of the tower includes an observation deck with a
spectacular view of Paris.

29. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as
she stood on the huge platform in the giant stadium and
received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier
she wasn’t thinking about running. She was hoping that she
would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the
summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic
Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel
very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals.
What text structure is this?

30. In the Spring, toads lay their eggs in ponds, lakes,
and puddles. Then, tiny tadpoles come out of the
eggs. The tadpoles live in the water for several
weeks. Next, the tadpoles start to develop back
legs, and then front legs. Finally, the tadpoles lose
their tails. They are ready to come out of the
water-as tiny, tiny toads!

31. The two backyard poles were very different. Yes,
they both held water. And both could be
refreshing on a hot day. But the small inflatable
pool was only six inches deep. The rectangular
pool was much deeper. It was a deeper place for
floating and relaxing.

32. Sandcastles do not last long on an ocean beach.
The water levels change with the tide. When the
tide is low, the waves don’t come all the way up
the beach. When the tide “comes in “, at high
tide, the water comes farther up the beach. As a
result, sandcastles get destroyed by the strong
waves.

33. Sometimes, hawks and owls are badly injured by
cars. These birds face a huge problem because
they can no longer hunt for food. One solution is
to keep the birds at special rehabilitation centers.
People can visit the centers to learn more about
hawks and owls. The birds can receive the special
care they need

34. IDENTIFY
WHAT IS
BEING
DESCRIBED IN
THE

35. 1. It tells how two
things are similar and
different.

36. 2. It describes something
in order of space.

37. 3. Information is listed step –
by- step.

38. 4. A problem and answer are
suggested.

39. 5. Information is organized
in order of time.

40. 6. An action and its result are
explained.

41. STUDY THE
TEXT!

42. Dancing and chanting to the rhythmic beat of the drums, Polynesian
students give visitors to the Polynesian Culture Center a glimpse of
Hawaii’s past. Through its exhibitions, the Polynesian Culture
Center shows visitors the many elements of Hawaiian culture
brought to Hawaii by its original inhabitants, the Polynesians. For
example, the Center shows the similarities between Polynesian and
Hawaiian villages with life – size models. In addition, the Center
dramatizes Hawaiian legends of ancestors journeying across the
ocean in large canoes of hollowed logs. Gardens of banana, sweet
potato, taro, and breadfruit plants exhibit the food carried by the
ocean travelers to their new home.

43. Provoking Questions:
1. What is the text all about?
2. How does the author organize the ideas in the
paragraph?
3. How are ideas and sentences connected in
order to convey the meaning of the text