1. INTRODUCTION TO
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
Lesson 1
1. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS ?
2. WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?
3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? SPEECH?
M.S. Nina Nesterenko

2. 1. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS ?
Linguistics is a comparatively new science, or new, at least, in the
form it has taken in recent years. ( 1950s)
The science seeks to answer the following questions:
(a) what exactly do we know when we know a language?
(b) how is this knowledge acquired?
(c) how is such knowledge used?

3. What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the study of language in all
its aspects including its structure, its
diversity, how it changes and evolves,
how people learn and make use of it to
communicate, and how it is implicated in
relations of power.

4. What is LINGUISTICS?
Linguistics is the study of human language in
all its aspects.
It provides a methodology for exploring the
structure of particular languages;
it investigates what is universal to all human
languages: how language varies over time and
between different societies, how language is
learnt, and how language is used for human
communication.

5. Linguistics – the study of language in
general or of some particular language or
languages.

6. It is the science of language, including phonetics,
phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
It is the study of the structure,
development, changes, etc, of a
particular language and its
relationship to other languages.

7. It’s a scientific study of language.
Its goal is
describe the varieties of languages and explain
the unconscious knowledge all speakers have of
their language

8. • Linguistics examines language as a part of
human behaviour from a psychological , a
social, cultural aspect , and attempts to
determine which characteristics are unique
to a language and which are universal (found
in all the world's languages), how individual
languages differ, how and why they change,
"die" or "are born". Like all sciences,
linguistics is divided into theoretical and
applied.

9. Theoretical Linguistics examines a language at its
different levels :
its phonological system,
articulation and perception of sounds (phonetics),
word formation (morphology) and phrases and
sentences (syntax),
the meaning of linguistic expressions (semantics),
language use (pragmatics).

10. historical
Linguistics is subdivided into
applied

11. • No one book can cover the whole of linguistics

12. Applied Linguistics builds on the findings of Theoretical
Linguistics and, combining its strengths with those of
other sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, etc.
seeks to examine the circumstances under which a
language is acquired and used by a language
community.
2. WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?

13. Applied Linguistics ( 1950s)
The field of appl. linguistics started from
Europe and the United States, the field rapidly
flourished in the international context.
In the 1960s,
Appl.Lgcs. was
expanded to
include
language
assessment and
L2 acquisition.
In the 1970s,
Appl. linguistics
included
solution of
language-
related
problems in the
real world.
By the 1990s,
Applied
linguistics has
broadened
including
critical studies
and
multilingualism.

14. field of study that identifies, investigates,
and offers solutions to language related
problems
It can be applied to all aspects
of language use.
It deals with mother, foreign,
and second language
acquisition
Applied Linguistics
describes the
language, and
teaches how it is
learned and used.

15. Applied Linguistics
A.L. is concerned with:
- the systematic study of language structure,
- the acquisition of 1st and subsequent languages,
- the role of language in communication,
- the status of language as the product of particular
cultures and other social groups.
A background in linguistics is essential for
language teachers, translators, speech-
language pathologists, audiologists, and
many other language professionals.

16. What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS?
Applied Linguistics is an
interdisciplinary field which is
focused on the theory of language
and the practice of language
learning.
It also includes Second Language
Acquisition (SLA), the teaching
and learning of a second or
foreign language.
Applied Linguistics is concerned
with practical issues involving
language in the life of the
community.

17. What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS?
It includes language policy, multilingualism,
language education, the preservation and revival of
endangered languages, and the assessment and
treatment of language difficulties.
Its areas of interest include professional
communication, for example, between doctors and
their patients, between lawyers and their clients and
in courtrooms, as well as other areas of institutional
and cross-cultural communication ranging from the
boardroom to the routines on an answer phone.

18. LINGUISTICS
EDUCATIONAPPLLIED
LINGUISTICS

19. A.L. extends into such practical application fields as as:
Language Acquisition
( L1 and L2)
Teaching and Learning Foreign
Languages (developing foreign
language teaching methods)
Clinical Linguistics (analysis
and treatment of language
disorders)
Educational Linguistics (the use
of the mother tongue in school)

20. Lexicography ( theory and
practice in organizing dictionaries;
methods and techniques for
creating dictionaries
Machine Translation
( computerized translation )
Computational
Linguistics (the use
of computers in
language analysis
and use)

21. Language
assessment
(to measure student
learning of languages,
to determine what a
student knows
and/or can do and how
well instruction is
proceeding ).

