BIS2C_2020. Lecture 23 Fungi Part 2

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
BIS2C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2020
Lecture 23:
Fungi Part 2
Prof. Jonathan Eisen

!Lecture 22: Fungi 1
!Lecture 23: Fungi 2
!Midterm 2
Lecture 23 Context

Stubble Rosegill, West Sacramento (Basidiomycota)

Parasola (Basidiomycota) - Yolo Bypass

Inky Cap

Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota), UC Davis

Shelf Fungus

Important: Midterm 2 Details

• Exam content
!Lectures 13-23
!~73% material from Dr. Moore and ~27% from Dr. Eisen
• Logistics
!Date: Monday 5/11
!Exam available: 9:00 am - 3:00 pm
!Time limit: 100 minutes
!Your exam will be automatically submitted after 100 minutes or at
3pm - whichever comes first.
!If you need to take the exam during the alternate time (6:00 pm - 9:00
pm), you must submit the form by 5 pm on Saturday 5/9.
• Internet issues
!What should I do if my internet crashes during the exam?
!email Dr. Benn (gkbenn@ucdavis.edu) or call the emergency number
IMMEDIATELY.
!Your time is still running while the internet is disconnected
!If you contact us right away we can extend your time

Learning Goals
• Understand the main features of growth, cellular
structures and life cycles seen in fungi
• Understand the transitions between policy states
seen in different groups of fungi and how those
come about (e.g., meiosis, fertilization,
plasmogamy, etc)
• Understand examples of biological diversity of
fungi especially symbioses

Previous Lecture

Fungi Share
Many Features
in Common
Fungal Key Innovations

A Phylogeny of the Fungi

Many fungi are multicellular
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to
volume ratio. Aids in absorption but
susceptible to drying.
• Hyphae with incomplete cross walls
are septate.
• Hyphae without septa are
coenocytic.
• Collections of hyphae = mycelia
Fruiting
Body
Vegetative
mycelia
Hyphae

Chytrids
Flagellated
gametes
Flagellated
spores

Fertilization Has Two Key Events

n n
Fertilization
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Haploid Gametes Zygote
Syngamy
nn

n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Syngamy
n n
nn
Plasmogamy

n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Karyo (i.e. eukaryote = nucleus)
Syngamy
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy
Key Fungal Innovation:
Decoupling of
Plasmogamy and
Karyogamy

Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus

Lecture 23 Outline
• Fungi
!Diversity of life cycles continued
!Symbioses

Zygospore Fungi
Polykaryotic (n,n,n)

Zygospore Fungi
Fusion
of
cells

Zygospore Fungi
Fusion of nuclei

Zygosporangium

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Zygospore Fungi: Plasmogamy Precedes Karyogamy
- +

Fusion of cells
Plasmogamy
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
Zygosporangium
- +
Can Sit in this
State for a
Long Time

Fusion of cells
Fusion of nuclei
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
nn
n
n
n
n
n
n
Zygosporangium
- +
Zygospore
Can Sit in this
State for a
Long Time

Zygomycota Examples

Zygomycota Examples
Rhizopus oligosporus used to make tempeh
Rhizopus stolonifer:
black bread mold
May be most common
fungus in the world
Rhizopus stolonifer:
also causes grape rot
Zygomycosis - infections caused by Zygospore fungi

Major Innovation - Dikaryon Stage

Dikarya: Plasmogamy Precedes Karyogamy

n n
Haploid Gametes

n n
Fusion of cells
Haploid Gametes
n n
Plasmogamy

n n
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy

n n
n n
nn
Plasmogamy KaryogamyDikaryon
In dikarya, the dikaryon life stage (n+n) expanded:
Two distinct haploid nuclei inside one cell or hyphae

Fertilization Comes in Many Forms
• Not just fungi that have evolved
alternatives to the “standard” model of
fertilization

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slides by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020

Basidiomycota

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Basidiomycota (Club Fungi): Life Cycle

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Gills lined
with basidia

Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing
basidium
(n + n)
Gills lined
with basidia
Nuclei

Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing
basidium
(n + n)
Gills lined
with basidia
Nuclei

Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing
basidium
(n + n)
Fused
nuclei
(zygote)
Gills lined
with basidia
Nuclei

Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.
Basidiospores
Basidium
Basidium
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type 1
Mating
type 2
Mycelial
hyphae
Plasmogamy
Basidioma
(fruiting
structure)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Meiosis
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Gills
Developing
basidium
(n + n)
Fused
nuclei
(zygote)
Gills lined
with basidia
Nuclei

