4. Innovation
• refers to the use of new techniques to achieve
desired ends. Individuals accept the cultural
goals of society but reject the conventional
methods of attaining those goals.
• Ex: people in business may use unfair practices
to gain big profits
• Students may cheat to obtain high grades
5. Ritualism
Individuals do not believe in the established
cultural goals of the society but they do believe
in and abide by the means for attaining those
goals
Example:
Meticulous rule-abiding official or the cautious
fearful employee who over-conforms
6. Retreatism
• the total escape from a situation where one
cannot achieve desired goals and gives up all
sanctioned means to reach them. Thus, it is the
complete rejection of valued ends and approved
means.
• Example:
• Drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes
7. Rebellion
• Results from frustration generated by very
limited opportunities to achieve desired goals
and leads to alienation from the norms,
standards , and institutions by which the goals
are normally reached.
• Ex:
• Student activists who reject prevailing norms
and resort to disapproved means (violence) to
achieve their ends.
8. Modes of Adoption Cultural Goals Institutionalized
Means
Conformity + +
Innovation + -
Ritualism - +
Retreatism - -
Rebellion +/- +/-