22. Language pedagogy
(theory of developing
teaching methods )
Data Mining – (the process of processing
large volumes of data usually stored in a
database and searching for patterns and
relationships within that data. It is automatic
extraction and processing of data )
Psycholinguistics (the study of the
psychological factors that enable
humans to acquire, use, comprehend
and produce speech , relationship
between language and human
behavior)

23. Language
interpretation (facilitating
of oral or sign language
communication between
users of different languages)
Neurolinguistics (describes
the application of linguistic
theories to the classification and
analysis of acquired disorders of
language or speech in patients
with brain damage )
Internet linguistics ( It
studies new language styles and
forms that have arisen under the
influence of the Internet and Short
Message Service (SMS)
Sociolinguistics
(study of the link
between language
and society)

24. Language,
culture, and
pragmatics
( cultural aspects
in language
teaching in
intercultural
communication )
Text Analysis
( written discourse)
Language Control
/ Dialectology
(study of dialects,
variations in language
and it is based primarily
on geographic
distribution ; divergence
of two local dialects
from a common
ancestor and synchronic
variation )
Corpus linguistics(the study of language
as expressed in samples (corpora) or "real
world" text ; it is approach to deriving a set of
abstract rules by which a natural language is
governed or else relates to another language)

26. Applied
Linguistics
Education
(teaching, learning,
acquisition,
assessment
Sociology
(the scientific study of
human social behavior
and the study of
society)
Psychology
(the science of mind
and behavior, and
the application of
such knowledge of
various spheres of
human activity, such
as education,
health, occupational
and employment
services
Anthropology
( the scientific study
of the origin and
behavior of man,
including the
physical, social, and
cultural development
0f societies and
cultures)
Linguistics
(The study of the
nature, structure, and
variation of language,
including phonetics,
phonology,
morphology and the
study of human
speech, language
form, language
meaning , and
language in context

27. To sum up:
Applied Linguistics
- Examines the structure of
language and its role in
communication
- Explores how children acquire
language
- Studies how the skills of
L2 and EFL speakers develop
Investigates how the social or
cultural environment interacts
with language

28. Difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
Linguistics :
- It is the study of language in general, from a scientific
point of view.
- It seeks to understand the nature of language as a universal
human faculty and means of communication.
- It asks questions : How is language structured? What
features are necessary parts of any language? In what ways
can languages differ? How are meanings encoded in words?
How are words put together in sentences? How do languages
reflect the culture of their speakers? How do languages
change through time?

29. Linguistics is a science that studies languages and has some
subfields:
PHONETICS - it deals with the sounds of language, how they are
produced
PHONOLOGY – it deals with how the sounds are organized
MORPHOLOGY – it deals with how sounds are put together to form
words, and everything related to word formation
SYNTAX – it deals with how sentences are formed
SEMANTICS – it deals with the meaning of words, sentences, and
texts
PRAGMATICS –studies how people comprehend and produce a
communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation
Difference between Linguistics and
Applied Linguistics

30. .
Difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
Applied Linguistics investigates:
- how an understanding of language can be put to
use in a variety of fields including first and
second language acquisition,
- second /foreign language teaching and literacy,
- Language and classroom education across the
curriculum,
- the use of language in university academic contexts,
language and the law, forensic speaker identification,
speech pathology, translation and advertising.
- It uses knowledge of how languages work within
different applied settings.

31. Applied linguistics can be applied to all aspects
of language use.
It deals with mother, foreign, second language
acquisition.
It examined the relationship between language
and such areas as law, communication, media,
social and educational psychology and
education in general.
Domain of applied linguistics – approaches to
text, language, literacy, research, language
teaching and learning and translation.

32. Elementary school teachers
• acquisition of foreign language (level of language
acquisition that the child has achieved at the time
of school entrance)
• Task : help children learn to read, write, understand
the relationship between writing and speech.

33. The secondary school teacher
In foreing language teaching – to ve aware of
the rules and forms that make up the
language system ( grammar and phonology )

34. The Philosopher:
• language is one of the chief factors
that distinguishes man from other animals;
• What language is and how it contributes to man`s
special place in the universe ;
• A special interest is in determining relationships
between language and logic and between language and
thought;
• Language provides wide material for the investigation
of learning

35. Antropologist:
• Analysis of a vocabulary shows the principal
emphases of a culture and reflects culture
history

36. How Linguistics is related to other sciences
• Anthropology:
It deals with language as an integral part
(guide ) of a culture of any society. It analyzes
language changes as cultural reflection.

37. Writers and poets
Language as the medium in which
ideas are expressed.
• To understand the use of language in prose and
poetry ( genre, stylistics) , one must also understand
the possibilities for expression offered by language
( Discourse Analysis).

38. Psychologist:
• Language is a necessary means for understanding
of language behaviour ( psycholonguistics)

39. Sociologist / Sociolinguist:
Language is a guide to social reality
It helps understand :
The symbolic
significance
in social
sense
How particular varieties
of language are
associated with particular
social groups
The technique of
communication
between human
beings
Correctness of speech ( or social style )
in speech ( modes of pronunciation, slang,
jargon, professional terminology- are some
of the symbols that society arranges itself
and are of crucial importance for the
understanding of the development of
individual and social attitudes)

40. How Linguistics is related to other
sciences
Natural sciences – Physics and Physiology-
necessary for Phonetics- acoustics and the
physiology of the speech organs.
• Sociology ( Sociolinguistics) – language and
society.Language is a part of cultural
behaviour.
• Psychology ( Psycholinguistics)- language and
language behaviour

41. 3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

42. - No community may live without language

43. - For communication
- For transmission of knowledge
- For conveying information and facts
- For ceremonial purposes
- To influence people ( orders, commands)
- To self-express
- To express emotions and feelings
- To form thoughts
- YOUR IDEA?

