Learning is a success key of human behavioral journey; every individual learns anything that is learning. Each and every person change his thought process according to situation is called learning. Every time of journey individual learns something new from environment while interacting with it. Environment gives strength to learn, how to change the world real life situation problem. This knowledge influences the people to gain the experience from environment and effectively modify the changes as per the need of situation. The process of learning of a child starts from the beginning of life. Through proper education and training, they bring uniformity in his/her actions and decision-making ability develops. With the increase and growth in age, uncertainty and instability in the thoughts of the child. This can fulfill with learning in day-to-day life. Learning or learning is of great importance in life. Without teaching one cannot learn to behave. From birth to death, a person keeps on learning something or the other every moment, some of which are new and some are old. He uses the same learned behaviors day by day according to the situation. The desired rewarding or successful behavior for a given situation is stored in the memory of the individual. When similar situations arise, he starts doing those behaviors by taking them out of his memory store. Thus, there is a close relationship between learning and society. If the committee does not work, then no past travel behavior will be remembered. What will that person do more every time? Why shouldn't this be the case? That is why learning in practice is important.

1. Piaget
Theory of
Cognitive
Development
DR.SONALI CHANNAWAR

2. Introduction
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) life span journey, remarkable achievement, inspiration as intellectual developer.
Jean Piaget born on 9 August 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. He was son of Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. His father worked at Neuchatel
University as a Professor of Medieval Literature in Local history and education. Jean was keen interest in learning and fascinated by nature. Jean Piaget
was Swiss Psychologist, Epistemologist and a pioneer in the field of child psychology. Piaget was interested in epistemology and biology, a branch of
philosophy. Therefore, he did not touch the facts related to learning, but studied the cognitive side from the remaining stage of the child till adolescence
and gained immense fame in the field of human development.
Jean Piaget was popular for his work on cognitive development theory of child. In this theory he was looks at how child grow and development
process were work intellectually in throughout the journey of childhood. “Jean Piaget had a keen interest in biology. During this teen years, the scientific
community highly respected his research in Malacology. His passion for science and its history eventually eclipsed his interest in Mollusks. While
studying the natural sciences, his curiosity about the development of the grew, specifically the development knowledge” (Kurt, 2022).Cognitive
development in children is not only related to acquiring knowledge, children need to build or develop a mental model of their surrounding world (Miller,
2011).In the1920s,Piaget was working at the Binet Institute and his main responsibility was to translate questions written in English Intelligence tests into
French. He became interested to find out why children gave incorrect answers to the questions needing logical thinking (Medows, 2019).Piaget did not
want to measure how well children can spell, count or solve problem to check their I.Q. He was more intrigued to find out how the fundamental concepts
such as the very idea of time, number, justice, quantity and so on emerged (Greenfield & Cole, 2019).

3. He was born in 1986 and originally trained as a biologist and philosopher. Although he is well known for his work as
a psychologist, he also published research on sparrows and mollusks (Burman, 2012), (Papalia & Feldman, 2011) (Waite-
Stupiansky, 2017)
Half of the psychological facts were studied scientifically by logic, thought, and irrational moral judgment. He was a
psychologist in the field of medicine, he did many works on child development, which became the reason for his fame.
Jean Piaget was the greatest personality in the field of psychology and he surprised the whole world with his
concept. Jean Piaget, through his works, is responsible for the theory of adjustment, assimilation, adaptation, object
permanence, self-centeredness, conservation, hypothetical, corporate thinking, the current view of children being active
and creative thinkers. How can one's cognitive development happen? What can be the level of development. Jean Piaget
told this very well in his theory.

4. The Child
Encounter
According to Jean Piaget
New Experience
New Ideas
New Challenges
Jean William Fruitz Piaget

5. Popularly known as Swiss Psychologist
Popular work Child Development Theory
Popular for Genetic Epistemology
Created popular Center International center of genetic epistemology in
Geneva
Ten-year-old publish first
article
Observational study on an Albino Sparrow
15-year-old published Malacology
75 years journey of scientific research, starting with age 10-year-old to
death at 84. His dedication and hard work showed in development of
psychology, cognitive theory and genetic epistemology, His work changes
the view and opinion towards psychology.

6. ChronologonJeanPiaget
Birth 9 August 1986(Switzerland)
Doctorate (in Zoology) 1918
(University of Neuchatel)
Post-Doctoral training 1918-1919(Zurich)
1919-1921(Paris)
Married with Valetine Chatenay 1923
Professor of Psychology, Sociology and the Philosophy of science at
(University of Neuchatel)
1925 to 1929
Director of the International Bureau of Education in Geneva 1929 to1967
As Chair of Experimental Psychology, Director of the psychology laboratory,
and President of the Swiss Society of Psychology
1940
Professor of Genetic Psychology at the Sorbonne 1952
wrote his autobiography in "History of Psychology in Autobiography” 1952
Created International center of genetic epistemology in Geneva 1955
Awarded the Balzan Prize for Social and Political Sciences 1979
Death 16 Sept 1980

7. There are three basic components of Piaget Cognitive Theory
 Schema
 Adaptation (Assimilation and Accommodation)
 Stages of Cognitive Development
1]Schema
Schema is also known as units of knowledge and the building block of knowledge. Piaget (1952) defined
as a schema as a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected
and governed by a core meaning. In schemas mental and physical actions involved process of understanding and
knowing. In schemas are help to understand and interpret the world through existing knowledge. In this process of
schemas existing knowledge and new knowledge can change and modify the behavior of the children.
For Example: A child may have a schema about a type of four-wheeler, such as School Bus. Child’s personal
experience has been with school bus and believe that all four-wheeler has same horn, same color same structure.
Then that the child looking ambulance he/she get confused to understand the existing knowledge after that he/she
get new knowledge, new information about different patten of four-wheeler. This can be modifying, changing the
previously existing schema to new schema with in environment.
Piaget described the importance of schemas in cognitive development and how it worked, how it
acquired, how it is used and how to developed. It is nothing but a mental representation of image, picture, clue of
the world.

