Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris

1. Stages of Learner Language
Development

2. Corder (1973) presents the progression of language learners
in four stages based on observations of what the learner does
in terms of errors alone.
First Stage
Random Errors or Presystematic
Second Stage
Emergent
Third Stage
Systematic Stage
Fourth Stage
Fossilization or Stabilization
01
02
03
04

3. Random Errors / Presystematic
1st stage –random errors, called
pre-systematic in which the learner is
only vaguely aware that there is
some systematic order to a particular
class of items.

4. Emergent
22nd stage –(emergent) stage of learner language finds
the learner growing in consistency in linguistic production.
Learner has begun to discern a system and to internalize certain
rules. It’s characterized by ‘backsliding” –seems to grasp a rule
or principle and then regresses to previous stages.

5. 3rd stage –truly systematic stage in which the learner is
now able to manifest more consistency in producing the
second language. The most salient difference between
the 2nd and the 3rd stages is the ability of learners to
correct their errors when they are pointed out.
Third Stage:
Systematic
Stage

6. Stabilization Stage
Final stage –stabilization stage;
Corder (1973) called it postsystematic
stage. Here the learner has relatively
few errors and has mastered the
system to the point that fluency and
intended meanings are not problematic.
This fourth stage is characterized by the
learner’s ability to self-correct.
In this stage, learners can stabilize too
fast, and let minor errors happen
undetected which can trigger
fossilization.

7. Variation in learner language
Tarone (1988) focused her research
on contextual variability, that is, the
extent to which both linguistic and
situational contexts may help to
systematically describe what appear
simply as unexplained variation.
Tarone suggested four categories of
variation:
1. according to linguistic context
2. according to psychological
processing factors
1. according to social context
2. according to language function
A great deal of attention has been
given to the variability of
interlanguage development. Just like
native speakers hesitate with
expressions in their own language,
the same occurs in L2.
01 02

8. Fossilization
It is quite common to
encounter in a
learner’s language
various erroneous
features that persist
despite what is
otherwise a
reasonably fluent
command of the
language.
01
This phenomenon is
most saliently
manifested
phonologically in
‘foreign accents’ in
the speech of those
who have learned a
L2 after puberty
(chapter 3).
02 The relatively
permanent
incorporation of
incorrect linguistic
forms into a person’s
second language
competence has
been referred to as
FOSSILIZATION.
03
It is a normal and natural stage for many learners and should
not be viewed as some sort of terminal illness.