44. A system of vocal sounds and combinations of such
sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the
expression or communication of thoughts and
feelings
Human speech
Ability to communicate by
this means
The written
representation of
such a system
Any means of expressing or
communicating, as gestures,
signs ( traffic, symbology ),
or nonverbal communication
( body language)

45. A special set of symbols, letters,
numerals, rules, grammar sets, etc,
used for the transmission of
information
All the vocal sounds, words, and ways of
combining them common to a particular
nation, tribe, or other speech community
The particular form or manner of selecting
and combining words characteristic of a
person, group, or profession
Form or style of
expression in words

46. Expression or communication of thoughts and
feelings by spoken words
• The act of speaking
• The power or ability to speak
• The manner of speaking
• Utterance, remark, statement,
talk, conversation
• A talk or adress given to an
audience

47. • the language used by a certain group of people
• Dialect or tongue
• The theory and practice of oral expression
and communication
• Discourse delivered to an audience whether prepared
or impromptu
• A formal, carefully prepared discourse

48. For the linguists,
speech is the primary
manifestation of
language.
Speech is the part of man`s
biological nature ( people
do not necessarily learn to
write, but with
physiological, neurological
and psychological
normality a child will talk)
Every individual
learns to speak
before he/she
learns to write
( writing is a
representation of
speech which has
been acquired
prviously )
Speech is the most potent force for language
change

49. LANGUAGE is a mental phenomenon. It is a
KNOWLEDGE about sounds, meaning, and
grammar .It involves a lexicon ( vocabulary ) and
rules to combine lexicon ( grammar)
SPEECH – it’s a delivery system for language.
It’ s a concrete physical act – a production of
specific utterances containing particular
words and expressed by means of certain
sounds. It may be conveyed orally , and
through signs , and writing.
Language vs Speech

50. Language vs Speech
For a communication system to be called language,
it must have a lexicon and a grammar.
is a system of elements
(words) and rules of phonology,
morphology, syntax, and
semantics and the study of
those elements and rules.
is a mental dictionary , the vocabulary
that one has stored in the brain .
Grammar

51. Conclusion
Applied linguistics reflects the interest of humans
to understand origin of language, how it is
learned and how it could be taught since
language is also manifested in speech and
speech is the part of human`s biological nature
( people do not necessarily learn to write, but with
social, physiological, neurological and
psychological normality a child will talk).

52. field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language related
problems.
Corder ( 1074:5) “ the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language
achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical
task in which language is a central component”
Norbert Schmitt :” it is what we know about language, how it is learned and how it is
used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.” (
2010:1)
Richards at al ( 1985:19):
1. Applied Linguistics is the study of a second and foreign language learning and
teaching.
2. The study of language in relation to practical problems. Applied Linguistics uses
information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and information theory as
well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language
and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such
as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics., gender differences
in speech ( men, women, and children speak differently ), social class differences,
etc.
Applied Linguistics is

53. HOMEWORK:
a. Research and report on:
1.History of the term “Applied Linguistics”.
2. Applied Linguistics and its branches.
3. Relationship between App.linguistics, Linguistics,
and education.
4. Areas where applied linguistics can be used (explain
HOW each area depends on the use of language).
5. In what way applied linguistics can be
useful in:
- Language and technology
- Language and learner characteristics
6. Establish the difference between Linguistics and
Applied Linguistics(you may use the following link :)
http://scholar.google.com.ec/scholar?q=applied+linguistics+versus+linguistics
&hl=es&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
- ( PPP, or pesentation in the form of report/lecture)

54. Homework
b. Write an essay on ONE of these topics:
1. Importance of Applied Linguistics for
educational field.
2. Importance of the knowledge of Applied
Linguistics for your professional and
personal growth.
3. The role of Applied Linguistics in EFL
teaching.
4. How applied linguistics can be useful in
solving problems related to language
within each of the disciplines mentioned
in the lecture.
5. Explain how you understand the terms
Language and Speech. ( Language versus
Speech)

55. Web Links
• http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-applied.cfm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7dbWW83a74
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehna4GtkgMo
• http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/domain-linguistics-overview
• http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/applied-linguistics
• http://www.abilitypath.org/areas-of-development/communication--
speech/hearing/articles/what-is-speech-and-language-02.html
• https://georgiapathway.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/speech-vs-language-
whats-the-difference/
• http://www.superduperinc.com/handouts/pdf/396_SLPDifferences.pdf
• http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-
between-language-and-speech/

56. THANK YOU!
To be continued……