8. 2]Adaptation (Assimilation and Accommodation)
Adaptation According to Piaget, children have an innate tendency to adjust with their environment, this tendency of
the child is called adaptation. According to Piaget, the child starts to adapt from the very early life when a child is in front
of some stimulating situations in the environment. At that time, his various mental activities do not work separately and
work together in an organized way. Knowledge is earned, this activity goes on at the mental level, the organization
internally affects the relationship that man has with the environment. While adaptation, the process of external adaptation
is considered more important. Adaptation is divided into two goals Assimilation and Accommodation.
When our existing schemas understand about how much we can perceive from around us, that means we are in a state of
equilibration. When child facing new situation that cannot understand and explain it that means child in disequilibrium.
That thing gives motivation to learner for learning. According to Piaget, reorganizing to higher levels of thinking is not
accomplished easily. The child rethink about his observation, views of the world.

9. Adaptation Process of Schemas
Adaptation of
Schemas
Assimilation
Disequlibrium
Accomodation
Equilibrium

10. 3]Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
Cognition Cog-ni-tion
Comes from Latin word Cognitio
The Mental Process of Knowing
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of
learning. Cognition word derived from Latin word cognitio. Cognition means mental process of knowing. Where
mental activity done through stages of cognitive development theory. His theory focuses not only on
understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence (Hugar SM &
N., 2017) .

11. Fig:1. Concept of Child Development
Perception,Memory,Lanuage,Concept,Thinking ,Problem Solving ,Metacognition and Social Cognition
It Contains Empirical and Theoratical work on the Development
Cognitive Development Process Start
From Birth to adolscent
Changes Take Place in Human
Refers Emotional,Psychological and Physiological
Concept of Child Development

12. Stages of Cognitive Development
Theory
In Piaget cognitive developmental theory there are four stages of cognitive development theory also known as
intellectual development theory from infancy to adulthood. Piaget observation studied in his theory for development of
cognitive in various age according to their intellectual base. 1] Sensorimotor Stage from birth to 2 years old.2]
Preoperational stage from 2 to 7 years.3] Concrete Operational Stage from 7 to 11 years. 4]Formal Operational
Stage from 11 to up.
Piaget’s 1936 theory broke new ground because he found that children’s brains work in very different ways than
adults. Before his theory, many believed that children were not yet capable of thinking as well as grown-ups (Ansorge,
2020).Piaget studied children from infancy to adolescence using naturalistic observation of his own three babies and
sometimes controlled observation too. From these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. He also used
clinical interviews and observations of older children who were able to understand questions and hold conservations
(MCLeod, 2022).

13. Piaget’s Four Stages
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of cognitive
development which reflects the increasing sophistication of children’s thoughts (MCLeod, 2022).Each child goes through
these stages in systematic order and step. Child development is described by biological development, growth and maturation
with the environment. Every child’s thinking is different from other and each stage involves a different type of cognitive
development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the
nature of intelligence (Hugar, Kukreja, Assudani, & N.Gokhale, 2017).Piaget believed that children take an active role in the
leaning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observation, and learn about the world.
As kids interact with the world around them, they continually and new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt
previously held ideas to accommodate new information (Cherry, 2022) .
Piaget was born in Switzerland in the late 1800s and was a precocious student, publishing his first scientific paper when
he was just 11 years old. His early exposure to the intellectual development of children came when he worked an assistant to
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon as they worked to Standardize their famous IQ test (Cherry, 2022).

14. Fig:2. Cyclic process of Cognitive development
To know and understand critical problem and work on it
Language,learning in mathematical principals,child curiosity
Ability to cmmunicate
Abilities shows:Similarities and differences
New words,names and places
Speed with Child learning
Such as :Knowing,resoning,memorising,imagining,language
acquisition and thinking
It includes mental process
Intellectual or mental development
Cognitive Development means

15. Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage:Birth to 2 Years
Preoperational Stage:Ages 2 to 7
Concrete Operational Stage:Ages 7 to 11
Formal Operational Stage:Ages 12 and up

16. Stages
Sr.
No.
Stages Age Actions
1 Sensorimotor Stage From Birth to 2 year Begins to start interacting with environment, Rapid Cognitive growth
Physical Skill-Crawling, Pulling, Pushing, Climbing
Cognitive Skill-Start thinking about behavior.
2 Preoperational stage From 2- to 7-Year Begins to recall and represent the word symbolically, thought process
and Vocabulary start developing
They are Ego centric
3 Concrete Operational Stage From 7 to 11 year Learns rules and formulas, thought process more rational, Logical
thought about an object, Solving concrete problem
4 Formal Operational Stage From 11 to up Thinking become more sophisticated and advanced, think about
abstract and theoretical concept, hypothetical and solve problem with
creative solution, consolidated during adolescence and think about
future.