BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 1

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 34:
Fungi
BIS 002C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
3

Where we are going and where we have been…
4
•Previous lecture:
•33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
•Current Lecture:
•34: Fungi
•Next Lecture:
•35: Fungi, Wrap Up

Lecture 34 Outline
• Fungal Evolution
• Absorptive heterotrophy
• Diversity of Form
• Reproduction
• Life Styles
• Uses of Fungi
!5Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Clicker

Clicker
• Which of the following groups is least closely related to
fungi?
• A: Animals
• B: Choanoflagellates
• C: Protostomes
• D. Oomycetes
• E. Deuterostomes

Fungi in Evolutionary Context
9

Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
10

Some ambiguity
11

Absorptive heterotrophy:
• digest food outside bodies by secreting
digestive enzymes to break down large
food molecules
• then absorb the breakdown products.
• many are saprobic living off dead or
decaying organic matter(e.g., leaves, dead
organisms)
12
Fungal Key Feature - Absorptive Heterotrophy

Fungal Decomposition

Fungal Diversity I: Form
14

Many fungi live as single cells
15
Yeasts
Microsporidia
Chytrids

Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
16
Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Some hyphae have incomplete cross walls or septa, and
are called septate.
• Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying.

Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
17
Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying.
• Hyphae with incomplete cross walls are septate.
• Hyphae without septa are coenocytic.
• Collections of hyphae = mycelia

Multicellular Fungi: Hyphae
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Fruiting
Body
Vegetative
mycelia

Mushroom growth
19

Convergent Evolution
20

Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
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Sudden Oak Death

Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
• Non-photosynthetic.
• Are absorptive heterotrophs
• Once were classed as fungi, but
are unrelated.
22
Sudden Oak Death

High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)
• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA
• Elaborate branching
• Some reproduce by forming
chains of spores at tips of
filaments
• Most antibiotics are from this
group
• Causative agents of many
diseases such as
tuberculosis and leprosy
• Many originally misclassified
as fungi
24

Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Individual motile cells can form single,
multinucleate cell (plasmodium)
• Ingest food by endocytosis
• Form spores on stalks called fruiting
bodies.
• Found in cool, moist habitats
26

Fungal reproduction
27

28

Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
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Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi
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Fusion of nuclei
Fusion
of
cells

Puffballs
31

Fungal Spores
32

Fungal Life Styles
33

Parasitic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
34

Parasitic Fungi Example I: Plant Pathogens
35

Parasitic Fungi Example II: Microsporidia
• Obligate intracellular
parasites of animals;
1,500 species.
• Infect many diverse
hosts
• Among the smallest
eukaryotes known.
• Misclassified as
protists for many
years.
36

Parasitic Fungi Example III: Amphibian Die Off from Chytrids
37

Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores
38

Parasitic Fungi Example IV: Zombie Ants
39

Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
40

Clicker
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
41

Arthropods
42

Ecdysozoans
43

Animals
44
Diploblasts
Triploblasts
Monoblasts

Predatory Fungi
45

Clicker
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
46

Clicker
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
47

Nematodes
48

Ecdysozoans
49

Mutualistic Fungi
Organism
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
50

Mutualistic Fungi I - Mycorrhizae
• Fungi associated with the roots of plants
• Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for
fungus.
• Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via
massive increase in surface area
51
Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

52

Mutualistic Fungi II - Lichens
53
• Composed of a fungus and
photosynthetic
microorganism(s)
• Survive harsh environments
• ~ 30,000 species

Lichen Anatomy
54

Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
56

Fungal Microbiome
57

Fungi in Our Homes
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Uses of Fungi I: Food
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Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium camemberti
• Used in production of Brie
and Camembert cheeses

Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of blue
cheeses

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Ascomycota
• Grows naturally on many fruits
(e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s yeast
and budding yeast
Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol

Other fungi used in food/ food production?

Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible

Uses of Fungi II: Industry and Society
66

Composting
67

Biopulping
68

Biofuels
69

Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid
70

UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection
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Kyria Boundy-Mills

Novozymes in Davis
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Lichens for dyes
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Human uses of lichens: dyes

Uses of Fungi III: Pharmaceuticals
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Penicillium
• Ascomycota
• Ubiquitous in soil

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
with mold growing on it.
Bacteria around mold
dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Mould juice
aka
Penicillin

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin

Coming Soon …
We’re in deep trouble

BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi

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