2. What is Learning?
§Learning refers to the change in
behaviour educationally.
§In psychology, however, learning
means knowing how to response
correctly to stimulus
(Vigneswari1161996, 2017).
3. VAK Learning Styles
§ Three main different types VAK styles:
§ Visual learners
§ Auditory learners
§ Kinesthetic learners
§ It relies on the sensation and works together
with the perception and memory.
§ Nowadays, VAK is used in education.
§ It is widely accepted because it is simple to
understand (Clark, D.R., 2011).
4. Visual Learners
§ Learn best by using their eyes to see visual
information.
§ Can imagine things in their head, too.
§ Others who give spoken directions will
challenge them.
§ Struggle to focus easily when they are
disturbed by sounds.
§ Love colour and stories in spoken language that
allow them to be rich in imagery
(EducationPlanner.org., n.d.).
5. Auditory Learners
§ Learn by using their ears to hear and
listen auditory information.
§ Can easily follow the spoken
instructions.
§ Learn by reading out loud, so that
they can hear what they are saying.
§ Do talk to themselves often
(EducationPlanner.org., n.d.).
6. Kinesthetic Learners
§ Learn by using physical movement.
§ Learn easily with the "hands-on" approach
involving physical activity.
§ Making them to sit quietly will challenge them,
because they are very active.
§ Do speak with their hands and gestures often.
§ Value the encouragement expressed physically, like
patting on the back (EducationPlanner.org., n.d.).
7. Importance of
Learning
§ Learning is important in our life.
§ This is because it involves the process
of growth and development.
§ The process is flexible and
automatically.
§ This is because we all have to adjust
ourselves constantly to the changing
environment by modifying our
behaviour (Vigneswari1161996,
2017).
9. Active
Learning
§ The type of learning that
involves interacting with the
others to work out with the
knowledge (Center for
Instructional Technology &
Training, n.d.).
10. Passive
Learning
§ The type of learning that
involves getting the
information presented to
them (Center for
Instructional Technology &
Training, n.d.).
11. Types of
Learning Theory
§ Three basic types of learning
theories (Brendza, 2016;
Dr.Mohamed ElDeeb, Dr. Yasser
Tawfik, & Dr. Emad Elwy, 2017):
§ Behaviorism
§ Cognitivism
§ Constructivism
12. Behaviorism
§ A process to responding to stimulus from outside
§ With either reenforcement or punishment
§ This type of learner, like children.
§ Is passive
§ Only response to motivation (Brendza, 2016;
Dr.Mohamed ElDeed et al., 2017).
13. Cognitivism
§ A process of receiving and keeping the
information.
§ People will reflect about the behavior
modification.
§ This type of learner, like adult.
§ Focuses on thinking skills (Brendza, 2016;
Dr.Mohamed ElDeed et al., 2017).
14. Constructivism
§ A process of making personal
reality based on old knowledge
and impersonal reality.
§ This type of learner is active.
§ Creating their own learning
goals (Brendza, 2016;
Dr.Mohamed ElDeed et al.,
2017).
15. Learning Process
§ The thought of investigating how
behaviour can be affected by learning
process - John B. Watson
§ Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
§ Operant conditioning by Edward Thorndike and
B.F. Skinner
§ Observational learning by Albert Bandura
(Cherry, 2019)
16. Classical Conditioning
§ Refers to a formerly neutral stimulation that is related
with a stimulation that makes a response naturally.
§ This principles was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian physiologist.
§ In his experiment, the smell of food was the occurring
stimulation that was linked with the bell ringing.
§ When the relationship had been connected between the
two, the dogs will response to the sound of the ringing bell
(Cherry, 2019).
17. Operant Conditioning
§ Concerns on how the response in behavior can
be affected by the consequences of actions by
reinforcement or punishment.
§ First studied by Edward Thorndike.
§ Later, described by the behavioral psychologist
B.F. Skinner.
§ According to Skinner,
§ Good behaviour will be shown with reinforcement.
§ Bad behaviour will be declined with punishment
(Cherry, 2019).
18. Observational Learning
§ Looking at how others do and
copy their actions.
§ The social learning theory of
Albert Bandura
§ His classic “Bobo Doll experiments”
§ Children will copy how the way
other people act through
observation
§ Without direct reinforcement
§ Attention, memory, motivation
and motor skills are important
(Cherry, 2019).
19. Steps to Learning
§ Laserfiche (2018) suggested that there are 7
steps to catch up a new skill in a short time
and to become a more effective learner.
§ Step 1: Self- Care.
§ Step 2: Prepare Your Learning Environment.
§ Step 3: Find Your Learning Style.
§ Step 4: Find Your Educational Style.
§ Step 5: Use the 80/20 Rule.
§ Step 6: Summarize What You Learn.
§ Step 7: Practice, Practice, Practice.
20. Stages of Learning
§ When acquiring new skills, we will go through the four
stages of learning (Pateros, n.d.).
§ This model was formulated by Noel Burch in 1970.
§ Stage 1: Unconscious Incompetence.
§ We are not sure what we should know.
§ Stage 2: Conscious Incompetence.
§ We are aware that we do not know how to do yet.
§ Stage 3: Conscious Competence.
§ We know how to do.
§ Stage 4: Unconscious Competence.
§ We can do it naturally without much effort.
21. Conclusion
§ “Never stop learning,
because life never stops
teaching” — Lin Pernille.
§ Remember, there is always
something new to learn
outside there.
22. References
§ Brendza, C. (2018, December 21). Learning Theories ? Which is Best for Millennials? Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.ttcinnovations.com/learning-theories-which-is-best-for-millennials/
§ Clark, D.R. (2011, July 12). Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Learning Styles (VAK). Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/styles/vakt.html
§ Cherry, K. (2019, September 17). The Psychology of Learning. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.verywellmind.com/learning-study-guide-2795698
§ Center for Instructional Technology & Training. (n.d.). Active vs. Passive Learning in Online Courses. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Retrieved October 12, 2019, from http://citt.ufl.edu/online-teaching-resources/activelearning/active-vs-passive-learning-in-online-
courses/
§ Dr. Mohamed ElDeeb, Dr. Yasser Tawfik, & Dr. Emad Elwy. (2017, June 23). Behaviourism, Cognitivism and Constructivism: Teaching
& Learning Paradigm [PowerPoint slides]. Greenwich University. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.slideshare.net/DrMohamedElDeeb/behaviourism-cognitivism-and-constructivism-teaching-learning-paradigm
§ EducationPlanner.org. (n.d.). What's Your Learning Style? The Learning Styles. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
http://www.educationplanner.org/students/self-assessments/learning-styles-styles.shtml
§ Laserfiche. (2018, June 14). 7 Steps to Learning New Stuff Faster [Web log post]. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.laserfiche.com/ecmblog/7-steps-to-learning-new-stuff-faster/#
§ Pateros, J. (n.d.). The Four Stages of Learning Center. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from https://www.processcoaching.com/fourstages
§ Vigneswari1161996. (2017, January 30). Nature of Learning [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.slideshare.net/vigneswari1161996/nature-of-learning