Basidiomycota: Club Fungi
Fly Agaric Mushroom Bracket fungus

Other Examples of Basidiomycota

Other Examples of Basidiomycota
Fairy Circle Mushrooms
Agaricus
Stinkhorn

Fruiting Body Development in Dikarya

Basidiomycota example: puffball

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Ascomycota (Sac Fungi): Life Cycle

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating structure
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Mating structure
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Meiosis
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Ascospores
Meiosis
Mitosis
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Ascus
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Ascospores
Meiosis
Mitosis
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Ascus
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Ascus
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Ascospores
Ascospores (n)
Meiosis
Mitosis
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Ascus
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Ascus
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Plasmogamy
Ascoma
(fruiting
structure)
Dikaryotic asci
(n + n)
Ascospores
Ascospores (n)
Germinating
ascospores (n)
Meiosis
Mitosis
Karyogamy
Fertilization
Mating structure
Dikaryotic
mycelium
(n + n)
Fused nuclei
(zygote)
Ascus
Hyphae of
– mating type
Hyphae of
+ mating type
Haploid
hyphae (n)
Ascus
Fruiting bodies are
made up of
dikaryotic mycelia.

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) Examples
True MorelsCup Fungi

Other Examples of Ascomycota
39
Scarlet cup
truffles
Lichen fungi
Cheese Molds

Dikaryon Life Cycle Features

Dikaryon Life Cycle Features
• Ploidy features
• No gamete cells, only gamete nuclei
• Zygote is the only true diploid cell
• Hyphae are either haploid (n) or dikaryotic (n
+ n)
• Duration spent in dikaryon stage varies
• Short lived in most Ascomycota
• Longer lived in most Basidiomycota
• Single celled species
• Many in each group (e.g., S. cerevisiae)
• Lost multicellularity and have reduced
versions of life cycles

Advantages of Plasmogamy Preceding Karyogamy?

• Benefits of decoupling plasmogamy and
karyogamy?

karyogamy?
• Theory 1: Allows massive, coordinated
procession to meiosis

karyogamy?
• Theory 2: Limits time spent in diploid stage
which may protect from spread of parasites

karyogamy?
• Theory 2: Limits time spent in diploid stage
which may protect from spread of parasites
• Theory 3: Allows physical spacing of gene
expression

Many Parasitic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -

Examples

Examples
• Microsporidia: all species are parasitic
!Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microsporidia)
(HIV associated)
• Ascomycota & Basidiomycota include
many plant, animal, human pathogens
!Candida albicans (Ascomycota) (yeast
infections)
!Coccidiodes immitis (Ascomycota) (Central
Valley fever)

Many Fungal Pathogens

Chytrids and Amphibian Die Off
!Many chytrids are
parasitic
!Flagellated spores
and gametes allow
them to spread more
readily in aquatic and
marine habitats
!Contributing to global
die off of amphibians

Probiotics for Frogs?
Sonia Ghose
Marina De León
Sonia Ghose
&
Jackie Colin

Parasitic Fungi Example: Zombie Ants

Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -

The fungal microbiome = the MYCO-biome

Mutualistic Fungi
Organism
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -

Mycorrhizal Associations
• Mycorrhizae —- fungi associated with roots of plants
• Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for
fungus.
• Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via
massive increase in surface area

Lichens
• Composed of a fungus and
photosynthetic
microorganism(s) (algae
and/or cyanobacteria)
• Survive harsh environments
• ~ 30,000 species

Lichen Anatomy

• Exam content
!Lectures 13-23
!~73% material from Dr. Moore and ~27% from Dr. Eisen
• Logistics
!Date: Monday 5/11
!Exam available: 9:00 am - 3:00 pm
!Time limit: 100 minutes
!Your exam will be automatically submitted after 100 minutes, or at
3:00 pm, whichever comes first.
!If you need to take the exam during the alternate time (6:00 pm - 9:00
pm), you must submit the form by 5 pm on Saturday 5/9.
• Internet issues
!What should I do if my internet crashes during the exam?
!email Dr. Benn (gkbenn@ucdavis.edu) or call the emergency number
IMMEDIATELY.
!Your time is still running while the internet is disconnected
!If you contact us right away we can extend your time

Microsporidia

May 7, 2020 New York Times …

BIS2C_2020. Lecture 23 Fungi Part 2

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